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Patterson S, Harris J, Dinsmore S, Kinkead K. Evaluating differences in density estimation for central Iowa butterflies using two methodologies. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16165. [PMID: 37842044 PMCID: PMC10569161 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pollard-Yates transect is a widely used method for sampling butterflies. Data from these traditional transects are analyzed to produce density estimates, which are then used to make inferences about population status or trends. A key assumption of the Pollard-Yates transect is that detection probability is 1.0, or constant but unknown, out to a fixed distance (generally 2.5 m on either side of a transect line). However, species-specific estimates of detection probability would allow for sampling at farther distances, resulting in more detections of individuals. Our objectives were to (1) evaluate butterfly density estimates derived from Pollard-Yates line transects and distance sampling, (2) estimate how detection probabilities for butterflies vary across sampling distances and butterfly wing lengths, and (3) offer advice on future butterfly sampling techniques to estimate population density. We conducted Pollard-Yates transects and distance-sampling transects in central Iowa in 2014. For comparison to densities derived from Pollard-Yates transects, we used Program DISTANCE to model detection probability (p) and estimate density (D) for eight butterfly species representing a range of morphological characteristics. We found that detection probability among species varied beyond 2.5 m, with variation apparent even within 5 m of the line. Such variation correlated with wing size, where species with larger wing size generally had higher detection probabilities. Distance sampling estimated higher densities at the 5-m truncation for five of the eight species tested. At this truncation, detection probability was <0.8 for all species, and ranged from 0.53 to 0.79. With the exception of the little yellow (Pyrisitia lisa), species with median wing length <5.0 mm had the lowest detection probabilities. We recommend that researchers integrate distance sampling into butterfly sampling and monitoring, particularly for studies utilizing survey transects >5 m wide and when smaller species are targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Patterson
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Harris
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Stephen Dinsmore
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Karen Kinkead
- Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, IA, United States of America
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Mahata A, Palita SK. Butterfly diversity in Koraput district of Odisha, Eastern Ghats, India. Trop Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42965-022-00250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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3
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Hinneberg H, Döring J, Hermann G, Markl G, Theobald J, Aust I, Bamann T, Bertscheit R, Budach D, Niedermayer J, Rissi A, Gottschalk TK. Multi-surveyor capture-mark-recapture as a powerful tool for butterfly population monitoring in the pre-imaginal stage. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9140. [PMID: 35923945 PMCID: PMC9339765 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For many elusive insect species, which are difficult to cover by standard monitoring schemes, innovative survey methods are needed to gain robust data on abundance and population trends. We suggest a monitoring of overwintering larvae for the endangered nymphalid butterfly Limenitis reducta. We tested different removal and capture-mark-recapture (CMR) approaches in a field study in the "Alb-Donau" region, Germany. Classical removal and CMR studies require movement of the organisms under study, but in our approach, we replaced movement of the study organisms by random movement of multiple different surveyors. We tested the validity of the approach by comparing detection frequencies from our field data with simulated detections. Our results indicate that multi-surveyor removal/CMR techniques are suitable for estimating abundance of overwintering L. reducta larvae. Depending on surveyor experience, the average detection probability ranged between 16% for novices and 35% for experts. The uncertainty of population estimates increased with a decrease in personnel expenditure. Estimated larval densities on a spruce clear-cut varied between one and three individuals per 100 m2, probably related to habitat conditions. We suggest a CMR approach with three to four trained surveyors for the monitoring of L. reducta populations in the overwintering stage. Compared with previous sampling methods, our approach is a powerful tool with clear advantages: long survey period, estimates of the absolute population size accompanied by uncertainty measures, and estimates of overwinter mortality. The proposed method can be adapted and used for several different butterfly species, other insect taxa with specific immobile life stages, and some sessile organisms, for example, elusive plants, fungi, or corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Hinneberg
- University of Applied Forest Sciences RottenburgRottenburg am NeckarGermany
| | | | - Gabriel Hermann
- Arbeitsgruppe für Tierökologie und Planung GmbH (Filderstadt)FilderstadtGermany
| | - Gregor Markl
- University of Tübingen, Petrology and Mineral ResourcesTübingenGermany
| | - Jennifer Theobald
- Arbeitsgruppe für Tierökologie und Planung GmbH (Filderstadt)FilderstadtGermany
| | - Ines Aust
- Regierungspräsidium Tübingen, Referat 56 ‐ Naturschutz und LandschaftspflegeTübingenGermany
| | - Thomas Bamann
- Regierungspräsidium Tübingen, Referat 56 ‐ Naturschutz und LandschaftspflegeTübingenGermany
| | | | | | - Jana Niedermayer
- Institut für Landschaftsökologie und Naturschutz (ILN) BühlBühlGermany
| | - Alicia Rissi
- University of Applied Forest Sciences RottenburgRottenburg am NeckarGermany
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Wang Z, Li Y, Jain A, Pierce NE. Agent-based models reveal limits of mark-release-recapture estimates for the rare butterfly, Bhutanitis thaidina (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:550-566. [PMID: 34263543 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Insect diversity and abundance are in drastic decline worldwide, but quantifying insect populations to better conserve them is a difficult task. Mark-release-recapture (MRR) is widely used as an ecological indicator for insect populations, but the accuracy of MRR estimates can vary with factors such as spatial scale, sampling effort and models of inference. We conducted a 3-year MRR study of B. thaidina in Yanzigou valley, Mt. Gongga but failed to obtain sufficient data for a robust population estimate. This prompted us to integrate B. thaidina life history information to parameterize agent-based models and evaluate the conditions under which successful MRR studies could be conducted. We evaluated: (1) the performance of MRR models under different landscape types, and (2) the influence of experimental design on the accuracy and variance of MRR-based estimates. Our simulations revealed systematic underestimates of true population parameters by MRR models when sampling effort was insufficient. In a total of 2772 simulations, subjective decisions in sampling protocol (e.g., frequency, number of sampling locations, use of spatially explicit models, type of estimands) accounted for nearly half of the variation in estimates. We conclude that MRR-based estimates could be improved with the addition of more field-specific parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Wang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yuanheng Li
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Anuj Jain
- Nature Society (Singapore), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Naomi E Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Tölgyesi C, Torma A, Bátori Z, Šeat J, Popović M, Gallé R, Gallé‐Szpisjak N, Erdős L, Vinkó T, Kelemen A, Török P. Turning old foes into new allies—Harnessing drainage canals for biodiversity conservation in a desiccated European lowland region. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Tölgyesi
- Department of Ecology University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
| | - Attila Torma
- Department of Ecology University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bátori
- Department of Ecology University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
| | - Jelena Šeat
- Department of Ecology University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
- HabiProt Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Miloš Popović
- Department for Biology and Ecology University of Niš Niš Serbia
| | - Róbert Gallé
- Lendület Landscape and Conservation Ecology Research Group Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary
| | - Nikolett Gallé‐Szpisjak
- Lendület Landscape and Conservation Ecology Research Group Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary
- GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group Centre for Ecological Research Tihany Hungary
| | - László Erdős
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary
- Department of Ecology University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | | | - András Kelemen
- MTA‐ÖK Lendület Seed Ecology Research GroupInstitute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary
| | - Péter Török
- MTA‐DE Lendület Functional and Restoration Ecology Research Group Debrecen Hungary
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden ‐ Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin Warszawa Poland
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Riva F, Gentile G, Bonelli S, Acorn JH, Denes FV, Crosby AD, Nielsen SE. Of detectability and camouflage: evaluating Pollard Walk rules using a common, cryptic butterfly. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Riva
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta General Services Building Edmonton Alberta T6G 2H1 Canada
| | - Giorgio Gentile
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi University of Turin Turin Via Verdi 8‐10124 Italy
| | - Simona Bonelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi University of Turin Turin Via Verdi 8‐10124 Italy
| | - John H. Acorn
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta General Services Building Edmonton Alberta T6G 2H1 Canada
| | - Francisco V. Denes
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta General Services Building Edmonton Alberta T6G 2H1 Canada
| | - Andrew D. Crosby
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Biological Sciences Building Edmonton Alberta T6G 2H1 Canada
| | - Scott E. Nielsen
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta General Services Building Edmonton Alberta T6G 2H1 Canada
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Grant TJ, Bradbury SP. The Role of Modeling in Monarch Butterfly Research and Conservation. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Distribution of Cranberry Blue Butterflies (Agriades optilete) and Their Responses to Forest Disturbance from In Situ Oil Sands and Wildfires. DIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/d10040112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cranberry blues (Agriades optilete) are butterflies of conservation interest worldwide. Less than 20 populations are known in Alberta, Canada, mostly inhabiting boreal forests that are increasingly fragmented by oil sands developments and subject to wildfires. We modeled the abundance of cranberry blues in the boreal forests of Alberta’s Wood Buffalo Region as a function of forest characteristics, presence of disturbances associated with in situ oil sands exploration, and wildfire disturbance, while accounting for butterfly detectability as a function of sampling conditions. We counted 188 cranberry blues during 1280 samples, discovering 14 unknown populations using a species distribution model based on forest wetness and canopy height. Probability of detection peaked around 5th July, and at higher temperatures and in the absence of wind, with cranberry blues preferring wetter treed peatland forests with low canopy heights. Seismic lines were positively related to the abundance of cranberry blues (400% increase), while exploratory well pads and wildfires were negatively related (60% and 90% loss, respectively). Overall, cranberry blue populations are small and locally sensitive to both natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Despite a narrow habitat specificity, cranberry blues seem more widely distributed than previously thought in northern Alberta (57% of the study area deemed suitable).
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Decoupling habitat fragmentation from habitat loss: butterfly species mobility obscures fragmentation effects in a naturally fragmented landscape of lake islands. Oecologia 2017; 186:11-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-4005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Turlure C, Pe'er G, Baguette M, Schtickzelle N. A simplified mark–release–recapture protocol to improve the cost effectiveness of repeated population size quantification. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Turlure
- Université catholique de LouvainEarth and Life Institute, Biodiversity Research Centre Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse IIISETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleUMR 5321 Moulis France
| | - Guy Pe'er
- Department of Conservation BiologyUFZ ‐ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Michel Baguette
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse IIISETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleUMR 5321 Moulis France
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Sorbonne Universités)UMR 7205 Institut de SystématiqueEvolution et Biodiversité Paris France
| | - Nicolas Schtickzelle
- Université catholique de LouvainEarth and Life Institute, Biodiversity Research Centre Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
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Li X, Luo Y, Yang H, Yang Q, Settele J, Schweiger O. On the Ecology and Conservation of Sericinus montelus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) - Its Threats in Xiaolongshan Forests Area (China). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150833. [PMID: 27002639 PMCID: PMC4803218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Contents and Methods Here we present a detailed analysis of the life history, mobility and habitat requirements of the butterfly Sericinus montelus on the basis of extensive field observations, experimental breeding, capture-mark- recapture (CMR) and transect surveys. Life History We found that S. montelus has three generations per year and overwinters as pupae on shrub branches in Xiaolongshan. The adults of first generation have a peak of emergence in late April. The second generation emerges at the end of June and the third in early to middle August. Within the study region, larvae of S. montelus are monophagous on Aristolochia contorta. Adults fly slowly and lay eggs in clusters. Key Factors Life tables show that natural enemies and human activities such as mowing, weeding and trampling during the egg and larval stages are key factors causing high mortality, killing up to 43% of eggs and 72% of larvae thereby limiting population growth and recovery. Population Ecology The populations of S. montelus in Xiaolongshan have a rather patchy distribution. According to CMR data, adults fly a maximum distance of 700m within a lifespan of 6 days. The host plant A. contorta, grows along the low banks of fields, irrigation ditches and paths, and can be highly affected by agricultural activities, like mowing, weeding and herding, which impact larval survival. Population Maintenance For S. montelus should mainly focus on reducing agricultural threats to the host plant A. contorta and on increasing habitat connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiushan Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
- Biodiversity Research Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, 100012, Beijing, China
| | - Youqing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Haiyu Yang
- Key laboratory of Oak Secondary Forest Ecosystem of Gansu Province, Research Institute of Forestry Science of Xiaolongshan Forestry Experiment Agency, 741020, Tianshui, China
| | - Qingsen Yang
- The Station of forests diseases and pests control and quarantine, Xiaolongshan Forestry Experiment Agency, 741020, Tianshui, China
| | - Josef Settele
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Community Ecology, 06120 Halle, Germany
- iDiv, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver Schweiger
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Community Ecology, 06120 Halle, Germany
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Kalarus K, Nowicki P. How Do Landscape Structure, Management and Habitat Quality Drive the Colonization of Habitat Patches by the Dryad Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae) in Fragmented Grassland? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138557. [PMID: 26375036 PMCID: PMC4573758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies dealing with species distribution patterns on fragmented landscapes focus on the characteristics of habitat patches that influence local occurrence and abundance, but they tend to neglect the question of what drives colonization of previously unoccupied patches. In a study of the dryad butterfly, we combined classical approaches derived from metapopulation theory and landscape ecology to investigate the factors driving colonization from a recent refugium. In three consecutive transect surveys, we recorded the presence and numbers of imagos in 27 patches of xerothermic grassland and 26 patches of wet meadow. Among the predictors affecting the occurrence and abundance of the dryad, we considered environmental variables reflecting (i) habitat patch quality (e.g., goldenrod cover, shrub density, vegetation height); (ii) factors associated with habitat spatial structure (patch size, patch isolation and fragmentation); and (iii) features of patch surroundings (100-m buffers around patches) that potentially pose barriers or provide corridors. Patch colonization by the dryad was strongly limited by the distance from the species refugium in the region; there was a slight positive effect of shrub density in this respect. Butterfly abundance increased in smaller and more fragmented habitat patches; it was negatively impacted by invasive goldenrod cover, and positively influenced by the density of watercourses in patch surroundings. Nectar plant availability was positively related to species abundance in xerothermic grassland, while in wet meadow the effect was the reverse. We conclude that dryad colonization of our study area is very recent, since the most important factor limiting colonization was distance from the refugium, while the habitat quality of target patches had less relevance. In order to preserve the species, conservation managers should focus on enhancing the quality of large patches and should also direct their efforts on smaller and more fragmented ones, including those with relatively low resource availability, because such habitat fragments have an important role to play for specialist species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Kalarus
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Piotr Nowicki
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Schultz CB, Russell C, Wynn L. Restoration, Reintroduction, and captive Propagation for at-risk Butterflies: A review of British and American Conservation Efforts. Isr J Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1560/ijee.54.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Soulsby RL, Thomas JA. Insect population curves: modelling and application to butterfly transect data. Methods Ecol Evol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ugelvig LV, Nielsen PS, Boomsma JJ, Nash DR. Reconstructing eight decades of genetic variation in an isolated Danish population of the large blue butterfly Maculinea arion. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:201. [PMID: 21745368 PMCID: PMC3146443 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragmentation of terrestrial ecosystems has had detrimental effects on metapopulations of habitat specialists. Maculinea butterflies have been particularly affected because of their specialized lifecycles, requiring both specific food-plants and host-ants. However, the interaction between dispersal, effective population size, and long-term genetic erosion of these endangered butterflies remains unknown. Using non-destructive sampling, we investigated the genetic diversity of the last extant population of M. arion in Denmark, which experienced critically low numbers in the 1980s. RESULTS Using nine microsatellite markers, we show that the population is genetically impoverished compared to nearby populations in Sweden, but less so than monitoring programs suggested. Ten additional short repeat microsatellites were used to reconstruct changes in genetic diversity and population structure over the last 77 years from museum specimens. We also tested amplification efficiency in such historical samples as a function of repeat length and sample age. Low population numbers in the 1980s did not affect genetic diversity, but considerable turnover of alleles has characterized this population throughout the time-span of our analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that M. arion is less sensitive to genetic erosion via population bottlenecks than previously thought, and that managing clusters of high quality habitat may be key for long-term conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line V Ugelvig
- Centre for Social Evolution, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Current address: IST Austria (Institute of Science and Technology Austria), Am Campus 1, A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Jacobus J Boomsma
- Centre for Social Evolution, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David R Nash
- Centre for Social Evolution, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Isaac NJB, Cruickshanks KL, Weddle AM, Marcus Rowcliffe J, Brereton TM, Dennis RLH, Shuker DM, Thomas CD. Distance sampling and the challenge of monitoring butterfly populations. Methods Ecol Evol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-210x.2011.00109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Nowicki P, Bonelli S, Barbero F, Balletto E. Relative importance of density-dependent regulation and environmental stochasticity for butterfly population dynamics. Oecologia 2009; 161:227-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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