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Gimpel C, Avni EF, Breysem L, Burgmaier K, Caroli A, Cetiner M, Haffner D, Hartung EA, Franke D, König J, Liebau MC, Mekahli D, Ong ACM, Pape L, Titieni A, Torra R, Winyard PJD, Schaefer F. Imaging of Kidney Cysts and Cystic Kidney Diseases in Children: An International Working Group Consensus Statement. Radiology 2019; 290:769-782. [PMID: 30599104 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2018181243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Kidney cysts can manifest as focal disease (simple and complex kidney cysts), affect a whole kidney (eg, multicystic dysplastic kidney or cystic dysplasia), or manifest as bilateral cystic disease (eg, autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease [ARPKD] or autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease [ADPKD]). In children, as opposed to adults, a larger proportion of kidney cysts are due to genetic diseases (eg, HNF1B nephropathy, various ciliopathies, and tuberous sclerosis complex), and fewer patients have simple cysts or acquired cystic kidney disease. The purpose of this consensus statement is to provide clinical guidance on standardization of imaging tests to evaluate kidney cysts in children. A committee of international experts in pediatric nephrology, pediatric radiology, pediatric US, and adult nephrology prepared systematic literature reviews and formulated recommendations at a consensus meeting. The final statement was endorsed by the European Society of Pediatric Radiology, the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, the European Society of Pediatric Nephrology, and reviewed by the European Reference Network for Rare Kidney Diseases. Main recommendations are as follows: US is the method of choice when assessing pediatric kidney cysts, with selected indications for MRI and contrast-enhanced US. CT should be avoided whenever possible because of ionizing radiation. Renal US yields essential diagnostic information in many cases. In patients with ARPKD or other ciliopathies, abdominal US is needed for diagnosis and screening of portal hypertension. US is usually sufficient for follow-up kidney imaging, but MRI can be valuable for clinical trials in patients with ADPKD or in older children with tuberous sclerosis complex to evaluate both kidney cysts and angiomyolipomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gimpel
- From the Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Mathildenstr 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (C.G.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jeanne de Flandre Mother and Child Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France (E.F.A.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (K.B.); Department of Bioengineering, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (A.C.); Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (M.C.); Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (D.H., D.F., L.P.); Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (E.A.H.); Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany (J.K., A.T.); Department of Pediatrics and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England (A.C.M.O.); Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, IIB Sant Pau, REDINREN, Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); University College London Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, London, England (P.J.D.W.); and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (F.S.)
| | - E Fred Avni
- From the Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Mathildenstr 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (C.G.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jeanne de Flandre Mother and Child Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France (E.F.A.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (K.B.); Department of Bioengineering, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (A.C.); Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (M.C.); Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (D.H., D.F., L.P.); Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (E.A.H.); Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany (J.K., A.T.); Department of Pediatrics and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England (A.C.M.O.); Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, IIB Sant Pau, REDINREN, Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); University College London Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, London, England (P.J.D.W.); and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (F.S.)
| | - Luc Breysem
- From the Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Mathildenstr 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (C.G.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jeanne de Flandre Mother and Child Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France (E.F.A.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (K.B.); Department of Bioengineering, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (A.C.); Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (M.C.); Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (D.H., D.F., L.P.); Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (E.A.H.); Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany (J.K., A.T.); Department of Pediatrics and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England (A.C.M.O.); Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, IIB Sant Pau, REDINREN, Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); University College London Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, London, England (P.J.D.W.); and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (F.S.)
| | - Kathrin Burgmaier
- From the Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Mathildenstr 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (C.G.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jeanne de Flandre Mother and Child Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France (E.F.A.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (K.B.); Department of Bioengineering, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (A.C.); Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (M.C.); Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (D.H., D.F., L.P.); Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (E.A.H.); Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany (J.K., A.T.); Department of Pediatrics and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England (A.C.M.O.); Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, IIB Sant Pau, REDINREN, Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); University College London Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, London, England (P.J.D.W.); and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (F.S.)
| | - Anna Caroli
- From the Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Mathildenstr 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (C.G.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jeanne de Flandre Mother and Child Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France (E.F.A.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (K.B.); Department of Bioengineering, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (A.C.); Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (M.C.); Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (D.H., D.F., L.P.); Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (E.A.H.); Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany (J.K., A.T.); Department of Pediatrics and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England (A.C.M.O.); Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, IIB Sant Pau, REDINREN, Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); University College London Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, London, England (P.J.D.W.); and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (F.S.)
| | - Metin Cetiner
- From the Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Mathildenstr 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (C.G.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jeanne de Flandre Mother and Child Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France (E.F.A.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (K.B.); Department of Bioengineering, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (A.C.); Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (M.C.); Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (D.H., D.F., L.P.); Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (E.A.H.); Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany (J.K., A.T.); Department of Pediatrics and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England (A.C.M.O.); Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, IIB Sant Pau, REDINREN, Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); University College London Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, London, England (P.J.D.W.); and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (F.S.)
| | - Dieter Haffner
- From the Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Mathildenstr 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (C.G.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jeanne de Flandre Mother and Child Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France (E.F.A.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (K.B.); Department of Bioengineering, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (A.C.); Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (M.C.); Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (D.H., D.F., L.P.); Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (E.A.H.); Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany (J.K., A.T.); Department of Pediatrics and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England (A.C.M.O.); Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, IIB Sant Pau, REDINREN, Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); University College London Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, London, England (P.J.D.W.); and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (F.S.)
| | - Erum A Hartung
- From the Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Mathildenstr 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (C.G.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jeanne de Flandre Mother and Child Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France (E.F.A.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (K.B.); Department of Bioengineering, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (A.C.); Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (M.C.); Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (D.H., D.F., L.P.); Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (E.A.H.); Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany (J.K., A.T.); Department of Pediatrics and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England (A.C.M.O.); Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, IIB Sant Pau, REDINREN, Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); University College London Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, London, England (P.J.D.W.); and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (F.S.)
| | - Doris Franke
- From the Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Mathildenstr 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (C.G.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jeanne de Flandre Mother and Child Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France (E.F.A.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (K.B.); Department of Bioengineering, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (A.C.); Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (M.C.); Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (D.H., D.F., L.P.); Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (E.A.H.); Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany (J.K., A.T.); Department of Pediatrics and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England (A.C.M.O.); Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, IIB Sant Pau, REDINREN, Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); University College London Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, London, England (P.J.D.W.); and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (F.S.)
| | - Jens König
- From the Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Mathildenstr 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (C.G.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jeanne de Flandre Mother and Child Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France (E.F.A.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (K.B.); Department of Bioengineering, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (A.C.); Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (M.C.); Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (D.H., D.F., L.P.); Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (E.A.H.); Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany (J.K., A.T.); Department of Pediatrics and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England (A.C.M.O.); Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, IIB Sant Pau, REDINREN, Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); University College London Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, London, England (P.J.D.W.); and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (F.S.)
| | - Max C Liebau
- From the Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Mathildenstr 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (C.G.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jeanne de Flandre Mother and Child Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France (E.F.A.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (K.B.); Department of Bioengineering, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (A.C.); Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (M.C.); Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (D.H., D.F., L.P.); Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (E.A.H.); Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany (J.K., A.T.); Department of Pediatrics and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England (A.C.M.O.); Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, IIB Sant Pau, REDINREN, Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); University College London Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, London, England (P.J.D.W.); and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (F.S.)
| | - Djalila Mekahli
- From the Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Mathildenstr 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (C.G.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jeanne de Flandre Mother and Child Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France (E.F.A.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (K.B.); Department of Bioengineering, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (A.C.); Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (M.C.); Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (D.H., D.F., L.P.); Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (E.A.H.); Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany (J.K., A.T.); Department of Pediatrics and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England (A.C.M.O.); Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, IIB Sant Pau, REDINREN, Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); University College London Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, London, England (P.J.D.W.); and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (F.S.)
| | - Albert C M Ong
- From the Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Mathildenstr 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (C.G.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jeanne de Flandre Mother and Child Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France (E.F.A.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (K.B.); Department of Bioengineering, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (A.C.); Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (M.C.); Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (D.H., D.F., L.P.); Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (E.A.H.); Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany (J.K., A.T.); Department of Pediatrics and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England (A.C.M.O.); Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, IIB Sant Pau, REDINREN, Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); University College London Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, London, England (P.J.D.W.); and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (F.S.)
| | - Lars Pape
- From the Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Mathildenstr 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (C.G.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jeanne de Flandre Mother and Child Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France (E.F.A.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (K.B.); Department of Bioengineering, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (A.C.); Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (M.C.); Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (D.H., D.F., L.P.); Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (E.A.H.); Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany (J.K., A.T.); Department of Pediatrics and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England (A.C.M.O.); Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, IIB Sant Pau, REDINREN, Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); University College London Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, London, England (P.J.D.W.); and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (F.S.)
| | - Andrea Titieni
- From the Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Mathildenstr 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (C.G.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jeanne de Flandre Mother and Child Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France (E.F.A.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (K.B.); Department of Bioengineering, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (A.C.); Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (M.C.); Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (D.H., D.F., L.P.); Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (E.A.H.); Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany (J.K., A.T.); Department of Pediatrics and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England (A.C.M.O.); Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, IIB Sant Pau, REDINREN, Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); University College London Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, London, England (P.J.D.W.); and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (F.S.)
| | - Roser Torra
- From the Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Mathildenstr 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (C.G.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jeanne de Flandre Mother and Child Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France (E.F.A.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (K.B.); Department of Bioengineering, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (A.C.); Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (M.C.); Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (D.H., D.F., L.P.); Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (E.A.H.); Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany (J.K., A.T.); Department of Pediatrics and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England (A.C.M.O.); Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, IIB Sant Pau, REDINREN, Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); University College London Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, London, England (P.J.D.W.); and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (F.S.)
| | - Paul J D Winyard
- From the Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Mathildenstr 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (C.G.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jeanne de Flandre Mother and Child Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France (E.F.A.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (K.B.); Department of Bioengineering, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (A.C.); Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (M.C.); Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (D.H., D.F., L.P.); Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (E.A.H.); Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany (J.K., A.T.); Department of Pediatrics and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England (A.C.M.O.); Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, IIB Sant Pau, REDINREN, Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); University College London Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, London, England (P.J.D.W.); and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (F.S.)
| | - Franz Schaefer
- From the Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Mathildenstr 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (C.G.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jeanne de Flandre Mother and Child Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France (E.F.A.); Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (K.B.); Department of Bioengineering, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (A.C.); Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany (M.C.); Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (D.H., D.F., L.P.); Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (E.A.H.); Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany (J.K., A.T.); Department of Pediatrics and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.C.L.); Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, GPURE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium (D.M.); Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England (A.C.M.O.); Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, Autonomous University of Barcelona, IIB Sant Pau, REDINREN, Barcelona, Spain (R.T.); University College London Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, London, England (P.J.D.W.); and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (F.S.)
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