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Aniogo EC, George BP, Abrahamse H. Molecular Effectors of Photodynamic Therapy-Mediated Resistance to Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413182. [PMID: 34947979 PMCID: PMC8704319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is currently enjoying considerable attention as the subject of experimental research to treat resistant cancers. The preferential accumulation of a non-toxic photosensitizer (PS) in different cellular organelles that causes oxidative damage by combining light and molecular oxygen leads to selective cell killing. However, one major setback, common among other treatment approaches, is tumor relapse and the development of resistance causing treatment failure. PDT-mediated resistance could result from increased drug efflux and decreased localization of PS, reduced light exposure, increased DNA damage repair, and altered expression of survival genes. This review highlights the essential insights of PDT reports in which PDT resistance was observed and which identified some of the molecular effectors that facilitate the development of PDT resistance. We also discuss different perceptions of PDT and how its current limitations can be overturned to design improved cancer resistant treatments.
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Marasini S, Leanse LG, Dai T. Can microorganisms develop resistance against light based anti-infective agents? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113822. [PMID: 34089778 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there have been increasing numbers of publications illustrating the potential of light-based antimicrobial therapies to combat antimicrobial resistance. Several modalities, in particular, which have proven antimicrobial efficacy against a wide range of pathogenic microbes include: photodynamic therapy (PDT), ultraviolet light (UVA, UVB and UVC), and antimicrobial blue light (aBL). Using these techniques, microbial cells can be inactivated rapidly, either by inducing reactive oxygen species that are deleterious to the microbial cells (PDT, aBL and UVA) or by causing irreversible DNA damage via direct absorption (UVB and UVC). Given the multi-targeted nature of light-based antimicrobial modalities, it has been hypothesised that resistance development to these approaches is highly unlikely. Furthermore, with the exception of a small number of studies, it has been found that resistance to light based anti-infective agents appears unlikely, irrespective of the modality in question. The concurrent literature however stipulates, that further studies should incorporate standardised microbial tolerance assessments for light-based therapies to better assess the reproducibility of these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Marasini
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Leon G Leanse
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Chizenga EP, Abrahamse H. Nanotechnology in Modern Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer: A Review of Cellular Resistance Patterns Affecting the Therapeutic Response. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070632. [PMID: 32640564 PMCID: PMC7407821 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a potential therapeutic option for most localized cancers. Its high measure of specificity and minimal risk of side effects compared to other therapies has put PDT on the forefront of cancer research in the current era. The primary cause of treatment failure and high mortality rates is the occurrence of cancer resistance to therapy. Hence, PDT is designed to be selective and tumor-specific. However, because of complex biological characteristics and cell signaling, cancer cells have shown a propensity to acquire cellular resistance to PDT by modulating the photosensitization process or its products. Fortunately, nanotechnology has provided many answers in biomedical and clinical applications, and modern PDT now employs the use of nanomaterials to enhance its efficacy and mitigate the effects of acquired resistance. This review, therefore, sought to scrutinize the mechanisms of cellular resistance that affect the therapeutic response with an emphasis on the use of nanomaterials as a way of overriding cancer cell resistance. The resistance mechanisms that have been reported are complex and photosensitizer (PS)-specific. We conclude that altering the structure of PSs using nanotechnology is an ideal paradigm for enhancing PDT efficacy in the presence of cellular resistance.
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Dąbrowski JM. Reactive Oxygen Species in Photodynamic Therapy: Mechanisms of Their Generation and Potentiation. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kimáková P, Solár P, Fecková B, Sačková V, Solárová Z, Ilkovičová L, Kello M. Photoactivated hypericin increases the expression of SOD-2 and makes MCF-7 cells resistant to photodynamic therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85:749-755. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Soares HT, Campos JRS, Gomes-da-Silva LC, Schaberle FA, Dabrowski JM, Arnaut LG. Pro-oxidant and Antioxidant Effects in Photodynamic Therapy: Cells Recognise that Not All Exogenous ROS Are Alike. Chembiochem 2016; 17:836-42. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helder T. Soares
- Chemistry Department; Universidade de Coimbra; Rua Larga 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Joana R. S. Campos
- Chemistry Department; Universidade de Coimbra; Rua Larga 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | | | | | - Janusz M. Dabrowski
- Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University; Ingardena 3 30-060 Kraków Poland
| | - Luis G. Arnaut
- Chemistry Department; Universidade de Coimbra; Rua Larga 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
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Kuchárová B, Mikeš J, Jendželovský R, Vargová J, Mikešová L, Jendželovská Z, Kovaľ J, Fedoročko P. Potentiation of hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy cytotoxicity by MK-886: Focus on ABC transporters, GDF-15 and redox status. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 12:490-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Rapozzi V, Della Pietra E, Bonavida B. Dual roles of nitric oxide in the regulation of tumor cell response and resistance to photodynamic therapy. Redox Biol 2015; 6:311-317. [PMID: 26319434 PMCID: PMC4556768 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) against cancer has gained attention due to the successful outcome in some cancers, particularly those on the skin. However, there have been limitations to PDT applications in deep cancers and, occasionally, PDT treatment resulted in tumor recurrence. A better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of PDT-induced cytotoxicity and cytoprotection should facilitate the development of better approaches to inhibit the cytoprotective effects and also augment PDT-mediated cytotoxicity. PDT treatment results in the induction of iNOS/NO in both the tumor and the microenvironment. The role of NO in cytotoxicity and cytoprotection was examined. The findings revealed that NO mediates its effects by interfering with a dysregulated pro-survival/anti-apoptotic NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP loop which is often expressed in cancer cells. The cytoprotective effect of PDT-induced NO was the result of low levels of NO that activates the pro-survival/anti-apoptotic NF-κB, Snail, and YY1 and inhibits the anti-survival/pro-apoptotic and metastasis suppressor RKIP. In contrast, PDT-induced high levels of NO result in the inhibition of NF-kB, Snail, and YY1 and the induction of RKIP, all of which result in significant anti-tumor cytotoxicity. The direct role of PDT-induced NO effects was corroborated by the use of the NO inhibitor, l-NAME, which reversed the PDT-mediated cytotoxic and cytoprotective effects. In addition, the combination of the NO donor, DETANONOate, and PDT potentiated the PDT-mediated cytotoxic effects. These findings revealed a new mechanism of PDT-induced NO effects and suggested the potential therapeutic application of the combination of NO donors/iNOS inducers and PDT in the treatment of various cancers. In addition, the study suggested that the combination of PDT with subtoxic cytotoxic drugs will result in significant synergy since NO has been shown to be a significant chemo-immunosensitizing agent to apoptosis. PDT-mediated cytotoxic and cytoprotective effects depend also by the induction of NO from tumor. The PDT-induced NO modulates the dysregulated NF-kB/Snail/RKIP loop. The direct role of NO induction by PDT was corroborated by the use of the NO inhibitor, l-NAME. The combination of an NO donor and PDT resulted in a increased cytotoxic effect, in vitro and in vivo. Novel potential therapeutic applications are proposed for the use of PDT combined with NO donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rapozzi
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Emilia Della Pietra
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Thangam R, Sundarraj S, Vivek R, Suresh V, Sivasubramanian S, Paulpandi M, Karthick SV, Ragavi AS, Kannan S. Theranostic potentials of multifunctional chitosan–silver–phycoerythrin nanocomposites against triple negative breast cancer cells. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14043e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Study focused to the applications of nanocomposites with therapeutic and imaging functions against TNBC cells. The developed multifunctional nanocomposites exhibited cell imaging, cytotoxicity with apoptosis induction against cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramar Thangam
- Proteomics & Molecular Cell Physiology Lab
- Department of Zoology
- Bharathiar University
- Coimbatore-641 046
- India
| | - Shenbagamoorthy Sundarraj
- Proteomics & Molecular Cell Physiology Lab
- Department of Zoology
- Bharathiar University
- Coimbatore-641 046
- India
| | - Raju Vivek
- Proteomics & Molecular Cell Physiology Lab
- Department of Zoology
- Bharathiar University
- Coimbatore-641 046
- India
| | - Veeraperumal Suresh
- Department of Zoology
- School of Life Sciences
- Periyar University
- Salem-636 011
- India
| | | | - Manickam Paulpandi
- Proteomics & Molecular Cell Physiology Lab
- Department of Zoology
- Bharathiar University
- Coimbatore-641 046
- India
| | - S. Vignesh Karthick
- Department of Virology
- King Institute of Preventive Medicine & Research
- Chennai-600 032
- India
| | - A. Sri Ragavi
- Department of Virology
- King Institute of Preventive Medicine & Research
- Chennai-600 032
- India
| | - Soundarapandian Kannan
- Proteomics & Molecular Cell Physiology Lab
- Department of Zoology
- Bharathiar University
- Coimbatore-641 046
- India
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Das S, Mitra S, Khurana SMP, Debnath N. Nanomaterials for biomedical applications. FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/21553769.2013.869510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Pitchaimani A, Renganathan A, Cinthaikinian S, Premkumar K. Photochemotherapeutic effects of UV-C on acridine orange in human breast cancer cells: potential application in anticancer therapy. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01647e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Kimani SG, Phillips JB, Bruce JI, MacRobert AJ, Golding JP. Antioxidant Inhibitors Potentiate the Cytotoxicity of Photodynamic Therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 88:175-87. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ekroll IK, Gederaas OA, Helander L, Hjelde A, Melø TB, Johnsson A. Photo induced hexylaminolevulinate destruction of rat bladder cells AY-27. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1072-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00393j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Hypericins as potential leads for new therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:562-94. [PMID: 20386655 PMCID: PMC2852855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11020562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
70 years have passed since the first isolation of the naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin from Hypericum perforatum L. Today, they continue to be one of the most promising group of polyphenols, as they fascinate with their physical, chemical and important biological properties which derive from their unique chemical structure. Hypericins and their derivatives have been extensively studied mainly for their antitumor, antiviral and antidepressant properties. Notably, hypericin is one of the most potent naturally occurring photodynamic agents. It is able to generate the superoxide anion and a high quantum yield of singlet oxygen that are considered to be primarily responsible for its biological effects. The prooxidant photodynamic properties of hypericin have been exploited for the photodynamic therapy of cancer (PDT), as hypericin, in combination with light, very effectively induces apoptosis and/or necrosis of cancer cells. The mechanism by which these activities are expressed continues to be a main topic of discussion, but according to scientific data, different modes of action (generation of ROS & singlet oxygen species, antiangiogenesis, immune responces) and multiple molecular pathways (intrinsic/extrinsic apoptotic pathway, ERK inhibition) possibly interrelating are implicated. The aim of this review is to analyse the most recent advances (from 2005 and thereof) in the chemistry and biological activities (in vitro and in vivo) of the pure naphthodianthrones, hypericin and pseudohypericin from H. perforatum. Extracts from H. perforatum were not considered, nor pharmakokinetic or clinical data. Computerised literature searches were performed using the Medline (PubMed), ChemSciFinder and Scirus Library databases. No language restrictions were imposed.
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Olivier D, Douillard S, Lhommeau I, Patrice T. Photodynamic Treatment of Culture Medium Containing Serum Induces Long-Lasting ToxicityIn Vitro. Radiat Res 2009; 172:451-62. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1646.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Calin MA, Botea S. In vivo comparison of simple and double-fractionated low-level laser irradiation schemes on the healing of rat skin lesions. Photomed Laser Surg 2009; 28:245-50. [PMID: 19743961 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2009.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of a simple irradiation scheme with that of a double-fractionated irradiation scheme on the healing of rat skin lesions using in vivo monitoring of tissue diffuse reflectance. BACKGROUND DATA Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is used in medicine for treating a wide range of pathological conditions. The practical benefits of laser treatment of acute and chronic conditions were obtained, using a single session of irradiation per day. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty Wistar rats were divided into three experimental groups (controls, simple laser irradiation scheme, and double-fractionated laser irradiation scheme). A skin lesion was created on the calf of the right hind leg of all rats. The laser irradiation parameters were lambda = 635 nm and power = 15 mW. The exposure time was 600 s for the simple laser irradiation scheme and 300 s x 2 for the double-fractionated laser irradiation scheme on 3 consecutive days. The optical properties of tissue were studied by processing and analyzing the diffuse reflectance spectra of injured skin, acquired before and after each laser irradiation. RESULTS The results demonstrate that, using a simple laser irradiation scheme (single daily irradiation session: t exp 1 =600 s, power = 15 mW, lambda = 635 nm), healing of the skin lesion began after 3 consecutive treatment days. The application of the double-fractionated laser irradiation scheme (2 daily irradiation sessions: t exp 2 = t exp 1/2 = 300 s, power = 15 mW and lambda = 635 nm) led to a reduction in treatment time to 2 days. CONCLUSION In conclusion, a double-fractionated irradiation scheme is more efficient than simple irradiation scheme for LLLT in rat skin lesions.
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Pieslinger A, Plaetzer K, Oberdanner CB, Berlanda J, Mair H, Krammer B, Kiesslich T. Characterization of a simple and homogeneous irradiation device based on light-emitting diodes: A possible low-cost supplement to conventional light sources for photodynamic treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mla.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Nowis D, Legat M, Grzela T, Niderla J, Wilczek E, Wilczyñski GM, Głodkowska E, Mrówka P, Issat T, Dulak J, Józkowicz A, Waś H, Adamek M, Wrzosek A, Nazarewski S, Makowski M, Stokłosa T, Jakóbisiak M, Gołąb J. Heme oxygenase-1 protects tumor cells against photodynamic therapy-mediated cytotoxicity. Oncogene 2006; 25:3365-74. [PMID: 16462769 PMCID: PMC1538962 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a promising antitumor treatment modality approved for the management of both early and advanced tumors. The mechanisms of its antitumor action include generation of singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species that directly damage tumor cells and tumor vasculature. A number of mechanisms seem to be involved in the protective responses to PDT that include activation of transcription factors, heat shock proteins, antioxidant enzymes and antiapoptotic pathways. Elucidation of these mechanisms might result in the design of more effective combination strategies to improve the antitumor efficacy of PDT. Using DNA microarray analysis to identify stress-related genes induced by Photofrin-mediated PDT in colon adenocarcinoma C-26 cells, we observed a marked induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Induction of HO-1 with hemin or stable transfection of C-26 with a plasmid vector encoding HO-1 increased resistance of tumor cells to PDT-mediated cytotoxicity. On the other hand, zinc (II) protoporphyrin IX, an HO-1 inhibitor, markedly augmented PDT-mediated cytotoxicity towards C-26 and human ovarian carcinoma MDAH2774 cells. Neither bilirubin, biliverdin nor carbon monoxide, direct products of HO-1 catalysed heme degradation, was responsible for cytoprotection. Importantly, desferrioxamine, a potent iron chelator significantly potentiated cytotoxic effects of PDT. Altogether our results indicate that HO-1 is involved in an important protective mechanism against PDT-mediated phototoxicity and administration of HO-1 inhibitors might be an effective way to potentiate antitumor effectiveness of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nowis
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Legat
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Grzela
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center of Biostructure Research; The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Niderla
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center of Biostructure Research; The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E Wilczek
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biostructure Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - GM Wilczyñski
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biostructure Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E Głodkowska
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - P Mrówka
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Issat
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Dulak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Józkowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - H Waś
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Adamek
- Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Chair and Clinic of Internal Diseases and Physical Medicine, Silesian Medical University, Bytom, Poland
| | - A Wrzosek
- Department of Muscle Biochemistry, M Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - S Nazarewski
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery and Transplantation, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Makowski
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Stokłosa
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Jakóbisiak
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Gołąb
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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