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Gunaydin G, Gedik ME, Ayan S. Photodynamic Therapy-Current Limitations and Novel Approaches. Front Chem 2021; 9:691697. [PMID: 34178948 PMCID: PMC8223074 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.691697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) mostly relies on the generation of singlet oxygen, via the excitation of a photosensitizer, so that target tumor cells can be destroyed. PDT can be applied in the settings of several malignant diseases. In fact, the earliest preclinical applications date back to 1900’s. Dougherty reported the treatment of skin tumors by PDT in 1978. Several further studies around 1980 demonstrated the effectiveness of PDT. Thus, the technique has attracted the attention of numerous researchers since then. Hematoporphyrin derivative received the FDA approval as a clinical application of PDT in 1995. We have indeed witnessed a considerable progress in the field over the last century. Given the fact that PDT has a favorable adverse event profile and can enhance anti-tumor immune responses as well as demonstrating minimally invasive characteristics, it is disappointing that PDT is not broadly utilized in the clinical setting for the treatment of malignant and/or non-malignant diseases. Several issues still hinder the development of PDT, such as those related with light, tissue oxygenation and inherent properties of the photosensitizers. Various photosensitizers have been designed/synthesized in order to overcome the limitations. In this Review, we provide a general overview of the mechanisms of action in terms of PDT in cancer, including the effects on immune system and vasculature as well as mechanisms related with tumor cell destruction. We will also briefly mention the application of PDT for non-malignant diseases. The current limitations of PDT utilization in cancer will be reviewed, since identifying problems associated with design/synthesis of photosensitizers as well as application of light and tissue oxygenation might pave the way for more effective PDT approaches. Furthermore, novel promising approaches to improve outcome in PDT such as selectivity, bioengineering, subcellular/organelle targeting, etc. will also be discussed in detail, since the potential of pioneering and exceptional approaches that aim to overcome the limitations and reveal the full potential of PDT in terms of clinical translation are undoubtedly exciting. A better understanding of novel concepts in the field (e.g. enhanced, two-stage, fractional PDT) will most likely prove to be very useful for pursuing and improving effective PDT strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurcan Gunaydin
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Emre Gedik
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seylan Ayan
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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2
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Zhou H, Qin F, Chen C. Designing Hypoxia-Responsive Nanotheranostic Agents for Tumor Imaging and Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001277. [PMID: 32985141 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia, a common feature of most solid tumors, plays an important role in tumor proliferation, metastasis, and invasion, leading to drug, radiation, and photodynamic therapy resistance, and resulting in a sharp reduction in the disease-free survival rate of tumor patients. The lack of sufficient blood supply to the interior regions of tumors hinders the delivery of traditional drugs and contrast agents, interfering with their accumulation in the hypoxic region, and preventing efficient theranostics. Thus, there is a need for the fabrication of novel tumor theranostic agents that overcome these obstacles. Reports, in recent years, of hypoxia-responsive nanomaterials may provide with such means. In this review, a comprehensive description of the physicochemical and biological characteristics of hypoxic tumor tissues is provided, the principles of designing the hypoxia-responsive tumor theranostic agents are discussed, and the recent research into hypoxia-triggered nanomaterials is examined. Additionally, other hypoxia-associated responsive strategies, the current limitations, and future prospects for hypoxia-responsive nanotheranostic agents in tumor treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huige Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) Beijing 100190 China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto‐Electronic Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Fenglan Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) Beijing 100190 China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) Beijing 100190 China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto‐Electronic Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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3
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Calori IR, Bi H, Tedesco AC. Expanding the Limits of Photodynamic Therapy: The Design of Organelles and Hypoxia-Targeting Nanomaterials for Enhanced Photokilling of Cancer. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:195-228. [PMID: 35014281 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive clinical protocol that combines a nontoxic photosensitizer (PS), appropriate visible light, and molecular oxygen for cancer treatment. This triad generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in situ, leading to different cell death pathways and limiting the arrival of nutrients by irreversible destruction of the tumor vascular system. Despite the number of formulations and applications available, the advancement of therapy is hindered by some characteristics such as the hypoxic condition of solid tumors and the limited energy density (light fluence) that reaches the target. As a result, the use of PDT as a definitive monotherapy for cancer is generally restricted to pretumor lesions or neoplastic tissue of approximately 1 cm in size. To expand this limitation, researchers have synthesized functional nanoparticles (NPs) capable of carrying classical photosensitizers with self-supplying oxygen as well as targeting specific organelles such as mitochondria and lysosomes. This has improved outcomes in vitro and in vivo. This review highlights the basis of PDT, many of the most commonly used strategies of functionalization of smart NPs, and their potential to break the current limits of the classical protocol of PDT against cancer. The application and future perspectives of the multifunctional nanoparticles in PDT are also discussed in some detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo Rodrigo Calori
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Hong Bi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China
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4
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Chen J, Fan T, Xie Z, Zeng Q, Xue P, Zheng T, Chen Y, Luo X, Zhang H. Advances in nanomaterials for photodynamic therapy applications: Status and challenges. Biomaterials 2020; 237:119827. [PMID: 32036302 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as a non-invasive therapeutic modality that is alternative to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, is extensively investigated for cancer treatments. Although conventional organic photosensitizers (PSs) are still widely used and have achieved great progresses in PDT, the disadvantages such as hydrophobicity, poor stability within PDT environment and low cell/tissue specificity largely limit their clinical applications. Consequently, nano-agents with promising physicochemical and optical properties have emerged as an attractive alternative to overcome these drawbacks of traditional PSs. Herein, the up-to-date advances in the fabrication and fascinating applications of various nanomaterials in PDT have been summarized, including various types of nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, and two-dimensional nanomaterials, etc. In addition, the current challenges for the clinical use of PDT, and the corresponding strategies to address these issues, as well as future perspectives on further improvement of PDT have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Chen
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Taojian Fan
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Zhongjian Xie
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Qiqiao Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, 518020, PR China
| | - Ping Xue
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, PR China
| | - Yun Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, 518020, PR China.
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China.
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5
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Zhao J, Duan L, Wang A, Fei J, Li J. Insight into the efficiency of oxygen introduced photodynamic therapy (PDT) and deep PDT against cancers with various assembled nanocarriers. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 12:e1583. [PMID: 31566931 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used in the treatment of cancers and other benign diseases for several years in clinic. However, the hypoxia of tumors and the penetration limitation of excitation light to tissues can dramatically reduce the efficacy of PDT to cancers. To overcome these drawbacks, various assembled nanocarriers such as nanoparticles, nanocapsules, nanocrystals, and so on were introduced. The assembled nanocarriers have the ability of loading photosensitizers, delivering O2 into tumors, generating O2 in situ in tumors, as well as turning near-infrared (NIR) light, X-rays, and chemical energy into ultraviolet or visible light. Therefore, it is easy for the nanocarriers to improve the hypoxia microenvironment or increase the treatment depth of cancers, which will improve the efficiency of PDT to some degree. In recent years, a number of investigations were focused on these subjects. We will summarize the advances of nanocarriers in PDT, especially in O2 introduction PDT and deep PDT. The perspectives, challenges, and potential in translation of PDT will also be discussed. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab for Colloid, Interface, and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Duan
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Anhe Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinbo Fei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab for Colloid, Interface, and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junbai Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab for Colloid, Interface, and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Wang T, Zhang H, Han Y, Liu H, Ren F, Zeng J, Sun Q, Li Z, Gao M. Light-Enhanced O 2-Evolving Nanoparticles Boost Photodynamic Therapy To Elicit Antitumor Immunity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:16367-16379. [PMID: 30994323 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer remains to show high mortality and poor prognosis in women despite of significant progress in recent diagnosis and treatment. Herein, we report the rational design of a highly efficient ultrasmall nanotheranostic agent with excellent photodynamic therapy (PDT) performance to against breast cancer and its metastasis by eliciting antitumor immunity. The ultrasmall nanoagent (3.1 ± 0.4 nm) was fabricated from polyethylene glycol modified Cu2- xSe nanoparticles, β-cyclodextrin, and chlorin e6 under ambient conditions. The resultant nanoplatform (CS-CD-Ce6 NPs) can be passively accumulated into the tumor to exhibit dramatic antitumor efficacy through the excellent PDT effect under near-infrared irradiation. The excellent PDT performance of this nanoplatform is owing to its role as a Fenton-like Haber-Weiss catalyst for the efficient degradation of H2O2 within the tumor to release hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and very toxic singlet oxygen (1O2) under irradiation. The generated vast amounts of reactive oxygen species not only killed primary tumor cells but also elicited immunogenic cell death (ICD) to release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and induced proinflammatory M1-macrophages polarization. Thereby, antitumor immune responses against the metastasis of breast cancer were robustly evoked. Our work demonstrates that ultrasmall Cu2- xSe nanoparticle-based nanoplatform offers a promising way to prevent cancer metastasis via immunogenic effects through its excellent PDT performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) , Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) , Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Yaobao Han
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) , Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Hanghang Liu
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) , Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Feng Ren
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) , Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Jianfeng Zeng
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) , Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Qiao Sun
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) , Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Zhen Li
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) , Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) , Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Suzhou 215123 , China
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7
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Kozinska A, Zadlo A, Labuz P, Broniec A, Pabisz P, Sarna T. The Ability of Functionalized Fullerenes and Surface-Modified TiO 2 Nanoparticles to Photosensitize Peroxidation of Lipids in Selected Model Systems. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:227-236. [PMID: 30466182 DOI: 10.1111/php.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical properties of a new class of inorganic nanoparticles, namely a cationic C60 fullerene substituted with three quaternary pyrrolidinium groups (BB6) and a surface-modified nanocrystalline TiO2 with bromopyrogallol red (Brp@TiO2 ) were examined for their effectiveness in photogenerating singlet oxygen and free radicals. In particular, their ability to photosensitize peroxidation of unsaturated lipids was analyzed in POPC:cholesterol liposomes and B16 mouse melanoma cells employing a range of spectroscopic and analytical methods. Because melanoma cells typically are pigmented, we examined the effect of melanin on the photosensitized peroxidation of lipids in liposomes and B16 melanoma cells, mediated by BB6 and Brp@TiO2 nanoparticles. The obtained results suggest that peroxidation of unsaturated lipids, photosensitized by BB6 occurs mainly, although not exclusively, via Type II mechanism involving singlet oxygen. On the other hand, if surface-modified TiO2 is used as a photosensitizer, Type I mechanism of lipid peroxidation dominates, as indicated by the predominant formation of the free radical-dependent cholesterol oxidation products. The protective effect of melanin was particularly evident when BB6 was used as a photosensitizer, suggesting that melanin could efficiently interfere with Type II processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kozinska
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Zadlo
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Broniec
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Pawel Pabisz
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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8
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Kim J, Cho HR, Jeon H, Kim D, Song C, Lee N, Choi SH, Hyeon T. Continuous O2-Evolving MnFe2O4 Nanoparticle-Anchored Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Efficient Photodynamic Therapy in Hypoxic Cancer. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:10992-10995. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonghoon Kim
- Center
for Nanoparticle Research, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical
Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Rim Cho
- Center
for Nanoparticle Research, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Jeon
- Center
for Nanoparticle Research, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyoon Kim
- Center
for Nanoparticle Research, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical
Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyeong Song
- Center
for Nanoparticle Research, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical
Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nohyun Lee
- School
of
Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hong Choi
- Center
for Nanoparticle Research, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center
for Nanoparticle Research, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical
Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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9
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Zheng DW, Li B, Li CX, Fan JX, Lei Q, Li C, Xu Z, Zhang XZ. Carbon-Dot-Decorated Carbon Nitride Nanoparticles for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy against Hypoxic Tumor via Water Splitting. ACS NANO 2016; 10:8715-22. [PMID: 27532320 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia, a typical feature of solid tumors, remarkably restricts the efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Here, a carbon nitride (C3N4)-based multifunctional nanocomposite (PCCN) for light-driven water splitting was used to solve this problem. Carbon dots were first doped with C3N4 to enhance its red region absorption because red light could be used to trigger the in vivo water splitting process. Then, a polymer containing a protoporphyrin photosensitizer, a polyethylene glycol segment, and a targeting Arg-Gly-Asp motif was synthesized and introduced to carbon-dot-doped C3N4 nanoparticles. In vitro study showed that PCCN, thus obtained, could increase the intracellular O2 concentration and improve the reactive oxygen species generation in both hypoxic and normoxic environments upon light irradiation. Cell viability assay demonstrated that PCCN fully reversed the hypoxia-triggered PDT resistance, presenting a satisfactory growth inhibition of cancer cells in an O2 concentration of 1%. In vivo experiments also indicated that PCCN had superior ability to overcome tumor hypoxia. The use of water splitting materials exhibited great potential to improve the intratumoral oxygen level and ultimately reverse the hypoxia-triggered PDT resistance and tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Wei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Hubei University , Wuhan, Hubei 430062, P.R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Chu-Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Xuan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Qi Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Cao Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Hubei University , Wuhan, Hubei 430062, P.R. China
| | - Zushun Xu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Hubei University , Wuhan, Hubei 430062, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
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10
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality for the selective destruction of cancerous and nonneoplastic pathologies that involves the simultaneous presence of light, oxygen and a light-activatable chemical called a photosensitizer (PS) to achieve a cytotoxic effect. The photophysics and mechanisms of cell killing by PDT have been extensively studied in recent years, and PDT has received regulatory approval for the treatment of a number of diseases worldwide. As the application of this treatment modality expands with regard to both anatomical sites and disease stages, it will be important to develop strategies for enhancing PDT outcomes. This article focuses on two broad approaches for PDT enhancement: (1) mechanism-based combination treatments in which PDT and a second modality can be designed to either increase the susceptibility of tumor cells to PDT or nullify the treatment outcome-mitigating molecular responses triggered by PDT of tumors, and (2) the more recent approaches of PS targeting, either by specific cellular function-sensitive linkages or via conjugation to macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Verma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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