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Alhazmi HA, Albratty M. Analytical Techniques for the Characterization and Quantification of Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:291. [PMID: 37259434 PMCID: PMC9967501 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a fast-growing class of biopharmaceuticals. They are widely used in the identification and detection of cell makers, serum analytes, and pathogenic agents, and are remarkably used for the cure of autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, or malignancies. The successful application of therapeutic mAbs is based on their ability to precisely interact with their appropriate target sites. The precision of mAbs rely on the isolation techniques delivering pure, consistent, stable, and safe lots that can be used for analytical, diagnostic, or therapeutic applications. During the creation of a biologic, the key quality features of a particular mAb, such as structure, post-translational modifications, and activities at the biomolecular and cellular levels, must be characterized and profiled in great detail. This implies the requirement of powerful state of the art analytical techniques for quality control and characterization of mAbs. Until now, various analytical techniques have been developed to characterize and quantify the mAbs according to the regulatory guidelines. The present review summarizes the major techniques used for the analyses of mAbs which include chromatographic, electrophoretic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical methods in addition to the modifications in these methods for improving the quality of mAbs. This compilation of major analytical techniques will help students and researchers to have an overview of the methodologies employed by the biopharmaceutical industry for structural characterization of mAbs for eventual release of therapeutics in the drug market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A. Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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Dumoncel RFP, Xavier B, Cardoso Júnior CDA, da Silva FS, Motta LGJ, Cavalheiro TN, Dalmora SL. Analysis of Denosumab by a Validated CZE Method and Determination of Sialic Acids by the RP-HPLC Method. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 61:177-185. [PMID: 35279712 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method was developed and validated to quantitate the monoclonal antibody denosumab (DmAb) and its charge variants in pharmaceutical products, demonstrating excellent precision, linearity and accuracy. Separations were obtained with migration times of 11.3 min for DmAb and the calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.95-20 mg/mL. The analytical comparability of seven batches of Prolia® showed mean differences of the estimated content/potencies of 1.87% lower, and 0.84 and 1.21% higher compared with the size-exclusion and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC and RP-HPLC) methods and the osteoclast antiproliferative bioassay, respectively, with non-significant differences (P > 0.05). An RP-HPLC method with fluorescence detection (RP-HPLC-F), performed on a Kinetex® EVO C18 column (5 μm, 100 Å, 250 mm × 4.6 mm), was optimized to determine the levels of sialic acids of DmAb biomolecules, giving mean concentrations of 0.16 and 0.17 μg N-acetylneuraminic acid/mg DmAb for Prolia® and Xgeva® pharmaceutical products, respectively. The results demonstrated the capability of each one of the methods, and their use in combination constitutes a strategy to monitor instability, thereby assuring the quality and the batch-to-batch consistency of the biotechnology-derived medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Ferreira Perobelli Dumoncel
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Xavier
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Clóvis Dervil Appratto Cardoso Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Francielle Santos da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Luís Gustavo Jung Motta
- Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Thaís Neuhaus Cavalheiro
- Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Luiz Dalmora
- Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
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Kumar R, Guttman A, Rathore AS. Applications of capillary electrophoresis for biopharmaceutical product characterization. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:143-166. [PMID: 34591322 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE), after being introduced several decades ago, has carved out a niche for itself in the field of analytical characterization of biopharmaceutical products. It does not only offer fast separation, high resolution in miniaturized format, but equally importantly represents an orthogonal separation mechanism to high-performance liquid chromatography. Therefore, it is not surprising that CE-based methods can be found in all major pharmacopoeias and are recommended for the analysis of biopharmaceutical products during process development, characterization, quality control, and release testing. Different separation formats of CE, such as capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, and capillary zone electrophoresis are widely used for size and charge heterogeneity characterization as well as purity and stability testing of therapeutic proteins. Hyphenation of CE with MS is emerging as a promising bioanalytical tool to assess the primary structure of therapeutic proteins along with any impurities. In this review, we confer the latest developments in capillary electrophoresis, used for the characterization of critical quality attributes of biopharmaceutical products covering the past 6 years (2015-2021). Monoclonal antibodies, due to their significant share in the market, have been given prioritized coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Andras Guttman
- Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratories of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Translational Glycomics Group, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
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Insights from capillary electrophoresis approaches for characterization of monoclonal antibodies and antibody drug conjugates in the period 2016–2018. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1122-1123:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zhang Z, Zhou S, Han L, Zhang Q, Pritts WA. Impact of linker-drug on ion exchange chromatography separation of antibody-drug conjugates. MAbs 2019; 11:1113-1121. [PMID: 31238787 PMCID: PMC6748606 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1628589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Charge variants are important attributes of monoclonal antibodies, including antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), because charge variants can potentially influence the stability and biological activity of these molecules. Ion exchange chromatography (IEX) is widely used for charge variants analysis of mAbs and offers the feasibility of fractionation for in-depth characterization. However, the conjugated linker-drug on ADCs could potentially affect the separation performance of IEX, considering IEX separation relies on surface charge distribution of analyte and involves the interaction between analyte surface and IEX stationary phase. Here, we investigated weak cation exchange chromatography (WCX) for its application in analyzing three ADCs (two broad distribution ADCs and an ADC with controlled conjugation sites) and the 2-drug/4-drug loaded species isolated from the two broad distribution ADCs using hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The major peaks in WCX profile were characterized via fraction collection followed by capillary electrophoresis-sodium dodecyl sulfate or peptide mapping. Results suggested that both the number of drug loads and conjugation sites could impact WCX separation of an ADC. The hypothesis was that the linker drugs could interfere with the ionic interaction between its surrounding amino acids on the mAb surface and column resin, which reduced the retention of ADCs on WCX column in this study. Our results further revealed that WCX brings good selectivity towards positional isomers, but limited resolution for different drug load, which causes the peak compositions of the two broad-distribution ADCs to be highly complex. We also compared results from WCX and imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF). Results showed that separation in icIEF was less influenced by conjugated linker drugs for the ADCs studied in this work, and better alignment was found between the two techniques for the ADC with controlled conjugate sites. Overall, this work provides insights into the complexity of WCX analysis of ADCs, which should be considered during method development and sample characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaorui Zhang
- a Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc. , North Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Shiyue Zhou
- a Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc. , North Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Linjie Han
- a Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc. , North Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Qunying Zhang
- a Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc. , North Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Wayne A Pritts
- a Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc. , North Chicago , IL , USA
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Beck A, D’Atri V, Ehkirch A, Fekete S, Hernandez-Alba O, Gahoual R, Leize-Wagner E, François Y, Guillarme D, Cianférani S. Cutting-edge multi-level analytical and structural characterization of antibody-drug conjugates: present and future. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:337-362. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1578215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Biologics CMC and Developability, IRPF - Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Ehkirch
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Unité de Technologies Biologiques et Chimiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), Paris 5-CNRS UMR8258 Inserm U1022, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Leize-Wagner
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannis François
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- Biologics CMC and Developability, IRPF - Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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NISHIMURA N, NAITO T, KUBO T, OTSUKA K. Suppression of Hydrophobicity and Optimizations of a Ligand-Immobilization for Effective Affinity Chromatography Using a Spongy Monolith. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2018. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2018.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takuya KUBO
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Koji OTSUKA
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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Kahle J, Wätzig H. Determination of protein charge variants with (imaged) capillary isoelectric focusing and capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2492-2511. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kahle
- Technische Universität Braunschweig; Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Technische Universität Braunschweig; Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Braunschweig Germany
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