1
|
Roth-Walter F. Iron-Deficiency in Atopic Diseases: Innate Immune Priming by Allergens and Siderophores. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:859922. [PMID: 35769558 PMCID: PMC9234869 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.859922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although iron is one of the most abundant elements on earth, about a third of the world's population are affected by iron deficiency. Main drivers of iron deficiency are beside the chronic lack of dietary iron, a hampered uptake machinery as a result of immune activation. Macrophages are the principal cells distributing iron in the human body with their iron restriction skewing these cells to a more pro-inflammatory state. Consequently, iron deficiency has a pronounced impact on immune cells, favoring Th2-cell survival, immunoglobulin class switching and primes mast cells for degranulation. Iron deficiency during pregnancy increases the risk of atopic diseases in children, while both children and adults with allergy are more likely to have anemia. In contrast, an improved iron status seems to protect against allergy development. Here, the most important interconnections between iron metabolism and allergies, the effect of iron deprivation on distinct immune cell types, as well as the pathophysiology in atopic diseases are summarized. Although the main focus will be humans, we also compare them with innate defense and iron sequestration strategies of microbes, given, particularly, attention to catechol-siderophores. Similarly, the defense and nutritional strategies in plants with their inducible systemic acquired resistance by salicylic acid, which further leads to synthesis of flavonoids as well as pathogenesis-related proteins, will be elaborated as both are very important for understanding the etiology of allergic diseases. Many allergens, such as lipocalins and the pathogenesis-related proteins, are able to bind iron and either deprive or supply iron to immune cells. Thus, a locally induced iron deficiency will result in immune activation and allergic sensitization. However, the same proteins such as the whey protein beta-lactoglobulin can also transport this precious micronutrient to the host immune cells (holoBLG) and hinder their activation, promoting tolerance and protecting against allergy. Since 2019, several clinical trials have also been conducted in allergic subjects using holoBLG as a food for special medical purposes, leading to a reduction in the allergic symptom burden. Supplementation with nutrient-carrying lipocalin proteins can circumvent the mucosal block and nourish selectively immune cells, therefore representing a new dietary and causative approach to compensate for functional iron deficiency in allergy sufferers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Roth-Walter
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Franziska Roth-Walter ;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Roth-Walter F, Pacios LF, Bianchini R, Jensen-Jarolim E. Linking iron-deficiency with allergy: role of molecular allergens and the microbiome. Metallomics 2017; 9:1676-1692. [PMID: 29120476 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00241f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atopic individuals tend to develop a Th2 dominant immune response, resulting in hyperresponsiveness to harmless antigens, termed allergens. In the last decade, epidemiological studies have emerged that connected allergy with a deficient iron-status. Immune activation under iron-deficient conditions results in the expansion of Th2-, but not Th1 cells, can induce class-switching in B-cells and hampers the proper activation of M2, but not M1 macrophages. Moreover, many allergens, in particular with the lipocalin and lipocalin-like folds, seem to be capable of binding iron indirectly via siderophores harboring catechol moieties. The resulting locally restricted iron-deficiency may then lead during immune activation to the generation of Th2-cells and thus prepare for allergic sensitization. Moreover, iron-chelators seem to also influence clinical reactivity: mast cells accumulate iron before degranulation and seem to respond differently depending on the type of the encountered siderophore. Whereas deferoxamine triggers degranulation of connective tissue-type mast cells, catechol-based siderophores reduce activation and degranulation and improve clinical symptoms. Considering the complex interplay of iron, siderophores and immune molecules, it remains to be determined whether iron-deficiencies are the cause or the result of allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Roth-Walter
- Department of Comparative Medicine, at the Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Luis F Pacios
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo-UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Bianchini
- Department of Comparative Medicine, at the Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Department of Comparative Medicine, at the Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. and Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jensen-Jarolim E, Einhorn L, Herrmann I, Thalhammer JG, Panakova L. Pollen Allergies in Humans and their Dogs, Cats and Horses: Differences and Similarities. Clin Transl Allergy 2015; 5:15. [PMID: 25852853 PMCID: PMC4387677 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-015-0059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both humans and their most important domestic animals harbor IgE and a similar IgE receptor repertoire and expression pattern. The same cell types are also involved in the triggering or regulation of allergies, such as mast cells, eosinophils or T-regulatory cells. Translational clinical studies in domestic animals could therefore help cure animal allergies and at the same time gather knowledge relevant to human patients. Dogs, cats and horses may spontaneously and to different extents develop immediate type symptoms to pollen allergens. The skin, nasal and bronchial reactions, as well as chronic skin lesions due to pollen are in principle comparable to human patients. Pollen of various species most often causes allergic rhinitis in human patients, whereas in dogs it elicits predominantly eczematous lesions (canine atopic dermatitis), in horses recurrent airway obstruction or hives as well as pruritic dermatitis, and in cats bronchial asthma and so-called cutaneous reactive patterns (eosinophilic granuloma complex, head and neck pruritus, symmetric self-induced alopecia). In human allergy-specific IgE detection, skin tests or other allergen provocation tests should be completed. In contrast, in animals IgE and dermal tests are regarded as equally important and may even replace each other. However, for practical and economic reasons intradermal tests are most commonly performed in a specialized practice. As in humans, in dogs, cats and horses allergen immunotherapy leads to significant improvement of the clinical symptoms. The collected evidence suggests that canines, felines and equines, with their spontaneous allergies, are attractive model patients for translational studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, c/o Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Währinger G. 18-20, Vienna, 1090 Austria
| | - Lukas Einhorn
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, c/o Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Währinger G. 18-20, Vienna, 1090 Austria
| | - Ina Herrmann
- Dermatology Unit, Clinics of Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann G Thalhammer
- Dermatology Unit, Clinics of Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lucia Panakova
- Dermatology Unit, Clinics of Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Pearce N, Douwes J. Research at the interface between human and veterinary health. Prev Vet Med 2013; 111:187-93. [PMID: 23791125 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiology is currently undergoing changes in its underlying philosophy and approach, as a result of the rapid global changes which are transforming the world in which epidemiologists live and work. This necessitates a multidisciplinary "population approach" involving "multilevel thinking" about the determinants of disease. These issues are of relevance to the interface between human and animal epidemiology, which has received considerable attention in recent years, particularly as a result of the arrival of H1N1 influenza, and the increasingly obvious need for coordinated systems of surveillance for human and animal infectious diseases. However, the need for coordination between human and veterinary epidemiology is broader than that, and there is no need to restrict the "one world one health" concept to communicable disease. In the current paper we will therefore consider the interface between human and animal health for the study of non-communicable disease, particularly those involving occupational and environmental risk factors. These issues are illustrated with two examples: one involving environmental health (asthma); and one involving occupational health (cancer). We will also discuss the potential to use animal health data as indicators for human environmental health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Pearce
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University Wellington Campus, Private Box 756, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Venema CM, Williams KJ, Gershwin LJ, Reinero CR, Carey SA. Histopathologic and morphometric evaluation of the nasal and pulmonary airways of cats with experimentally induced asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23183217 DOI: 10.1159/000342992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic rhinitis frequently occurs as a comorbid condition in asthmatic people, suggesting that the upper and lower airways may be immunologically linked. Our research group has developed an experimental aeroallergen model of asthma in cats. We hypothesized that aeroallergen sensitization and challenge would induce morphologic changes in the nasal airways of cats that mimic those observed in the bronchial airways. METHODS Five mixed breed cats were sensitized to Bermuda grass allergen and then serially challenged with aerosolized Bermuda grass allergen to induce an asthmatic phenotype. Four control cats were similarly treated with saline vehicle. Nasal tissues and lungs were processed for histopathological and morphometric analyses. RESULTS Eosinophilic inflammation, epithelial hypertrophy and mucous cell metaplasia were observed along the pulmonary axial airway mucosa of allergen-sensitized (asthmatic) cats. Mild eosinophilic inflammation was observed in the nasal airways of asthmatic cats. This alteration was confined primarily to the anterior nasal cavity, resulting in an increase in tissue eosinophils at this site compared to controls (p < 0.05). A marked increase in tissue mast cells was observed throughout all regions of the nasal airways of asthmatic cats compared to control cats (p < 0.05). There was no difference in intraepithelial mucosubstances between the nasal airways of controls and asthmatic cats. There was no correlation between upper and lower airway eosinophils or mast cells. CONCLUSION Cats with experimentally induced asthma exhibit morphologic changes in the nasal airways that are distinct from the alterations observed in the lungs. These results are similar to those observed in people with comorbid asthma and allergic rhinitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Venema
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, D208 Veterinary Medical Center, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Early exposure to probiotics in a canine model of atopic dermatitis has long-term clinical and immunological effects. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 146:185-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
8
|
Kirschvink N, Leemans J. Feline allergic asthma and experimental models: the sky is the limit. Vet J 2011; 190:9-10. [PMID: 21367629 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Reinero CR. Advances in the understanding of pathogenesis, and diagnostics and therapeutics for feline allergic asthma. Vet J 2010; 190:28-33. [PMID: 21036078 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common inflammatory disease of the lower airways and is believed to be of allergic etiology in cats. As little progress has been made in establishing rigorous criteria to differentiate it from other inflammatory lower airway diseases such as chronic bronchitis, descriptions of 'asthma' in the literature have often been inaccurate, grouping this syndrome with other feline airway diseases. With the development of more sensitive and specific diagnostics, it will become easier to distinguish asthma as a disease entity. Pulmonary function testing with bronchoprovocation/bronchodilator responsiveness trials and biomarkers hold particular promise. Discrimination is of critical importance as targeted therapies for the allergic inflammatory cascade are developed and become available for therapeutic trials in pet cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol R Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Reinero CR, DeClue AE, Rabinowitz P. Asthma in humans and cats: is there a common sensitivity to aeroallegens in shared environments? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 109:634-640. [PMID: 19281975 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cats spontaneously develop eosinophilic airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity that is very similar to human allergic asthma. In addition, household cats share environmental exposures to aeroallergens with humans. We review the scientific literature concerning the pathophysiology of feline asthma, including similarities to human asthma and evidence regarding environmental aeroallergen triggers. Results of pathophysiological studies suggest important similarities between human and feline responses to inhaled allergens. Only a few studies were found that examined the development of disease in cats to environmental aeroallergens. Limited evidence suggests that some environmental allergens can cause disease in both cats and humans. It appears that there is a need for greater communication between human and animal health professionals regarding environmental causes of asthma. Specifically, additional research into linkages between human and feline asthma using both molecular techniques and clinical epidemiological approaches could lead to improved understanding of the environmental risks. Finally, there should be consideration of use of naturally affected and/or experimentally induced (using clinically relevant allergens) asthmatic cats in preclinical trials for novel therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol R Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|