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Patel DI, Major GH, Jacobsen C, Shah D, Strohmeier BR, Shollenberger D, Bell DS, Argyle MD, Linford MR. Flow-Through Atmospheric Pressure-Atomic Layer Deposition Reactor for Thin-Film Deposition in Capillary Columns. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7483-7491. [PMID: 35579626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the development of a new atmospheric pressure-atomic layer deposition(AP-ALD) system to coat the inner walls of capillary columns for gas chromatography (GC). Unlike traditional ALD, this reactor operates at near-atmospheric pressure and addresses the challenges of depositing thin films inside capillaries, which include long pump down times, deposition in high-aspect-ratio materials, and temperature control. We show ALD of alumina in 5 and 12 m capillaries (0.53 mm ID) via sequential half reactions of trimethylaluminum and water. Our system yields pinhole-free, uniform thin films. It includes small witness chambers for witness silicon shards before and after the capillary. An engineering flow/transport analysis of the device is provided. Our ALD alumina thin films are characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Alumina film growth achieved is 1.4-1.5 Å/cycle, which is consistent with previously reported results. Film thickness measurements by SE on witness shards of silicon and by TEM at both ends of the capillary are in good agreement. A capillary column coated with alumina is used to separate different gases by GC, although the retention times of gases are essentially the same as with an untreated fused silica capillary. This successful deposition of ALD alumina in long capillaries opens the door for other possible ALD coatings, including hybrid organic-inorganic coatings, using the 450+ ALD precursors available today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay I Patel
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - George H Major
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Collin Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Dhruv Shah
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Brian R Strohmeier
- Label and Graphic Materials, Avery Dennison Corporation, North America, 8080 Norton Parkway, Mentor, Ohio 44060, United States
| | - Daniel Shollenberger
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, United States
| | - David S Bell
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, United States
| | - Morris D Argyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Matthew R Linford
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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Konh M, Lien C, Cai X, Wei SH, Janotti A, Zaera F, Teplyakov AV. ToF-SIMS Investigation of the Initial Stages of MeCpPt(CH 3) 3 Adsorption and Decomposition on Nickel Oxide Surfaces: Exploring the Role and Location of the Ligands. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Konh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Clinton Lien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Xuefen Cai
- Material Science and Engineering Department, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Su-Huai Wei
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Anderson Janotti
- Material Science and Engineering Department, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Andrew V. Teplyakov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Zarzycki PK. Supplementary evaluation of retention and physicochemical data involving multivariate analysis approach. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4781-4783. [PMID: 27794185 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This commentary highlights the issue of real differences between stationary phases that were studied in an experimental paper entitled "Novel stationary phases based on asphaltenes for gas chromatography" prepared by Grzegorz Boczkaj and co-authors (J. Sep. Sci. 2016, 39, 2527-2536). Particularly, a chemometric study has revealed relatively small differences between stationary phases investigated. Moreover, simple principle component analysis calculations enabled the identification of the outlier points within large raw dataset and to find the parameters (variables) that may carry equal information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł K Zarzycki
- Department of Environmental Technologies and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental and Geodetic Sciences, Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin, Poland
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Kanyal SS, Häbe TT, Cushman CV, Dhunna M, Roychowdhury T, Farnsworth PB, Morlock GE, Linford MR. Microfabrication, separations, and detection by mass spectrometry on ultrathin-layer chromatography plates prepared via the low-pressure chemical vapor deposition of silicon nitride onto carbon nanotube templates. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1404:115-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kanyal SS, Singh B, Cushman CV, Jankowski DT, Linford MR. Hydroxylation of the silica in microfabricated thin layer chromatography plates as probed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya S. Kanyal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Cody V. Cushman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Daniel T. Jankowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
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Morlock GE. Miniaturized planar chromatography using office peripherals--office chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1382:87-96. [PMID: 25442326 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Office chromatography (OC) harnesses the novel combination of miniaturized planar separation science and modern print & media technologies. Interdisciplinary knowledge is the essence: Printing of solutions on powerful miniaturized planar separation materials in combination with image capturing and evaluation tools enables an innovative analytical online system. Site-specific printing as lines or areas on defined sections of the layer comprises important steps like application of samples, feeding of the mobile phase as well as supply of the derivatization reagent. Also printing of bioassays can be combined for effect-directed detections and the homogeneous printing of the ultrathin layer itself, enabling tailor-made gradient-layer or multi-layer plates. OC exploits image-giving miniaturized chromatograms being captured and processed with a flatbed scanner or mini-camera. Thus, miniaturized separation materials are the core of OC. Monolithic, electrospun, nanostructured glancing angle deposition and carbon nanotube-templated microfabricated layers or even pillar arrays or polymer brush coated sub-μm silica particles were demonstrated, showing promising results. Layer thicknesses from 50 μm down to few micrometers were explored. A high-throughput capacity is given through the parallel development of as many as possible tiny-printed samples on the separation material. The migration time was reduced to a few minutes and the calculated analysis time per sample lasted few seconds. Considering a substantially reduced solvent consumption at short run times for parallel analysis of numerous samples at the same time, OC is an appropriate analytical technique for green chemistry. OC facilitates the whole planar separation process to be performed with no other equipment but a combined device of printer and flatbed scanner or mini-camera. At the same time, OC can be expected to become a widespread and economical technique with the user-friendliness of high-end office tools, appealing to users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud E Morlock
- Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Interdisciplinary Research Centre (IFZ) and Institute of Nutritional Science, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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