An Effective Chromatographic Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Antidiabetic Drugs Alogliptin Benzoate and Pioglitazone HCl in Their Tablet Dosage Form: Implementation to In vitro Dissolution Studies and Uniformity of Dosage Unit

In patients with Type 2 diabetes, a combination of Alogliptin and Pioglitazone medications, together with diet and physical activity, are used to improve glycemic control. Eco-friendly, cost-effective, and precise stability-indicating RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the identification and quantification of Alogliptin and Pioglitazone in their tablet dosage form, as well as implementation to in vitro dissolution studies and uniformity of dosage unit. Isocratic separation is conducted at ambient temperature on the InertSustain C18 Analytical Column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) using mobile phase comprising 50 mM of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and 5.0 mM of heptane sulfonic acid:acetonitrile (45:55, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.3 mL/minute. Calibration curves are conducted in the linearity range of 1-40 μg/mL of Alogliptin and 2.5-75 μg/mL of Pioglitazone with a correlation value >0.9995 and satisfactory recovery findings between 99 and 100%. The degraded samples are analyzed under relevant stress conditions as acidity, alkalinity, thermal and oxidation. The active components in finished products were subjected to a content uniformity test, which showed that they achieved the declared claim's acceptance standards (85-115%). Comparative in vitro dissolution studies are performed for generic products Inhibazone 12.5/30 mg FCT and Inhibazone 25/15 mg FCT against innovator products Oseni 12.5/30 mg FCT and Oseni 25/15 mg FCT at suitable FDA dissolution medium and different USP dissolution media and the results are similar. The metrics of the designed method were assessed according to ICH requirements, and all metrics, such as system suitability, linearity, recovery, robustness, LOD, LOQ, specificity and precision, were found to be within required tolerances and no overlapping was found for degradation peaks. Thence, the method can be used in quality control for the analysis of raw material, bulk, finish and stability.

Thiazolidinediones: Recent Development in Analytical Methodologies

The instrumental analytical methods that have been developed and utilized for the determination of thiazolidinedione in bulk medications, formulations and biological fluids have been reviewed after an in-depth analysis of the literature published in a variety of analytical and pharmaceutical chemistry-related journals. The approaches covered by this research, which covers the years 2001-2022, include complex methods for analysis, chromatographic techniques and spectrometric analytical procedures. The mobile phase, flow rate, sample matrix, wavelength and other factors identified in the literature were just a few of the parameters used to evaluate thiazolidinediones. The present review focuses on the published analytical techniques for thiazolidinedione analysis that have been previously identified in the literature. The specified outcomes followed extensive learning, and the most recent advances in analytical methods for the identification of pioglitazone, pioglitazone HCl, rosiglitazone, rosiglitazone maleate and lobeglitazone were reviewed. Additionally, this article briefly discusses features of analytical discovery on thiazolidinediones, which will enable readers to access all discoveries in one place with precise outcomes.

Deduction of the operable design space of RP-HPLC technique for the simultaneous estimation of metformin, pioglitazone, and glimepiride

A reversed-phase RP-HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of metformin hydrochloride (MET), pioglitazone (PIO), and glimepiride (GLM) in their combined dosage forms and spiked human plasma. Quality risk management principles for determining the critical method parameters (CMPs) and fractional factorial design were made to screen CMPs and subsequently, the Box-Behnken design was employed. The analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) paradigm was used to establish the method operable design region (MODR) for the developed method depended on understanding the quality target product profile (QTPP), analytical target profile (ATP), and risk assessment for different factors that affect the method performance to develop an accurate, precise, cost-effective, and environmentally benign method. The separation was carried out using a mobile phase composed of methanol: 0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer pH 3.7 with 0.05% TEA (78:22, v/v). The flow rate was 1.2 mL/min. DAD detector was set at 227 nm. Linagliptin (LIN) was used as an internal standard. The proposed method was validated according to The International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). The assay results obtained by using the developed method were statistically compared to those obtained by the reported HPLC method, and a satisfying agreement was observed.

Development and validation of the method for the detection of glimepiride via derivatization employing N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Background

Recent advances in the diversified anti-diabetic drugs have appeared in the startling increase in the count of poisoning cases. The epidemics of diabetes mellitus are increasing; hence, the no. of anti-diabetic drug users raised by 42.9%. The use of glimepiride raised to 24%. As the toxicity and drug cases are also escalating with increasing epidemics of diabetes mellitus, a novel gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for detecting glimepiride in biological matrices is developed.

Results

Liquid-liquid extraction method was employed by using 1-butanol: hexane (50:50, v/v) under an alkaline medium, and then back extraction was done via acetic acid. Distinct derivatization techniques were employed for the sample preparation for GC-MS analysis, i.e., silylation and acylation. Derivatization approaches were optimized under different parameters, i.e., reaction temperature and reaction time. N-Methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide [MSTFA] was found to be the best sound derivatization reagent for the GC-MS analysis of glimepiride. Total ion current (TIC) mode was selected for the monitoring of ions of trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative of glimepiride with an m/z ratio of 256. Distinct parameters like specificity, carryover, stability, precision, and accuracy were evaluated for validating the identification method. The GC-MS method is found to be linear and illustrated within the range 500 to 2500 ng/ml with the value of R2 (coefficient of determination) at 0.9924. The stability of the extracted and derivatized glimepiride was accessed with regard to processed/extracted sample conditions and autosampler conditions, respectively. Accuracy at each concentration level was within the + 15% of the nominal concentration. Precision (%) for the interday and intraday analysis was found to be in the respectable spectrum.

Conclusion

Henceforth, the proposed GC-MS method can be employed for the determination of glimepiride in biological matrices.

Comparative Study of Different Derivative Spectrophotometric Techniques for the Analysis and Separation of Metformin, Empagliflozin, and Glimepiride

Background:

In some cases, lifestyle changes are not enough to keep type 2 diabetes under control, so there are several medications that may help. Metformin can lower your blood sugar levels, Glimepiride makes more insulin, whereas Empagliflozin prevents the kidneys from reabsorbing sugar into the blood and sending it out in the urine.

Methods:

Mean centering, double divisor, ratio spectra-zero crossing, and successive derivative were applied for the estimation of metformin, empagliflozin, and glimepiride respectively, in their prepared laboratory mixtures and in pharmaceutical tablets, without prior chemical separation. The absorption spectra of the mentioned drugs were recorded in the range of 200-400nm.

Results:

These methods were linear over concentration ranges of 1.0-10, 2.5-30, and 1.0-10 μgmL-1 of metformin, empagliflozin, and glimepiride respectively. Mean centering for metformin was measured at 234 and 248 nm, while empagliflozin and glimepiride had amplitude values at 276 and 262 nm, respectively. The derivative of double divisor was measured at 234, 278, and 288 nm for metformin, empagliflozin and glimepiride, respectively. The ratio of spectra-zero crossing was quantified at amplitude values of the analytical signal at 234 and 274 nm for metformin and empagliflozin, respectively, whereas glimepiride was determined at 242 and 286 nm. The successive ratio of metformin, empagliflozin, and glimepiride was determined at 284, 242, and 266 nm, respectively.

Conclusion:

The methods are validated according to the ICH guidelines where accuracy, precision and repeatability are found to be within the acceptable limit. The methods were studied and optimized. Upon validation linearity, precision, accuracy, LOD, LOQ and selectivity were proved to be operative for the analysis of specified drugs in pharmaceutical dosage configuration. Statistical illustration was done between the suggested methods with the reported methods with consideration to accuracy and precision. No significant difference was found by student’s t-test, F-test and one-way ANOVA.

Applications of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic method for simultaneous quantitation of some hypoglycemic drugs in their binary mixtures

Cost-effective, green, simple and reliable transmission Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method was developed for simultaneous analysis of hypoglycemic drugs in their binary mixtures for the first time. The FTIR method was applied for the determination of vildagliptin (VILD), glimepiride (GLIM) and pioglitazone (PIOG) in binary mixture with metformin (METF). The method was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The obtained results (expressed in peak areas) are linear with concentration in the range of 0.61-20, 0.26-24 and 0.37-4 μg/mg for VILD, PIOG and GLIM, respectively while the linearity ranges for METF were 0.40-200, 0.26-800 and 0.19-1000 μg/mg with VILD, PIOG and GLIM, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.20, 0.08 and 0.12 μg/mg for VILD, PIOG and GLIM, respectively while METF LODs were 0.13, 0.08 and 0.06 μg/mg with VILD, PIOG and GLIM, respectively. The FTIR method has been successfully applied for the determination of the cited binary mixtures in its pharmaceutical tablets and the obtained results showed satisfactory % recovery.

An asynchronous-alternating merging-zone flow-injection gold nanoparticles probe method for determination of anti-diabetic pioglitazone hydrochloride medicine

A new method was established on the basis of coloration of gold nanoparticles by pioglitazone hydrochloride in acidic media.

Pioglitazone

Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione antidiabetic with actions similar to those of rosiglitazone. It is used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and is prepared by reducing 5-[4-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy]benzilidene]-2,4-thiazolidinedione with sodium borohydride in the presence of a cobalt ion and dimethyl glyoxime. Ultraviolet spectroscopy shows maximum absorption at 270nm. Infrared spectroscopy shows principal peaks at wave numbers 3082, 2964, 1736, 1690, 1472, 1331, 1254, 1040, 841, 728cm(-1) (KBr disk). The determination method by high-performance liquid chromatography was linear over the range of 25-1500ng/mL of pioglitazone in plasma (r(2)>0.999). The within- and between-day precision values were in the range of 2.4-6.8%. The limit of quantitation of the method was 25ng/mL. It is well absorbed with a mean absolute bioavailability of 83% and reaching maximum concentrations in around 1.5h. It is metabolized by the hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Following oral administration, approximately 15-30% of the pioglitazone dose is recovered in the urine. Renal elimination of pioglitazone is negligible, and the drug is excreted primarily as metabolites and their conjugates. It is presumed that most of the oral dose is excreted into the bile either unchanged or as metabolites and eliminated in the feces.

Pioglitazone: A review of analytical methods

Pioglitazone is an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. It selectively stimulates nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma). It was the tenth-best-selling drug in the U.S. in 2008. This article examines published analytical methods reported so far in the literature for the determination of pioglitazone in biological samples and pharmaceutical formulations. They include various techniques like electrochemical methods, spectrophotometry, capillary electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and high-performance thin layer chromatography.