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Lampron M, Achim AM, Gamache D, Bernier A, Sabourin S, Savard C. Profiles of theory of mind impairments and personality in clinical and community samples: integrating the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders. Front Psychiatry 2024; 14:1292680. [PMID: 38274419 PMCID: PMC10809153 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1292680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Deficits in theory of mind (ToM)-the ability to infer the mental states of others-have been linked to antagonistic traits in community samples. ToM deficits have also been identified in people with personality disorders (PD), although with conflicting evidence, partly due to the use of categorical diagnoses. The DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) provides an opportunity for a more precise understanding of the interplay between ToM abilities and personality pathology. Therefore, the study aims to determine whether and how individuals with diverse ToM profiles differ regarding personality impairment (AMPD Criterion A) and pathological facets (AMPD Criterion B). Method Adults with PD (n = 39) and from the community (n = 42) completed tests assessing ToM skills and self-reported questionnaires assessing AMPD Criteria A and B. Hierarchical agglomerative and TwoStep cluster analyses were consecutively computed using scores and subscores from ToM tests as clustering variables. Multivariate analyses of variance were subsequently performed to compare the clusters on both AMPD Criteria. Five clinically and conceptually meaningful clusters were found. The most notable differences across clusters were observed for Intimacy and Empathy dysfunctions (Criterion A), as well as for the Deceitfulness, Callousness, and Hostility facets from the Antagonism domain and the Restricted affectivity facet from the Detachment domain (Criterion B). Discussion The results support the association between antagonistic personality facets and ToM deficits. However, clusters showing impairments in ToM abilities did not necessarily exhibit high levels of personality dysfunction or pathological facets, emphasizing that both constructs are not isomorphic. Nevertheless, specific profiles can help refine existing interventions to make them more sensitive and specific to the nature of ToM dysfunctions while considering personality functioning and facets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amélie M. Achim
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- VITAM – Centre de recherche en santé durable, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Dominick Gamache
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Allyson Bernier
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Claudia Savard
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Educational Fundamentals and Practices, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
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Grueneisen S, Leimgruber KL, Vogt RL, Warneken F. Prospection and delay of gratification support the development of calculated reciprocity. Cognition 2023; 234:105369. [PMID: 36696795 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Humans frequently benefit others strategically to elicit future cooperation. While such forms of calculated reciprocity are powerful in eliciting cooperative behaviors even among self-interested agents, they depend on advanced cognitive and behavioral capacities such as prospection (representing and planning for future events) and extended delay of gratification. In fact, it has been proposed that these constraints help explain why calculated reciprocity exists in humans and is rare or even absent in other animals. The current study investigated the cognitive foundation of calculated reciprocity by examining its ontogenetic emergence in relation to key aspects of children's cognitive development. Three-to-five-year-old children from the US (N = 72, mostly White, from mixed socioeconomic backgrounds) first completed a cognitive test battery assessing the cognitive capacities hypothesized to be foundational for calculated reciprocity. In a second session, children participated in a calculated reciprocity task in which they could decide how many resources to share with a partner who later had the opportunity to reciprocate (reciprocity condition) and with a partner who could not reciprocate (control condition). Results indicated a steep developmental emergence of calculated reciprocity between 3 and 5 years of age. Further analyses showed that measures of delay of gratification and prospection were important predictors of children's rate of calculated reciprocity, even when controlling for age and after including a measure of verbal ability. By contrast, theory of mind abilities were unrelated to children's reciprocal behavior. This is the first systematic investigation of essential cognitive capacities for calculated reciprocity. We discuss prospection and delay of gratification as two domain-general capacities that are utilized for calculated reciprocity and which could explain developmental as well as species-differences in cooperation.
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Koo SJ, Kim YJ, Seo E, Park HY, Min JE, Bang M, Park JY, Lee E, An SK. Relationship of neurocognitive ability, perspective taking, and psychoticism with hostile attribution bias in non-clinical participants: Theory of mind as a mediator. Front Psychol 2022; 13:863763. [PMID: 36118475 PMCID: PMC9471867 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.863763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Hostile attribution bias is reportedly common from non-clinical population to those with serious mental illness, such as schizophrenia, and is known to be closely related to theory of mind (ToM). This study aimed to investigate whether ToM skills mediate the relationship among neurocognitive ability, personality traits, and attribution bias. Methods A total of 198 (101 females) non-clinical youths were recruited. To assess their neurocognitive ability and ToM skills, the participants were asked to complete Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) and the Korean version of the Reading the Mind in Eyes Test (K-RMET). To determine their personality traits, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (psychoticism) and interpersonal reactivity index (perspective taking) were used. To evaluate hostile attribution bias, the Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire was administered. Path analysis and bias-corrected percentile bootstrap methods were used to estimate model fit and the parameters of the mediating effects. Results Based on model comparison, the best model characterized (1) two direct pathways from psychoticism and the K-RMET to hostility attribution bias and (2) three indirect pathways, wherein SPM, perspective taking, and psychoticism influenced hostile attribution bias through K-RMET. The final model fit indices were good [x2/df = 1.126; comparative fit index = 0.996; root mean square error of approximation = 0.026; standard root mean square residual = 0.026 and Akaike information criterion = 28.251] and the K-RMET fully mediated the association between SPM, perspective taking, psychoticism, and hostile attribution bias. Conclusion The main findings suggested that ToM skills, such as the RMET, play an important role in explaining the relationship among neurocognitive ability, personality traits, and hostile attribution bias. ToM skills and a remediation strategy may need to be developed to balance the enhanced hostility bias that underlies the paranoia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jun Koo
- Section of Self, Affect and Neuroscience, Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate Program in Cognitive Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ye Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Eunchong Seo
- Yonsei Always Psychiatry Clinic, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Yoon Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Jee Eun Min
- Section of Self, Affect and Neuroscience, Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minji Bang
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Park
- Section of Self, Affect and Neuroscience, Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Eun Lee
- Section of Self, Affect and Neuroscience, Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suk Kyoon An
- Section of Self, Affect and Neuroscience, Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate Program in Cognitive Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Suk Kyoon An,
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Baggio JA, Freeman J, Coyle TR, Anderies JM. Harnessing the benefits of diversity to address socio-environmental governance challenges. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263399. [PMID: 35947612 PMCID: PMC9365146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Solving complex problems, from biodiversity conservation to reducing inequality, requires large scale collective action among diverse stakeholders to achieve a common goal. Research relevant to meeting this challenge must model the interaction of stakeholders with diverse cognitive capabilities and the complexity of the problem faced by stakeholders to predict the success of collective action in various contexts. Here, we build a model from first principles of cognitive abilities, diversity, and socio-environmental complexity to identify the sets of conditions under which groups most effectively engage in collective action to solve governance problems. We then fit the model to small groups, U.S. states, and countries. Our model illustrates the fundamental importance of understanding the interaction between cognitive abilities, diversity, and the complexity of socio-environmental challenges faced by stakeholders today. Our results shed light on the ability of groups to solve complex problems and open new avenues of research into the interrelationship between cognition, institutions, and the environments in which they co-evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo A. Baggio
- School of Politics, Security, and International Affairs, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacob Freeman
- Anthropology Program, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States of America
- The Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Coyle
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - John M. Anderies
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
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The grandiose narcissism*self-esteem interaction: dynamic Nomological networks of grandiose narcissism and self-esteem. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02516-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kowalski CM, Rogoza R, Saklofske DH, Schermer JA. Dark triads, tetrads, tents, and cores: Why navigate (research) the jungle of dark personality models without a compass (criterion)? Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 221:103455. [PMID: 34864320 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review summarizes and evaluates the present state of the Dark Triad research literature (or more broadly, the dark personality trait literature), and as such serves both a pedagogical purpose, by providing an introduction or primer on the dark personality literature and a scientific purpose by directing future research on key issues that still have not been sufficiently addressed. In this review, we discuss and critique current operational conceptualizations of what it means for a personality trait to be classified as 'dark'. Also discussed is the Dark Core, as well as quantitative issues such as limitations of commonly used statistical treatments, such as multivariate analyses, bifactor modeling, and composite measures, and proposed solutions to some of these issues. Based on a comprehensive and critical appraisal of the literature, future directions are suggested to drive the dark trait field towards a more organized, parsimonious, and productive future.
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Bragger JD, Alonso NA, D’Ambrosio K, Williams N. Developing Leaders to Serve and Servants to Lead. HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1534484320981198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a model of how balanced and integrated development across spiritual, cognitive, social, emotional, and moral domains can result in a servant leader orientation for both those who are predisposed to serve but might not be leaders, and those who are leaders but might not be predisposed to serve. First, we review the benefits of servant leadership in today’s organizations and the commonly agreed upon dimensions of servant leadership. We then propose how balanced and integrated development can facilitate a transition to a servant-oriented style of leadership for both those that serve and those that lead. We discuss organizational barriers to servant leadership development, and how organizations can overcome these barriers by creating contexts in which such integrated vertical development can facilitate a cycle of servant leadership. Lastly, we make suggestions for how organizations’ human resource functions might develop servant leaders.
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Hart W, Breeden CJ, Kinrade C. Re-conceptualizing Machiavellianism and Social-Cognitive Skills. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Machiavellianism is presumed to encompass advanced social-cognitive skill, but research has generally suggested that Machiavellian individuals are rather deficient in social-cognitive skill. However, previous research on the matter has been limited to measures of (a) Machiavellianism that are unidimensional and saturated with both antagonism and disinhibition and measures (b) only one type of social-cognitive skill. Using a large college sample ( N = 461), we examined how various dimensions of Machiavellianism relate to two types of social-cognitive skill: person-perception skill and general social prediction skill. Consistent with some prior theorizing, the planful dimension of Machiavellianism was positively related to both person-perception and general social prediction skills; antagonistic dimensions of Machiavellianism were negatively related to both skills; either agentic or cynical dimensions of Machiavellianism were generally unrelated to both skills. Overall, the current evidence suggests a complicated relationship between Machiavellianism and social-cognitive skill because Machiavellianism encompasses features that blend deficiency, proficiency, and average levels of social-cognitive skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Hart
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | | | - Charlotte Kinrade
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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Schmitt HS, Sindermann C, Li M, Ma Y, Kendrick KM, Becker B, Montag C. The Dark Side of Emotion Recognition - Evidence From Cross-Cultural Research in Germany and China. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1132. [PMID: 32733302 PMCID: PMC7363803 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The dark triad of personality (DT) comprises three antisocial personality traits (i.e., narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) that are characterized by callousness and the motive to elevate the self while derogating other people. Previous research indicates that the positive relationship between the DT traits and interpersonally deviant behaviors is especially pronounced at high levels of emotional abilities. This has also been referred to as dark Emotional Intelligence (EI). Since prior studies predominantly examined dark EI via trait-approach, the present study targeted at providing evidence for dark EI using a behavioral measure of EI, namely emotion recognition performance. In order to study the robustness and cross-cultural validity of findings, parallel investigations were conducted in Germany and China. Methods A total of N = 198 German (age: M = 23.40, SD = 5.88, 130 female) and N = 223 Chinese (age: M = 19.01, SD = 1.06, 105 female) participants took part in an online survey and completed a set of questionnaires in German and Mandarin translations, respectively. DT traits were assessed by means of the Short Dark Triad Scale. As a behavioral measure of emotional abilities, participants completed the Eyes Test for pairs of eyes of Caucasian and Asian models. Moreover, participants filled in the Emotional Manipulation Scale for the assessment of emotionally manipulative tactics. Results Effects were highly gender- and culture-dependent. Among German females, Machiavellianism and narcissism showed the strongest positive associations with emotionally manipulative tactics at high levels of emotion recognition performance. A similar pattern of results was found among German males for psychopathy. None of the effects was observed in the Chinese female or male samples. Discussion The present findings indicate that emotional abilities may constitute risk factors with the potential to promote rather than to prevent deviant behaviors especially in samples from Western cultures with pronounced scores on DT personality traits. Limitations and psychometric properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena S Schmitt
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Sindermann
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mei Li
- Student Counseling Center, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Yina Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Keith M Kendrick
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Benjamin Becker
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Osumi T, Tsuji K, Shibata M, Umeda S. Machiavellianism and early neural responses to others' facial expressions caused by one's own decisions. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:669-677. [PMID: 30791340 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The processing of social stimuli generated by one's own voluntary behavior is an element of social adaptation. It is known that self-generated stimuli induce attenuated sensory experiences compared with externally generated stimuli. The present study aimed to examine this self-specific attenuation effect on early stimulus processing in the case of others' facial expressions during interpersonal interactions. In addition, this study explored the possibility that the self-specific attenuation effect on social cognition is modulated by antisocial personality traits such as Machiavellianism. We analyzed early components of the event-related brain potential in participants elicited by happy and sad facial expressions of others when the participant's decision was responsible for the others' emotions and when the others' facial expressions were independent of the participant's decision. Compared to the non-responsible condition, the responsible condition showed an attenuated amplitude of the N170 component in response to sad faces. Moreover, Machiavellianism explained individual differences in the self-specific attenuation effect depending on the affective valence of social signals. The present findings support the possibility that the self-specific attenuation effect extends to interpersonal interactions and imply that distorted cognition of others' emotions caused by one's own behavior is associated with personality disorders that promote antisocial behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Osumi
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Psychology, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Koki Tsuji
- Graduate School of Human Relations, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Shibata
- Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Umeda
- Department of Psychology, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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da Costa HP, Vrabel JK, Zeigler-Hill V, Vonk J. DSM-5 pathological personality traits are associated with the ability to understand the emotional states of others. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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van de Pol I, van Rooij I, Szymanik J. Parameterized Complexity of Theory of Mind Reasoning in Dynamic Epistemic Logic. JOURNAL OF LOGIC, LANGUAGE, AND INFORMATION 2018; 27:255-294. [PMID: 30956398 PMCID: PMC6428313 DOI: 10.1007/s10849-018-9268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Theory of mind refers to the human capacity for reasoning about others' mental states based on observations of their actions and unfolding events. This type of reasoning is notorious in the cognitive science literature for its presumed computational intractability. A possible reason could be that it may involve higher-order thinking (e.g., 'you believe that I believe that you believe'). To investigate this we formalize theory of mind reasoning as updating of beliefs about beliefs using dynamic epistemic logic, as this formalism allows to parameterize 'order of thinking.' We prove that theory of mind reasoning, so formalized, indeed is intractable (specifically, PSPACE-complete). Using parameterized complexity we prove, however, that the 'order parameter' is not a source of intractability. We furthermore consider a set of alternative parameters and investigate which of them are sources of intractability. We discuss the implications of these results for the understanding of theory of mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris van de Pol
- Institute for Logic, Language and Computation, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris van Rooij
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jakub Szymanik
- Institute for Logic, Language and Computation, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pajevic M, Vukosavljevic-Gvozden T, Stevanovic N, Neumann CS. The relationship between the Dark Tetrad and a two-dimensional view of empathy. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Machiavellian emotion regulation in a cognitive reappraisal task: An fMRI study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 17:528-541. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Abstract
Studies on personality and friendship have focused on similarities between friends, while differences in friendship patterns have received less attention. We used data from the British Household Panel Survey data ( N = 12,098) to investigate how people’s personalities are related to various characteristics of their three closest friends. All personality traits of the five-factor model were associated with several friendship characteristics with effect sizes corresponding to correlations between −.06 and .09. Openness was especially prominent and idiosyncratic; individuals with high (vs. low) openness were about 3% more likely to have friends who live further away, are of the opposite sex and another ethnicity, and whom they meet less often. Agreeableness and extroversion were related to more traditional friendship ties. Individuals with high agreeableness had known their friends for a longer time, lived close to them, and had more “stay-at-homes” among their friends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Laakasuo
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Cognitive Science Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Population Research Institute, Väestöliitto—Family Federation of Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Rotkirch
- Population Research Institute, Väestöliitto—Family Federation of Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Venla Berg
- Population Research Institute, Väestöliitto—Family Federation of Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Jokela
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Vonk J, Zeigler-Hill V, Ewing D, Mercer S, Noser AE. Mindreading in the dark: Dark personality features and theory of mind. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bereczkei T, Papp P, Kincses P, Bodrogi B, Perlaki G, Orsi G, Deak A. The neural basis of the Machiavellians’ decision making in fair and unfair situations. Brain Cogn 2015; 98:53-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bereczkei T. The manipulative skill: Cognitive devices and their neural correlates underlying Machiavellian's decision making. Brain Cogn 2015; 99:24-31. [PMID: 26189112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Until now, Machiavellianism has mainly been studied in personality and social psychological framework, and little attention has been paid to the underlying cognitive and neural equipment. In light of recent findings, Machiavellian social skills are not limited to emotion regulation and "cold-mindedness" as many authors have recently stated, but linked to specific cognitive abilities. Although Machiavellians appear to have a relatively poor mindreading ability and emotional intelligence, they can efficiently exploit others which is likely to come from their flexible problem solving processes in changing environmental circumstances. The author proposed that Machiavellians have specialized cognitive domains of decision making, such as monitoring others' behavior, task orientation, reward seeking, inhibition of cooperative feelings, and choosing victims. He related the relevant aspects of cognitive functions to their neurological substrates, and argued why they make Machiavellians so successful in interpersonal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Bereczkei
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
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Szijjarto L, Bereczkei T. The Machiavellians’ “Cool Syndrome”: They Experience Intensive Feelings but Have Difficulties in Expressing Their Emotions. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-014-9262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Artinger F, Exadaktylos F, Koppel H, Sääksvuori L. In others' shoes: do individual differences in empathy and theory of mind shape social preferences? PLoS One 2014; 9:e92844. [PMID: 24743312 PMCID: PMC3990498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abundant evidence across the behavioral and social sciences suggests that there are substantial individual differences in pro-social behavior. However, little is known about the psychological mechanisms that underlie social preferences. This paper investigates whether empathy and Theory of Mind shape individual differences in pro-social behavior as conventionally observed in neutrally framed social science experiments. Our results show that individual differences in the capacity for empathy do not shape social preferences. The results qualify the role of Theory of Mind in strategic interaction. We do not only show that fair individuals exhibit more accurate beliefs about the behavior of others but that Theory of Mind can be effectively used to pursue both self-interest and pro-social goals depending on the principle objectives of a person.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Artinger
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Bereczkei T, Deak A, Papp P, Perlaki G, Orsi G. Neural correlates of Machiavellian strategies in a social dilemma task. Brain Cogn 2013; 82:108-16. [PMID: 23548839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In spite of having deficits in various areas of social cognition, especially in mindreading, Machiavellian individuals are typically very successful in different tasks, including solving social dilemmas. We assume that a profound examination of neural structures associated with decision-making processes is needed to learn more about Machiavellians' abilities in exploiting other people. More specifically, we predicted that high-Mach people would show elevated activity in the brain areas involved in reward-seeking, anticipation of risky situations, and inference making. To test this hypothesis, we used an fMRI technique to examine individuals as they played the Trust Game. In accordance with our predictions, we found consistent activation in high-Machs' thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex (player 1), and dorsal anterior insula/inferior frontal gyrus (player 2). We suggest that Machiavellians conduct specific neural operations in social dilemma situations that make them successful in exploiting others. Machiavellians may have cognitive heuristics that enable them to make predictions about the future reward in a basically risky and unpredictable situation.
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Stellwagen KK, Kerig PK. Dark triad personality traits and theory of mind among school-age children. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Esperger Z, Bereczkei T. Machiavellianism and Spontaneous Mentalization: One Step Ahead of Others. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/per.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the Machiavellians’ successful strategies in exploitation of others, they show cognitive deficiencies, especially reduced mind–reading skill. Theory of mind is usually regarded as an ability to make inferences about the mental states of others and thus to predict their behaviour. In our study, we have instead emphasized a motivation–based approach, using the concept of spontaneous mentalization. This concept is construed solely in a motivational context and not in relation to the automaticity of mind–reading ability. It entails that people in their social relations make efforts to explore the thoughts and intentions of others and are motivated to make hypotheses about the mental state of the other person. We assumed that what is peculiar to Machiavellianism is spontaneous mentalization as a kind of motivation rather than mind–reading as an ability. To measure spontaneous mentalization, we created a set of image stimuli and asked our participants to describe their impressions of the pictures. The results show that individual differences in spontaneous mentalization correlate positively with the scores of Machiavellianism. These results suggest that those who have a stronger motivation for putting themselves into the mind of others can be more successful in misleading and exploiting them. Further research should be carried out to clarify how spontaneous mentalization and mind–reading ability relate to each other. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Czibor A, Bereczkei T. Machiavellian people’s success results from monitoring their partners. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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