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Bispo M, Pereira PMR, Setaro F, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Fernandes R, Torres T, Tomé JPC. A Galactose Dendritic Silicon (IV) Phthalocyanine as a Photosensitizing Agent in Cancer Photodynamic Therapy. Chempluschem 2018; 83:855-860. [PMID: 31950688 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two protected galacto-dendritic units have been axially coordinated to the central ion of a silicon(IV) phthalocyanine to afford SiPcPGal4 containing four units of galactose per macrocycle. These biological moieties provided better solubility in aqueous medium and a sensitizer with higher absorption peaks at 680-690 nm. The photodynamic activity of SiPcPGal4 was evaluated against UM-UC-3 human bladder cancer cell line and the results were compared with the activity of the reported SiPcPGal2 and SiPc(OH)2 . SiPcPGal4 had a better uptake and it was a better toxicity inducer than SiPcPGal2 and SiPc(OH)2 owing to its four galactose units, protected by isopropylidene groups, which can act as targeted micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Bispo
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Autonoma University of Madrid Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI) Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia M R Pereira
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.,Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI) Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francesca Setaro
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Autonoma University of Madrid Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Autonoma University of Madrid Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Autonoma University of Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Fernandes
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI) Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), Research Consortium University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics, and Oncobiology, 3001-301, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Autonoma University of Madrid Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Autonoma University of Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Nanociencia, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - João P C Tomé
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.,CQE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
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Lam M, Jou PC, Lattif AA, Lee Y, Malbasa CL, Mukherjee PK, Oleinick NL, Ghannoum MA, Cooper KD, Baron ED. Photodynamic therapy with Pc 4 induces apoptosis of Candida albicans. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:904-9. [PMID: 21521233 PMCID: PMC3139787 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of drug resistance necessitates the development of novel antifungal agents against infections caused by opportunistic fungal pathogens, such as Candida albicans. Elucidation of apoptosis in yeast-like fungi may provide a basis for future therapies. In mammalian cells, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been demonstrated to generate reactive oxygen species, leading to immediate oxidative modifications of biological molecules and resulting in apoptotic cell death. In this report, we assess the in vitro cytotoxicity and mechanism of PDT, using the photosensitizer Pc 4, in planktonic C. albicans. Confocal image analysis confirmed that Pc 4 localizes to cytosolic organelles, including mitochondria. A colony formation assay showed that 1.0 μM Pc 4 followed by light at 2.0 J cm(-2) reduced cell survival by 4 logs. XTT (2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxyanilide) assay revealed that Pc 4-PDT impaired fungal metabolic activity, which was confirmed using the FUN-1 (2-chloro-4-[2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-(benzo-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-methylidene]-1-phenylquinolinium iodide) fluorescence probe. Furthermore, we observed changes in nuclear morphology characteristic of apoptosis, which were substantiated by increased externalization of phosphatidylserine and DNA fragmentation following Pc 4-PDT. These data indicate that Pc 4-PDT can induce apoptosis in C. albicans. Therefore, a better understanding of the process will be helpful, as PDT may become a useful treatment option for candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Lam
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Skin Diseases Research Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Paul C. Jou
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ali A. Lattif
- Center for Medical Mycology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yoojin Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Christi L. Malbasa
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Skin Diseases Research Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Pranab K. Mukherjee
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Center for Medical Mycology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nancy L. Oleinick
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mahmoud A. Ghannoum
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Skin Diseases Research Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Center for Medical Mycology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kevin D. Cooper
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Skin Diseases Research Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Elma D. Baron
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Skin Diseases Research Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Ke MS, Xue LY, Feyes DK, Azizuddin K, Baron ED, McCormick TS, Mukhtar H, Panneerselvam A, Schluchter MD, Cooper KD, Oleinick NL, Stevens SR. Apoptosis mechanisms related to the increased sensitivity of Jurkat T-cells vs A431 epidermoid cells to photodynamic therapy with the phthalocyanine Pc 4. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:407-14. [PMID: 18221452 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To examine the clinical applicability of Pc 4, a promising second-generation photosensitizer, for the photodynamic treatment of lymphocyte-mediated skin diseases, we studied the A431 and Jurkat cell lines, commonly used as surrogates for human keratinocyte-derived carcinomas and lymphocytes, respectively. As revealed by ethyl acetate extraction and absorption spectrophotometry, uptake of Pc 4 into the two cell lines was linear with Pc 4 concentration and similar on a per cell basis but greater in Jurkat cells on a per mass basis. Flow cytometry showed that uptake was linear at low doses; variations in the dose-response for uptake measured by fluorescence supported differential aggregation of Pc 4 in the two cell types. As detected by confocal microscopy, Pc 4 localized to mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in both cell lines. Jurkat cells were much more sensitive to the lethal effects of phthalocyanine photodynamic therapy (Pc 4-PDT) than were A431 cells, as measured by a tetrazolium dye reduction assay, and more readily underwent morphological apoptosis. In a search for molecular factors to explain the greater photosensitivity of Jurkat cells, the fate of important Bcl-2 family members was monitored. Jurkat cells were more sensitive to the induction of immediate photodamage to Bcl-2, but the difference was insufficient to account fully for their greater sensitivity. The antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1 was extensively cleaved in a dose- and caspase-dependent manner in Jurkat, but not in A431, cells exposed to Pc 4-PDT. Thus, the greater killing by Pc 4-PDT in Jurkat compared with A431 cells correlated with greater Bcl-2 photodamage and more strongly to the more extensive Mcl-1 degradation. Pc 4-PDT may offer therapeutic advantages in targeting inflammatory cells over normal keratinocytes in the treatment of T-cell-mediated skin diseases, such as cutaneous lymphomas, dermatitis, lichenoid tissue reactions and psoriasis, and it will be instructive to evaluate the role of Bcl-2 family proteins, especially Mcl-1, in the therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm S Ke
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Wang KKH, Wilson JD, Kenney ME, Mitra S, Foster TH. Irradiation-induced enhancement of Pc 4 fluorescence and changes in light scattering are potential dosimeters for Pc 4-PDT. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 83:1056-62. [PMID: 17880500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phthalocyanine 4 (Pc 4) is a promising photosensitizer currently in clinical trials. Photobiological responses to Pc 4 photodynamic therapy (Pc 4-PDT) have been characterized extensively, but relatively little has been done to evaluate dose metrics for this sensitizer. We describe an irradiation-induced increase in fluorescence in tumor cell monolayers. This increase is due solely to enhanced fluorescence from Pc 4, as confirmed by confocal spectroscopy. In EMT6 cells incubated with 250 nM Pc 4 for 24 h, the maximum increase in fluorescence is approximately 3.7-fold above baseline levels. This increase occurs over a range of fluences, 0.05-0.6 J cm(-2), where clonogenic survival decreases by 3 orders of magnitude. Light scattering measurements performed on similarly treated EMT6 cells in suspension suggested a Pc 4-PDT-mediated mitochondrial swelling of approximately 13% at 0.6 J cm(-2), where fluorescence enhancement saturates under these treatment conditions. Fluorescence imaging and light scattering experiments performed at a five-fold lower Pc 4 incubation concentration revealed a reduced fluorescence enhancement at a five-fold higher fluence, which produced comparable mitochondrial swelling. Taken together, these data suggest that Pc 4 is initially aggregated at high local concentration in mitochondria and that irradiation relaxes the quenching of Pc 4 fluorescence through a mechanism that may involve mitochondrial swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kang-Hsin Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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