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The Fabrication of Alginate–Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Composites and Drug Release Profiles. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173604. [PMID: 36080679 PMCID: PMC9460729 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, hydrogels based on natural water-soluble polysaccharides have attracted more and more attention due to their favorable characteristics. The high water-holding capacity, lack of toxicity, and biodegradability of such hydrogels make it possible to develop new materials on their basis for biotechnological, biomedical, pharmacological, and medical purposes. Sodium alginate is a non-toxic natural polysaccharide found in marine algae. It is capable of forming solid gels under the action of polyvalent cations that cross-link polysaccharide chains. Alginate-based products are popular in many industries, including food processing, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications. Cellulose is the most abundant, renewable, and natural polymer on Earth, and it is used for various industrial and biomedical applications. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is useful in pharmaceutical, food, and non-food industries such as tablets, ice cream, drinks, toothpaste, and detergents. In this review, various methods for the preparation of the compositions based on sodium alginate and CMC using different crosslinking agents have been collected for the first time. Additionally, the drug release profile from such polymer matrixes was analyzed.
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Munir MU, Mikucioniene D, Khanzada H, Khan MQ. Development of Eco-Friendly Nanomembranes of Aloe vera/PVA/ZnO for Potential Applications in Medical Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1029. [PMID: 35267852 PMCID: PMC8912846 DOI: 10.3390/polym14051029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, there is a crucial need for the development of antimicrobial and antiviral personal protective equipment such as facemasks and gowns. Therefore, in this research we fabricated electrospun nanofibers composite with polyvinyl alcohol, aloe vera, and zinc oxide nanoparticles for end application in medical devices. Electrospun nanofibers were made with varying concentrations of aloe vera (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%) having a constant concentration of ZnO (0.5%) with varying concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%) having a constant concentration of aloe vera (0.5%). To check the morphology and composition, all prepared nanofibers were subjected to different characterization techniques, such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). In addition, its antimicrobial activity was checked both with qualitative and quantitative approaches against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. The results suggest that increasing ZnO concentration kills and inhibits bacterial growth more proficiently compared to increasing aloe vera concentration in electrospun nanofibers; the highest antimicrobial was found with 4% ZnO, killing almost 100% of gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria and 99.2% of gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. These fabricated nanofibers have potential applications in medical devices and would help control the spread of many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Munir
- Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51424 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Daiva Mikucioniene
- Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51424 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Haleema Khanzada
- Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51424 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Muhammad Qamar Khan
- Nanotechnology Research Lab, Department of Textile and Clothing, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, National Textile University Karachi Campus, Karachi 74900, Pakistan;
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The photocatalytic antibacterial behavior of Cu-doped nanocrystalline hematite prepared by mechanical alloying. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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4
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Wang A, Madden LA, Paunov VN. Advanced biomedical applications based on emerging 3D cell culturing platforms. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10487-10501. [PMID: 33136103 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01658f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is of great value to develop reliable in vitro models for cell biology and toxicology. However, ethical issues and the decreasing number of donors restrict the further use of traditional animal models in various fields, including the emerging fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The huge gap created by the restrictions in animal models has pushed the development of the increasingly recognized three-dimensional (3D) cell culture, which enables cells to closely simulate authentic cellular behaviour such as close cell-to-cell interactions and can achieve higher functionality. Furthermore, 3D cell culturing is superior to the traditional 2D cell culture, which has obvious limitations and cannot closely mimic the structure and architecture of tissues. In this study, we review several methods used to form 3D multicellular spheroids. The extracellular microenvironment of 3D spheroids plays a role in many aspects of biological sciences, including cell signalling, cell growth, cancer cell generation, and anti-cancer drugs. More recently, they have been explored as basic construction units for tissue and organ engineering. We review this field with a focus on the previous research in different areas using spheroid models, emphasizing aqueous two-phase system (ATPS)-based techniques. Multi-cellular spheroids have great potential in the study of biological systems and can closely mimic the in vivo environment. New technologies to form and analyse spheroids such as the aqueous two-phase system and magnetic levitation are rapidly overcoming the technical limitations of spheroids and expanding their applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
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Przekora A. A Concise Review on Tissue Engineered Artificial Skin Grafts for Chronic Wound Treatment: Can We Reconstruct Functional Skin Tissue In Vitro? Cells 2020; 9:cells9071622. [PMID: 32640572 PMCID: PMC7407512 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds occur as a consequence of a prolonged inflammatory phase during the healing process, which precludes skin regeneration. Typical treatment for chronic wounds includes application of autografts, allografts collected from cadaver, and topical delivery of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial agents. Nevertheless, the mentioned therapies are not sufficient for extensive or deep wounds. Moreover, application of allogeneic skin grafts carries high risk of rejection and treatment failure. Advanced therapies for chronic wounds involve application of bioengineered artificial skin substitutes to overcome graft rejection as well as topical delivery of mesenchymal stem cells to reduce inflammation and accelerate the healing process. This review focuses on the concept of skin tissue engineering, which is a modern approach to chronic wound treatment. The aim of the article is to summarize common therapies for chronic wounds and recent achievements in the development of bioengineered artificial skin constructs, including analysis of biomaterials and cells widely used for skin graft production. This review also presents attempts to reconstruct nerves, pigmentation, and skin appendages (hair follicles, sweat glands) using artificial skin grafts as well as recent trends in the engineering of biomaterials, aiming to produce nanocomposite skin substitutes (nanofilled polymer composites) with controlled antibacterial activity. Finally, the article describes the composition, advantages, and limitations of both newly developed and commercially available bioengineered skin substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Przekora
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1 Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Teixeira AG, Kleinman A, Agarwal R, Tam NW, Wang J, Frampton JP. Confinement of Suspension-Cultured Cells in Polyethylene Glycol/Polyethylene Oxide-Albumin Aqueous Two-Phase Systems. Front Chem 2019; 7:441. [PMID: 31275925 PMCID: PMC6591268 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) have numerous applications in separation science, and more recently, in bioassays enabled by the solution micropatterning of cells. The most frequently used ATPS in these applications is the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-dextran (Dex) system, as the polymers that form this ATPS have been extensively characterized in terms of their physicochemical properties. However, in addition to this well-known system, there exist many other ATPSs with properties that may be exploited to improve upon the PEG-dextran system for specific applications. One of these underexplored systems is the ATPS formed from PEG/polyethylene oxide (PEO) and albumin. In this article, we characterize the phase separation of PEG (35 kDa) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) (200, 900, and 4,000 kDa) with bovine serum albumin (BSA). We describe the microscopic emulsion behavior of these systems in the presence of NaCl and compounds (NaHCO3, NaH2PO4, and HEPES) commonly used in buffer solutions and cell culture media. We further demonstrate that PEG- and PEO-albumin systems can be used in place of the PEG-dextran system for confinement of suspension-cultured cells (Jurkat T cells and RPMI-8226 B cells). Cell viability and morphology are examined for various polymer formulations relative to the commonly used PEG 35 kDa-Dex 500 kDa system and polymer-free cell culture medium. In addition, we examine cell activation for various phase-separating medium components by measuring IL-2 and IL-6 secretion. We demonstrate that we can confine immune cells and cytokines in the PEG-BSA system, and that this system can be employed to screen immune responses by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. This new system represents a promising ATPS formulation for applications where low levels of baseline cell activation are required, for instance, when culturing immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyne G. Teixeira
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Rishima Agarwal
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Nicky W. Tam
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - John P. Frampton
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Agarwal R, Liu G, Tam NW, Gratzer PF, Frampton JP. Precision cell delivery in biphasic polymer systems enhances growth of keratinocytes in culture and promotes their attachment on acellular dermal matrices. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:997-1006. [PMID: 30811860 DOI: 10.1002/term.2845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Current approaches for precision deposition of cells are not optimized for moist environments or for substrates with complex surface topographic features, for example, the surface of dermal matrices and other biomaterials. To overcome these challenges, an approach is presented that utilizes cell confinement in phase-separating polymer solutions of polyethylene glycol and dextran to precisely deliver keratinocytes in well-defined colonies. Using this approach, keratinocyte colonies are produced with superior viability, proliferative capacity, and barrier formation compared with the same number of cells dispersedly seeded across substrate surfaces. It is further demonstrated that keratinocytes delivered in colonies to the surface of acellular dermal matrices form an intact epidermal basal layer more rapidly and more completely than cells delivered by conventional dispersed seeding. These findings demonstrate that delivery of keratinocytes in phase-separating polymer solutions holds potential for enhancing growth of keratinocytes in culture and production of functional skin equivalents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishima Agarwal
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Guanyong Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Nicky W Tam
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Paul F Gratzer
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - John P Frampton
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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Teixeira AG, Agarwal R, Ko KR, Grant‐Burt J, Leung BM, Frampton JP. Emerging Biotechnology Applications of Aqueous Two-Phase Systems. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701036. [PMID: 29280350 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation between aqueous solutions containing two incompatible polymers, a polymer and a salt, or a polymer and a surfactant, has been exploited for a wide variety of biotechnology applications throughout the years. While many applications for aqueous two-phase systems fall within the realm of separation science, the ability to partition many different materials within these systems, coupled with recent advances in materials science and liquid handling, has allowed bioengineers to imagine new applications. This progress report provides an overview of the history and key properties of aqueous two-phase systems to lend context to how these materials have progressed to modern applications such as cellular micropatterning and bioprinting, high-throughput 3D tissue assembly, microscale biomolecular assay development, facilitation of cell separation and microcapsule production using microfluidic devices, and synthetic biology. Future directions and present limitations and design considerations of this adaptable and promising toolkit for biomolecule and cellular manipulation are further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyne G. Teixeira
- School of Biomedical Engineering Dalhousie University 5981 University Avenue Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Rishima Agarwal
- School of Biomedical Engineering Dalhousie University 5981 University Avenue Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Kristin Robin Ko
- School of Biomedical Engineering Dalhousie University 5981 University Avenue Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Jessica Grant‐Burt
- School of Biomedical Engineering Dalhousie University 5981 University Avenue Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Brendan M. Leung
- School of Biomedical Engineering Dalhousie University 5981 University Avenue Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
- Department of Applied Oral Science Dalhousie University 5981 University Avenue Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - John P. Frampton
- School of Biomedical Engineering Dalhousie University 5981 University Avenue Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
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