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Hussain M, Khan SM, Shafiq M, Abbas N, Sajjad U, Hamid K. Advances in biodegradable materials: Degradation mechanisms, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility for orthopedic applications. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32713. [PMID: 39027458 PMCID: PMC11254538 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Mg-based and Zn-based biodegradable materials have the potential to become the next-generation implant materials to treat bone diseases, because of their desired degradation and mechanical properties. This article reviews the status of these implant materials. The required properties of biodegradable materials such as biodegradability, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility for performance evaluation were briefly discussed. The influence of fabrication techniques, microstructure, alloying elements, and post-processing techniques on the properties of Mg and Zn-based materials was addressed. The degradation mechanism by dissolution, oxidation, and interaction with human body cells was discussed. The biocompatibility of Mg and Zn-based biodegradable materials was analyzed. The significance of in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility testing was highlighted, emphasizing the superiority of in vivo results over cell line studies. This article identifies the many Mg and Zn-based biodegradable materials and summarizes the key findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzamil Hussain
- Institute of Polymer & Textile Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Maqsood Khan
- Institute of Polymer & Textile Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Institute of Polymer & Textile Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Naseem Abbas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Uzair Sajjad
- Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan
| | - Khalid Hamid
- Process and Power Research Group, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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2
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Zhou Y, Zhang K, Liang Y, Cheng J, Dai Y. Selective Laser Melted Magnesium Alloys: Fabrication, Microstructure and Property. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7049. [PMID: 36295117 PMCID: PMC9605101 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As the lightest metal structural material, magnesium and its alloys have the characteristics of low density, high specific strength and good biocompatibility, which gives magnesium alloys broad application prospects in fields of biomedicine, transportation, and aerospace. Laser selective melting technology has the advantages of manufacturing complex structural parts, high precision and high degree of freedom. However, due to some disadvantages of magnesium alloy, such as low boiling point and high vapor pressure, the application of it in laser selective melting was relatively undeveloped compared with other alloys. In this paper, the fabrication, microstructure, mechanical performance and corrosion resistance property of magnesium alloys were summarized, and the potential applications and the development direction of selective laser melting magnesium alloys in the future are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Hunan Industry Polytechnic, Changsha 410208, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Hunan Industry Polytechnic, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Yaru Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Metal Materials, Northwest Institute for Nonferrous Metal Research, Xi’an 710016, China
| | - Yilong Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
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3
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Davoodi E, Montazerian H, Mirhakimi AS, Zhianmanesh M, Ibhadode O, Shahabad SI, Esmaeilizadeh R, Sarikhani E, Toorandaz S, Sarabi SA, Nasiri R, Zhu Y, Kadkhodapour J, Li B, Khademhosseini A, Toyserkani E. Additively manufactured metallic biomaterials. Bioact Mater 2022; 15:214-249. [PMID: 35386359 PMCID: PMC8941217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal additive manufacturing (AM) has led to an evolution in the design and fabrication of hard tissue substitutes, enabling personalized implants to address each patient's specific needs. In addition, internal pore architectures integrated within additively manufactured scaffolds, have provided an opportunity to further develop and engineer functional implants for better tissue integration, and long-term durability. In this review, the latest advances in different aspects of the design and manufacturing of additively manufactured metallic biomaterials are highlighted. After introducing metal AM processes, biocompatible metals adapted for integration with AM machines are presented. Then, we elaborate on the tools and approaches undertaken for the design of porous scaffold with engineered internal architecture including, topology optimization techniques, as well as unit cell patterns based on lattice networks, and triply periodic minimal surface. Here, the new possibilities brought by the functionally gradient porous structures to meet the conflicting scaffold design requirements are thoroughly discussed. Subsequently, the design constraints and physical characteristics of the additively manufactured constructs are reviewed in terms of input parameters such as design features and AM processing parameters. We assess the proposed applications of additively manufactured implants for regeneration of different tissue types and the efforts made towards their clinical translation. Finally, we conclude the review with the emerging directions and perspectives for further development of AM in the medical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Davoodi
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing (MSAM) Laboratory, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
| | - Hossein Montazerian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
| | - Anooshe Sadat Mirhakimi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Masoud Zhianmanesh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Osezua Ibhadode
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing (MSAM) Laboratory, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Shahriar Imani Shahabad
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing (MSAM) Laboratory, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Reza Esmaeilizadeh
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing (MSAM) Laboratory, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Einollah Sarikhani
- Department of Nanoengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Sahar Toorandaz
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing (MSAM) Laboratory, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Shima A. Sarabi
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
| | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
| | - Javad Kadkhodapour
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Tehran 16785-163, Iran
- Institute for Materials Testing, Materials Science and Strength of Materials, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Bingbing Li
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
- Department of Manufacturing Systems Engineering and Management, California State University, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ehsan Toyserkani
- Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing (MSAM) Laboratory, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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4
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Zhang C, Wen TH, Razak KA, Lin J, Xu C, Seo C, Villafana E, Jimenez H, Liu H. Magnesium-based biodegradable microelectrodes for neural recording. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110614. [PMID: 32204062 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article reports fabrication, characterization, degradation and electrical properties of biodegradable magnesium (Mg) microwires coated with two functional polymers, and the first in vivo evidence on the feasibility of Mg-based biodegradable microelectrodes for neural recording. Conductive poly(3,4‑ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) coating was first electrochemically deposited onto Mg microwire surface, and insulating biodegradable poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) was then spray-coated onto PEDOT surface to improve the overall properties of microelectrode. The assembled PGS/PEDOT-coated Mg microelectrodes showed high homogeneity in coating thickness, surface morphology and composition before and after in vivo recording. The charge storage capacity (CSC) of PGS/PEDOT-coated Mg microwire (1.72 mC/cm2) was nearly 5 times higher than the standard platinum (Pt) microwire widely used in implantable electrodes. The Mg-based microelectrode demonstrated excellent neural-recording capability and stability during in vivo multi-unit neural recordings in the auditory cortex of a mouse. Specifically, the Mg-based electrode showed clear and stable onset response, and excellent signal-to-noise ratio during spontaneous-activity recordings and three repeats of stimulus-evoked recordings at two different anatomical locations in the auditory cortex. During 10 days of immersion in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) in vitro, PGS/PEDOT-coated Mg microelectrodes showed slower degradation and less change in impedance than PEDOT-coated Mg electrodes. The biodegradable PGS coating protected the PEDOT coating from delamination, and prolonged the mechanical integrity and electrical properties of Mg-based microelectrode. Mg-based novel microelectrodes should be further studied toward clinical translation because they can potentially eliminate the risks and costs associated with secondary surgeries for removal of failed or no longer needed electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxing Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Teresa H Wen
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Khaleel A Razak
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Psychology Department, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Jiajia Lin
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Changlu Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Catherine Seo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Edgar Villafana
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Hector Jimenez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Huinan Liu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Biomedical Sciences Program, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Stem Cell Center, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
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5
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Zhang C, Lin J, Nguyen NYT, Guo Y, Xu C, Seo C, Villafana E, Jimenez H, Chai Y, Guan R, Liu H. Antimicrobial Bioresorbable Mg-Zn-Ca Alloy for Bone Repair in a Comparison Study with Mg-Zn-Sr Alloy and Pure Mg. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 6:517-538. [PMID: 33463195 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium-zinc-calcium (Mg-Zn-Ca) alloys have attracted increasing attention for biomedical implant applications, especially for bone repair, because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and similar mechanical properties to human bone. The objectives of this study were to characterize Mg-2 wt % Zn-0.5 wt % Ca (named ZC21) alloy pins microstructurally and mechanically, and determine their degradation and interactions with host cells and pathogenic bacteria in vitro and in vivo in comparison with the previously studied Mg-4 wt % Zn-1 wt % strontium (named ZSr41) alloy and Mg control. Specifically, the in vitro degradation and cytocompatibility of ZC21 pins with bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were investigated using both direct culture and direct exposure culture methods. The adhesion density of BMSCs on ZC21 pins (i.e., direct contact) was significantly higher than on pure Mg pins in both in vitro culture methods; the cell adhesion density around ZC21 pins (i.e., indirect contact) was similar to the cell-only positive control in both in vitro culture methods. Interestingly, ZC21 showed a higher daily degradation rate, crack width and crack area ratio in the direct exposure culture than in the direct culture, suggesting different culture methods did affect its in vitro degradation behaviors. When cultured with Gram-positive bacteria methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), ZC21 reduced bacterial adhesion on the surface more significantly than that of ZSr41 and Mg. The in vivo degradation and biocompatibility of the ZC21 pins for bone regeneration were studied in a mouse femoral defect model. The in vivo degradation rate of ZC21 pins was much slower than that of ZSr41 alloy and Mg control pins. After 12 weeks of implantation in vivo, the ZC21 group showed the shortest gap at the femoral defect, indicating that ZC21 pins promoted osteogenesis and bone healing more than ZSr41 and Mg control pins. Overall, the ZC21 alloy is promising for bone repair, while providing antibacterial activities, and should be further studied toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxing Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jiajia Lin
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Nhu-Y Thi Nguyen
- Microbiology Graduate Program, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yuxing Guo
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Changlu Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Catherine Seo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Edgar Villafana
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hector Jimenez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Renguo Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Huinan Liu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Microbiology Graduate Program, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Biomedical Sciences Program, School of Medicine, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Stem Cell Center, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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6
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Degradation Behaviour of Mg0.6Ca and Mg0.6Ca2Ag Alloys with Bioactive Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9060383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) coatings enriched in Ca, P and F were developed on Mg0.6Ca and Mg0.6Ca2Ag alloys with the aim to impede their fast degradation rate. Different characterization techniques (SEM, TEM, EDX, SKPFM, XRD) were used to analyze the surface characteristics and chemical composition of the bulk and/or coated materials. The corrosion behaviour was evaluated using hydrogen evolution measurements in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) at 37 °C for up to 60 days of immersion. PEO-coated Mg0.6Ca showed a 2–3-fold improved corrosion resistance compared with the bulk alloy, which was more relevant to the initial 4 weeks of the degradation process. In the case of the Mg0.6Ag2Ag alloy, the obtained corrosion rates were very high for both non-coated and PEO-coated specimens, which would compromise their application as resorbable implants. The amount of F− ions released from PEO-coated Mg0.6Ca during 24 h of immersion in 0.9% NaCl was also measured due to the importance of F− in antibacterial processes, yielding 33.7 μg/cm2, which is well within the daily recommended limit of F− consumption.
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Narita K, Tian Q, Johnson I, Zhang C, Kobayashi E, Liu H. Degradation behaviors and cytocompatibility of Mg/β-tricalcium phosphate composites produced by spark plasma sintering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 107:2238-2253. [PMID: 30707487 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg)-based materials have shown great potentials for bioresorbable implant applications. Previous studies showed that Mg with 10 and 20 vol % β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) composites produced by spark plasma sintering, improved mechanical properties when compared with pure Mg. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the degradation behaviors of Mg/10% β-TCP and Mg/20% β-TCP composites in revised stimulated body fluid (rSBF), and to determine their cytocompatibility with bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) using the direct culture method. During the 11 days of immersion in rSBF, Mg/β-TCP composites showed different degradation behaviors at different immersion periods, that is, the initial stage (0-1 hr), the mid-term stage (1 hr to 2 days), and the long-term stage (2-11 days). The counter effects of mass loss due to microgalvanic corrosion and mass gain due to deposition of Ca-P containing layers resulted in slower Mg2+ ion release for Mg/20% β-TCP than Mg/10% β-TCP in the mid-term, but eventually 16% mass loss for Mg/20% β-TCP and 10% mass loss for Mg/10% β-TCP after 11 days of immersion. The in vitro studies with BMSCs showed the highest cell adhesion density (i.e., 68% of seeding density) on the plate surrounding the Mg/10% β-TCP sample, that is, under the indirect contact condition of direct culture. The β-TCP showed a positive effect on direct adhesion of BMSCs on the surface of Mg/β-TCP composites. This study elucidated the degradation behaviors and the cytocompatibility of Mg/β-TCP composites in vitro; and, further studies on Mg/ceramic composites are needed to determine their potential for clinical applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 2238-2253, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Narita
- Department of Metallurgy & Ceramics Science, Graduate School of Science & Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Qiaomu Tian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Ian Johnson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Chaoxing Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Equo Kobayashi
- Department of Metallurgy & Ceramics Science, Graduate School of Science & Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Huinan Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521.,Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology (CMDB) Program, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521.,Stem Cell Center, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
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8
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Tian Q, Zhang C, Deo M, Rivera-Castaneda L, Masoudipour N, Guan R, Liu H. Responses of human urothelial cells to magnesium-zinc-strontium alloys and associated insoluble degradation products for urological stent applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 96:248-262. [PMID: 30606530 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Current urological devices such as ureteral stents and catheters still face serious problems, such as encrustation and biofilm formation. Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys showed great potentials as an alternative material for urological devices, due to their excellent biodegradability and antibacterial property. In this study, a serial of four promising Mg alloys which contain zinc (Zn) and strontium (Sr), i.e., Mg-4Zn-xSr (ZSr41) alloys, were investigated in vitro for potential ureteral stent application. Specifically, these four alloys have 4 wt% Zn in all and 0.15 wt% Sr in ZSr41_A, 0.5 wt% Sr in ZSr41_B, 1.0 wt% Sr in ZSr41_C and 1.5 wt% Sr in ZSr41_D. The cytocompatibility and degradation behaviors of Mg-4Zn-xSr alloys were studied by culturing with human urothelial cells (HUCs) for 24 h and 48 h using exposure culture method. ZSr41_B showed a better cytocompatibility with HUCs among all the Mg-4Zn-xSr alloys in both 24-hour and 48-hour cultures. Moreover, the cytocompatibility of insoluble degradation products of Mg, i.e., MgO and Mg(OH)2, was also investigated by culturing different concentrations of MgO and Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles with HUCs for 24 h and 48 h. The concentration of MgO and Mg(OH)2 particles at 0.5 mg/mL and above, showed a significant decrease of cell density and cell size after 24-hour and 48-hour cultures. The concentration of MgO and Mg(OH)2 at 1.0 mg/mL and above, showed no viable cells after 24-hour culture. Collectively, it is recommended to further reduce the degradation rates of Mg alloys in order to control possible side effects of the soluble and insoluble degradation products and to take the benefits of Mg-based biodegradable ureteral stents toward the future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaomu Tian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Chaoxing Zhang
- Material Science & Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Michael Deo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | | | - Neema Masoudipour
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Renguo Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, China
| | - Huinan Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Material Science & Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology (CMDB) Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Biomedical Sciences Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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