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Martín-González N, Vieira Gonçalves L, Condezo GN, San Martín C, Rubiano M, Fallis I, Rubino JR, Ijaz MK, Maillard JY, De Pablo PJ. Virucidal Action Mechanism of Alcohol and Divalent Cations Against Human Adenovirus. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:570914. [PMID: 33392252 PMCID: PMC7773831 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.570914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hygiene and disinfection practices play an important role at preventing spread of viral infections in household, industrial and clinical settings. Although formulations based on >70% ethanol are virucidal, there is a currently a need to reformulate products with much lower alcohol concentrations. It has been reported that zinc can increase the virucidal activity of alcohols, although the reasons for such potentiation is unclear. One approach in developing virucidal formulations is to understand the mechanisms of action of active ingredients and formulation excipients. Here, we investigated the virucidal activity of alcohol (40% w/v) and zinc sulfate (0.1% w/v) combinations and their impact on a human adenovirus (HAdV) using, nucleic acid integrity assays, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We observed no difference in virucidal activity (5 log10 reduction in 60 min) against between an ethanol only based formulation and a formulation combining ethanol and zinc salt. Furthermore, TEM imaging showed that the ethanol only formulation produced gross capsid damage, whilst zinc-based formulation or formulation combining both ethanol and zinc did not affect HAdV DNA. Unexpectedly, the addition of nickel salt (5 mM NiCl2) to the ethanol-zinc formulation contributed to a weakening of the capsid and alteration of the capsid mechanics exemplified by AFM imaging, together with structural capsid damage. The addition of zinc sulfate to the ethanol formulation did not add the formulation efficacy, but the unexpected mechanistic synergy between NiCl2 and the ethanol formulation opens an interesting perspective for the possible potentiation of an alcohol-based formulation. Furthermore, we show that AFM can be an important tool for understanding the mechanistic impact of virucidal formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonam Vieira Gonçalves
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela N Condezo
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen San Martín
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Rubiano
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Fallis
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph R Rubino
- Center of Innovation, Reckitt Benckiser Inc., Montvale, NJ, United States
| | - M Khalid Ijaz
- Center of Innovation, Reckitt Benckiser Inc., Montvale, NJ, United States
| | - Jean-Yves Maillard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro J De Pablo
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Furusawa K, Kita E, Saheki T, Nagasawa N, Nishi N, Dobashi T. Carcinogen adsorbent prepared from DNA complex by gamma-ray irradiation. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2008; 19:1159-70. [PMID: 18727858 DOI: 10.1163/156856208785540172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of gamma-ray irradiation on aqueous solutions of chub mackerel chromatin, salmon milt DNA with CoCl(2), mixtures of DNA with Type A gelatin, bovine serum albumin (BSA), CM-chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and Catinal (hydroxyethyl-cellulose, O-[2-hydroxy-3-(trimethyl ammonio)-propyl], chloride) and DNA in the presence of polyfunctional monomers with the aim to insolubilize DNA for preparing a novel carcinogen adsorbent have been studied. Among those, precipitates or inhomogeneous gel consisting of cross-linked DNA were prepared from the samples of aqueous DNA in the presence of CoCl(2) at low irradiation dose, around 10 Gy, and bulk homogeneous gels were successfully prepared from aqueous mixtures of DNA with gelatin, BSA, CMC and Catinal in a limited range of irradiation doses. Gel fraction and swelling ratio of the gels were measured. Adsorption of a carcinogen, acridine orange, was also examined for the gels. From the experimental results, the optimum conditions for preparing insolubilized homogeneous DNA gels were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Furusawa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan
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Nocker A, Sossa KE, Camper AK. Molecular monitoring of disinfection efficacy using propidium monoazide in combination with quantitative PCR. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 70:252-60. [PMID: 17544161 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the major drawbacks of DNA-based microbial diagnostics is its inability to discriminate between live and dead bacteria. Due to the persistence of DNA in the environment after cells have lost their viability, DNA-based assays cannot assess pathogenic risk since signals can originate from both live and dead cells. Presented here is a potential application of the novel chemical propidium monoazide (PMA), which results in the selective suppression of DNA detection from dead cells. PMA can only penetrate dead cells with permeabilized cell membranes. Upon intercalation into the DNA, covalent crosslinkage of PMA to DNA is achieved through light exposure. This modification prevents the DNA from being amplified by PCR. The method, in combination with quantitative PCR as a diagnostic tool, successfully monitored the disinfection efficacy of hypochlorite, benzalkonium and heat on several model pathogens. Threshold cycle numbers increased with increasing disinfection strength after PMA treatment of samples compared to non-PMA treated samples. With some disinfectant-specific differences, monitoring viability loss with membrane integrity as an indicator seemed to be more conservative than monitoring viability loss with plate counts. Loss of viability after short UV-exposure could not be monitored with PMA as UV light affects viability by inducing DNA damage without directly affecting membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nocker
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA.
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Aich P, Skinner RJS, Wettig SD, Steer RP, Lee JS. Long range molecular wire behaviour in a metal complex of DNA. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2002; 20:93-8. [PMID: 12144356 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2002.10506826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
M-DNA is a complex of metal ions such as Zn(2+) with duplex DNA. Previous results showed that the fluorescence of a donor fluorophore was quenched when an acceptor fluorophore was placed at the opposite end of a short M-DNA duplex. In order to investigate further the molecular wire behaviour of M-DNA, 30-mer duplexes were constructed with fluorescein as donor and rhodamine, pyrene and the cyanine dyes, Cy5 and Cy5.5 as acceptors. Good quenching was observed in all cases even though the efficiency of resonance energy transfer was calculated to be < 5%. The distance dependence of quenching was investigated by preparing doubly-labelled duplexes ranging in length from 20 to 1,000 base pairs. Upon formation of M-DNA significant quenching of the fluorescence of the donor fluorophore was observed in duplexes up to 500 base pairs in length. The amount of quenching decreased with increasing length of the duplexes with a shallow distance dependence. The results are consistent with an electron transfer mechanism in which the electron hops between metal centers. This process can occur efficiently over long distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palok Aich
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
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