1
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Clayborn AL, Rebstock JA, Camardella LJ, Comeau EP, Dabhi SK, Graber EG, Joyce TH, Maricar IN, Pinckney BN, Puri D, Shekleton TB, Tran QBT, Harbron EJ. Self-Reporting Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Superoxide Generation and Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:38478-38489. [PMID: 39007528 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs or Pdots) have become increasingly popular fluorophores for multimodal applications that combine imaging with phototherapeutic effects. Reports of CPNs in photodynamic therapy applications typically focus on their ability to generate singlet oxygen. Alternatively, CPN excited states can interact with oxygen to form superoxide radical anion and a CPN-based hole polaron, both of which can have deleterious effects on fluorescence properties. Here, we demonstrate that CPNs prepared from the common conjugated polymer poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(1,4-benzo-{2,1',3}-thiadiazole)] (PFBT, also known as F8BT) generate superoxide upon irradiation. We use the same CPNs to detect superoxide by doping them with a superoxide-responsive hydrocyanine dye developed by Murthy and co-workers. Superoxide induces off-to-on fluorescence switching by converting quenching hydrocyanine dyes to fluorescent cyanine dyes that act as fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) acceptors for PFBT chromophores. Amplified FRET from the multichromophoric CPNs yields fluorescence signal intensities that are nearly 50 times greater than when the dye is excited directly or over 100 times greater when signal readout is from the CPN channel. The dye loading level governs the maximum amount of superoxide that induces a change in fluorescence properties and also influences the rate of superoxide generation by furnishing competitive excited state deactivation pathways. These results suggest that CPNs can be used to deliver superoxide in applications in which it is desirable and provide a caution for fluorescence-based CPN applications in which superoxide can damage fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Clayborn
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Jaclyn A Rebstock
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Lauren J Camardella
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Elizabeth P Comeau
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Sonali K Dabhi
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Eleanor G Graber
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Thomas H Joyce
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Isabelle N Maricar
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Brianna N Pinckney
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Devika Puri
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Tayli B Shekleton
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Quyen Beatrice T Tran
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Elizabeth J Harbron
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
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2
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Li W, Kaminski Schierle GS, Lei B, Liu Y, Kaminski CF. Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Super-Resolution Imaging. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12495-12543. [PMID: 35759536 PMCID: PMC9373000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution imaging techniques that overcome the diffraction limit of light have gained wide popularity for visualizing cellular structures with nanometric resolution. Following the pace of hardware developments, the availability of new fluorescent probes with superior properties is becoming ever more important. In this context, fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted increasing attention as bright and photostable probes that address many shortcomings of traditional fluorescent probes. The use of NPs for super-resolution imaging is a recent development and this provides the focus for the current review. We give an overview of different super-resolution methods and discuss their demands on the properties of fluorescent NPs. We then review in detail the features, strengths, and weaknesses of each NP class to support these applications and provide examples from their utilization in various biological systems. Moreover, we provide an outlook on the future of the field and opportunities in material science for the development of probes for multiplexed subcellular imaging with nanometric resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Key
Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education,
College of Materials and Energy, South China
Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic
of China,Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bingfu Lei
- Key
Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education,
College of Materials and Energy, South China
Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic
of China,B. Lei.
| | - Yingliang Liu
- Key
Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education,
College of Materials and Energy, South China
Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Clemens F. Kaminski
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom,C. F. Kaminski.
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3
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Liu J, Fang X, Liu Z, Li R, Yang Y, Sun Y, Zhao Z, Wu C. Expansion Microscopy with Multifunctional Polymer Dots. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007854. [PMID: 33988880 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Expansion microscopy (ExM) provides nanoscale resolution on conventional microscopes via physically enlarging specimens with swellable polyelectrolyte gels. However, challenges involving fluorophore degradation and dilution during sample expansion have yet to be overcome. Herein, sequential cellular targeting, gel anchoring, and high-fidelity fluorescence reported using multifunctional polymer dots (Pdots) designed for ExM applications are demonstrated. The impressive brightness of the Pdots facilitates multicolor ExM, thereby enabling visualization of a variety of subcellular structures and neuron synapses. The average fluorescence intensities of Pdots in ExM range from ≈3 to 6 times higher than those achieved using commercially available Alexa dyes. Moreover, the fluorescence brightness and optical fluctuation are significantly improved by a surfactant-containing expansion buffer, which enables further resolution enhancement via super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI). The combination of ExM and SOFI allows subcellular structures of ≈30 nm to be resolved by conventional microscopes. These results highlight the immense potential of multifunctional Pdots for ExM-enhanced super-resolution imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xiaofeng Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Zhihe Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Rongqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Biomedical Pioneer Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yicheng Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Biomedical Pioneer Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhongying Zhao
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Changfeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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4
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Liu Z, Liu J, Wang X, Mi F, Wang D, Wu C. Fluorescent Bioconjugates for Super-Resolution Optical Nanoscopy. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1857-1872. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihe Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510855, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510855, China
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510855, China
| | - Feixue Mi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510855, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Changfeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510855, China
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5
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Jiang Y, McNeill J. Superresolution mapping of energy landscape for single charge carriers in plastic semiconductors. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4314. [PMID: 30333490 PMCID: PMC6193038 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06846-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of conjugated polymer devices is largely dictated by charge transport processes. However, it is difficult to obtain a clear relationship between conjugated polymer structures and charge transport properties, due to the complexity of the structure and the dispersive nature of charge transport in conjugated polymers. Here, we develop a method to map the energy landscape for charge transport in conjugated polymers based on simultaneous, correlated charge carrier tracking and single-particle fluorescence spectroscopy. In nanoparticles of the conjugated polymer poly[9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-1,4-benzo-{2,1′-3}-thiadiazole)], two dominant chain conformations were observed, a blue-emitting phase (λmax = 550 nm) and a red-emitting phase (λmax = 595 nm). Hole polarons were trapped within the red phase, only occasionally escaping into the blue phase. Polaron hopping between the red-emitting traps was observed, with transition time ranging from tens of milliseconds to several seconds. These results provide unprecedented nanoscale detail about charge transport at the single carrier level. To understand the complex nanoscale structure-property relationships in conjugated polymers for device applications, new methods for tracking charge transport are required. Here, the authors employ superresolution mapping to study the charge carrier dynamics in conjugated polymer nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Jason McNeill
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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6
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Calver CF, Lago BA, Schanze KS, Cosa G. Enhancing the photostability of poly(phenylene ethynylene) for single particle studies. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:1821-1831. [DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00276a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced photostability of conjugated polyelectrolytes achieved by using anti-fading agents opens the way for advanced single molecule fluorescence imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. F. Calver
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS/CRMAA)
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - B. A. Lago
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS/CRMAA)
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - K. S. Schanze
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Texas at San Antonio
- San Antonio
- USA
| | - G. Cosa
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS/CRMAA)
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada
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7
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Jacobs IE, Aasen EW, Nowak D, Li J, Morrison W, Roehling JD, Augustine MP, Moulé AJ. Direct-Write Optical Patterning of P3HT Films Beyond the Diffraction Limit. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 27740691 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Doping-induced solubility control is a patterning technique for semiconducting polymers, which utilizes the reduction in polymer solubility upon p-type doping to provide direct, optical control of film topography and doping level. In situ direct-write patterning and imaging are demonstrated, revealing sub-diffraction-limited topographic features. Photoinduced force microscopy shows that doping level can be optically modulated with similar resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E Jacobs
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Erik W Aasen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Derek Nowak
- Molecular Vista, Inc, 6840 Via Del Oro, Suite 110, San Jose, CA, 95119, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - William Morrison
- Molecular Vista, Inc, 6840 Via Del Oro, Suite 110, San Jose, CA, 95119, USA
| | - John D Roehling
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Matthew P Augustine
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Adam J Moulé
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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8
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Jiang Y, McNeill J. Light-Harvesting and Amplified Energy Transfer in Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2016; 117:838-859. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Jason McNeill
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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9
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Yu J, Wu C, Tian Z, McNeill J. Tracking of single charge carriers in a conjugated polymer nanoparticle. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:1300-6. [PMID: 22313320 DOI: 10.1021/nl203784m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The motion of individual charge carriers in organic nanostructures was tracked by fluorescence microscopy. A twinkling effect is observed in fluorescence microscopy of single conjugated polymer nanoparticles, that is, small displacements in the fluorescence spot of single nanoparticles of the conjugated polymer PFBT are observed over time. There is evidence that superquenching by the charge carrier induces a dark spot in the nanoparticle, which moves with the carrier, resulting in the observed displacements in the fluorescence. Zero-field mobilities of individual charge carriers consistent with highly trapped polarons were obtained from tracking experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, South Carolina 29634, USA
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10
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Hu Z, Gesquiere AJ. Charge Trapping and Storage by Composite P3HT/PC60BM Nanoparticles Investigated by Fluorescence-Voltage/Single Particle Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:20850-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja207244z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjian Hu
- NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry and CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Andre J. Gesquiere
- NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry and CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
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11
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Bolinger JC, Traub MC, Adachi T, Barbara PF. Ultralong-Range Polaron-Induced Quenching of Excitons in Isolated Conjugated Polymers. Science 2011; 331:565-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1199140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Bolinger
- Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Matthew C. Traub
- Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Takuji Adachi
- Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Paul F. Barbara
- Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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12
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Tian Z, Yu J, Wu C, Szymanski C, McNeill J. Amplified energy transfer in conjugated polymer nanoparticle tags and sensors. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:1999-2011. [PMID: 20697652 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00322k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles primarily consisting of π-conjugated polymers have emerged as extraordinarily bright fluorescent tags with potential applications in biological imaging and sensing. As fluorescent tags, conjugated polymer nanoparticles possess a number of advantageous properties, such as small particle size, extraordinary fluorescence brightness, excellent photostability, and high emission rate. Exciton diffusion occurring in the nanoparticles results in amplified energy transfer, doubling the energy transfer efficiency in some cases. Amplified energy transfer has been exploited to obtain highly red-shifted emission, oxygen-sensing nanoparticles, and fluorescence photoswitching. Additional observed phenomena are attributable to amplified energy transfer in conjugated polymers, including superquenching by metal nanoparticles, and fluorescence modulation by hole polarons. This feature article presents an overview of recent investigations of optical properties and energy transfer phenomena of this relatively novel type of fluorescent nanoparticle with a viewpoint towards demanding fluorescence-based imaging and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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13
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Lin H, Camacho R, Tian Y, Kaiser TE, Würthner F, Scheblykin IG. Collective fluorescence blinking in linear J-aggregates assisted by long-distance exciton migration. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:620-6. [PMID: 20043661 DOI: 10.1021/nl9036559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence blinking corresponding to collective quenching of up to 100 dye monomers is reported for individual J-aggregates of a perylene bisimide (PBI) dye. This implies an exciton diffusion length up to 70 nm in these one-dimensional assemblies. The number of quenched monomers was directly measured by comparing the fluorescence brightness of the J-aggregates with that of noncoupled PBI molecules. This brightness analysis technique is useful for unraveling photophysical parameters of any individual fluorescent nanosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Lin
- Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
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14
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Palacios RE, Chang WS, Grey JK, Chang YL, Miller WL, Lu CY, Henkelman G, Zepeda D, Ferraris J, Barbara PF. Detailed Single-Molecule Spectroelectrochemical Studies of the Oxidation of Conjugated Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:14619-28. [DOI: 10.1021/jp906740n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo E. Palacios
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemistry and the Alan G. McDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083-0688
| | - Wei-Shun Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemistry and the Alan G. McDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083-0688
| | - John K. Grey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemistry and the Alan G. McDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083-0688
| | - Ya-Lan Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemistry and the Alan G. McDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083-0688
| | - William L. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemistry and the Alan G. McDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083-0688
| | - Chun-Yaung Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemistry and the Alan G. McDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083-0688
| | - Graeme Henkelman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemistry and the Alan G. McDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083-0688
| | - Danny Zepeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemistry and the Alan G. McDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083-0688
| | - John Ferraris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemistry and the Alan G. McDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083-0688
| | - Paul F. Barbara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemistry and the Alan G. McDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083-0688
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15
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Chen MC, Hung WC, Su AC, Chen SH, Chen SA. Nanoscale Ordered Structure Distribution in Thin Solid Film of Conjugated Polymers: Its Significance in Charge Transport Across the Film and in Performance of Electroluminescent Device. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:11124-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jp901644m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chih Chen
- Chemical Engineering Department, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Chun Hung
- Chemical Engineering Department, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - An-Chung Su
- Chemical Engineering Department, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Su-Hua Chen
- Chemical Engineering Department, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Show-An Chen
- Chemical Engineering Department, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan, R.O.C
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16
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Palacios RE, Lee KJ, Rival A, Adachi T, Bolinger JC, Fradkin L, Barbara PF. Single conjugated polymer nanoparticle capacitors. Chem Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Wu C, Bull B, Szymanski C, Christensen K, McNeill J. Multicolor conjugated polymer dots for biological fluorescence imaging. ACS NANO 2008; 2:2415-23. [PMID: 19206410 PMCID: PMC2654197 DOI: 10.1021/nn800590n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Highly fluorescent conjugated polymer dots were developed for demanding applications such as fluorescence imaging in live cells. These nanoparticles exhibit small particle diameters, extraordinary fluorescence brightness, and excellent photostability. Single particle fluorescence imaging and kinetic studies indicate much higher emission rates (approximately 10(8) s(-1)) and little or no blinking of the nanoparticles as compared to typical results for single dye molecules and quantum dots. Analysis of single particle photobleaching trajectories reveals excellent photostabilityas many as 10(9) or more photons emitted per nanoparticle prior to irreversible photobleaching. The superior figures of merit of these new fluorescent probes, together with the demonstration of cellular imaging, indicate their enormous potential for demanding fluorescence-based imaging and sensing applications such as high speed super-resolution single molecule/particle tracking and highly sensitive assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfeng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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18
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Lin H, Tabaei SR, Thomsson D, Mirzov O, Larsson PO, Scheblykin IG. Fluorescence Blinking, Exciton Dynamics, and Energy Transfer Domains in Single Conjugated Polymer Chains. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:7042-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ja800153d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Lin
- Chemical Physics and Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Seyed R. Tabaei
- Chemical Physics and Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Thomsson
- Chemical Physics and Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Oleg Mirzov
- Chemical Physics and Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Larsson
- Chemical Physics and Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ivan G. Scheblykin
- Chemical Physics and Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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Palacios RE, Fan FRF, Grey JK, Suk J, Bard AJ, Barbara PF. Charging and discharging of single conjugated-polymer nanoparticles. NATURE MATERIALS 2007; 6:680-5. [PMID: 17643107 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite intense, long-term interest in organic semiconductors from both an applied and fundamental perspective, key aspects of the electronic properties of these materials remain poorly defined. A particularly challenging problem is the molecular nature of positive charge carriers, that is, holes or oxidized species in organics. Here, the unique ability of single-molecule spectroelectrochemistry (SMS-EC) to unravel complex electrochemical process in heterogeneous media is used to study the oxidation of nanoparticles of the conjugated polymer poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole). A reversible hole-injection charging process has been observed that occurs primarily by initial injection of shallow (untrapped) holes, but soon after the injection, a small fraction of the holes becomes deeply trapped. Good agreement between experimental data and simulations strongly supports the presence of deep traps in the studied nanoparticles and highlights the ability of SMS-EC to study energetics and dynamics of deep traps in organic materials at the nanoscale.
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Scheblykin IG, Yartsev A, Pullerits T, Gulbinas V, Sundström V. Excited State and Charge Photogeneration Dynamics in Conjugated Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:6303-21. [PMID: 17521181 DOI: 10.1021/jp068864f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are becoming interesting materials for a range of optoelectronic applications. However, their often complex electronic and structural properties prevent establishment of straightforward property-function relationships. In this paper, we summarize recent results on the photophysics and excited state dynamics of conjugated polymers, in order to paint a picture of exciton formation, quenching, and generation of charge carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan G Scheblykin
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Grey JK, Kim DY, Norris BC, Miller WL, Barbara PF. Size-Dependent Spectroscopic Properties of Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:25568-72. [PMID: 17181186 DOI: 10.1021/jp065990a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper is focused on how the spectroscopic properties of conjugated polymers evolve in the size range between single polymer chains and the bulk material. The measurements used single-particle spectroscopy techniques and include both static and dynamic measurements. The main observation of this work is that the spectroscopic properties of MEH-PPV evolve rapidly as a function of nanoparticle size and achieve bulk-like properties for nanoparticles greater than 10 nm in size. Nanoparticles were assembled by a reprecipitation technique and characterized by fluorescence emission spectroscopy. The physical origin of the size-dependent spectroscopic properties is assigned to the distance dependence of four main processes: electronic energy transfer between blue and red sites, triplet-triplet annihilation, singlet exciton quenching by triplets, and singlet exciton quenching by hole polarons.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Grey
- Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Hania P, Scheblykin I. Electric field induced quenching of the fluorescence of a conjugated polymer probed at the single molecule level. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Szymanski C, Wu C, Hooper J, Salazar MA, Perdomo A, Dukes A, McNeill J. Single Molecule Nanoparticles of the Conjugated Polymer MEH−PPV, Preparation and Characterization by Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:8543-6. [PMID: 16852006 DOI: 10.1021/jp051062k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a straightforward method for producing a stable, aqueous suspension of hydrophobic, fluorescent pi-conjugated polymer nanoparticles consisting primarily of individual conjugated polymer molecules. Features of the method are the facile preparation, purity, unique optical properties, and small size (approximately 5-10 nm) of the resulting nanoparticles. The results of TEM, scanning force microscopy, and near-field scanning optical microscopy of particles cast from the suspension indicate that the particles are single conjugated polymer molecules. The NSOM results yield estimates of the optical cross-sections of individual conjugated polymer molecules. The UV-vis absorption spectra of the nanoparticle suspensions indicate a reduction in conjugation length attributed to deformations of the polymer backbone. Fluorescence spectra of the aqueous nanoparticle suspensions indicate interactions between segments of the polymer chain and intramolecular energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Szymanski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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