1
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Sun H, Yang W, Ong Y, Busch TM, Zhu TC. Fractionated Photofrin-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Significantly Improves Long-Term Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5682. [PMID: 38067385 PMCID: PMC10705090 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15235682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of fractionated (two-part) PDT on the long-term local control rate (LCR) using the concentration of reactive oxygen species ([ROS]rx) as a dosimetry quantity. Groups with different fractionation schemes are examined, including a 2 h interval between light delivery sessions to cumulative fluences of 135, 180, and 225 J/cm2. While the total treatment time remains constant within each group, the division of treatment time between the first and second fractionations are explored to assess the impact on long-term survival at 90 days. In all preclinical studies, Photofrin is intravenously administered to mice at a concentration of 5 mg/kg, with an incubation period between 18 and 24 h before the first light delivery session. Fluence rate is fixed at 75 mW/cm2. Treatment ensues via a collimated laser beam, 1 cm in diameter, emitting light at 630 nm. Dosimetric quantities are assessed for all groups along with long-term (90 days) treatment outcomes. This study demonstrated a significant improvement in long-term survival after fractionated treatment schemes compared to single-fraction treatment, with the optimal 90-day survival increasing to 63%, 86%, and 100% vs. 20%, 25%, and 50%, respectively, for the three cumulative fluences. The threshold [ROS]rx for the optimal scheme of fractionated Photofrin-mediated PDT, set at 0.78 mM, is significantly lower than that for the single-fraction PDT, at 1.08 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjing Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.S.); (W.Y.); (T.M.B.)
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Weibing Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.S.); (W.Y.); (T.M.B.)
| | - Yihong Ong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.S.); (W.Y.); (T.M.B.)
| | - Theresa M. Busch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.S.); (W.Y.); (T.M.B.)
| | - Timothy C. Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.S.); (W.Y.); (T.M.B.)
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2
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Xu Y, Xiong H, Zhang B, Lee I, Xie J, Li M, Zhang H, Seung Kim J. Photodynamic Alzheimer’s disease therapy: From molecular catalysis to photo-nanomedicine. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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3
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Shinde VR, Revi N, Murugappan S, Singh SP, Rengan AK. Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect: A key facilitator for solid tumor targeting by nanoparticles. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:102915. [PMID: 35597441 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exploring the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect through therapeutic nanoparticles has been a subject of considerable interest in tumor biology. This passive targeting based phenomenon exploits the leaky blood vasculature and the defective lymphatic drainage system of the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment resulting in enhanced preferential accumulation of the nanoparticles within the tumor tissues. This article reviews the fundamental studies to assess how the EPR effect plays an essential role in passive targeting. Further, it summarizes various therapeutic modalities of nanoformulation including chemo-photodynamic therapy, intravascular drug release, and photothermal immunotherapy to combat cancer using enhanced EPR effect in neoplasia region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Ravasaheb Shinde
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Neeraja Revi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India
| | | | - Surya Prakash Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Aravind Kumar Rengan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India.
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4
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Kamanli AF, Çetinel G. Radiation mode and tissue thickness impact on singlet oxygen dosimetry methods for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 36:102483. [PMID: 34390880 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The target of the presented study is to evaluate the performances of illumination modes on Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for different tissue depths. For this purpose, radiation-based super pulse and pulse illumination modes were investigated for antimicrobial PDT (AmPDT). Singlet oxygen luminescence level was measured from two different points. The first one was to appraise the light penetration depth effect on singlet oxygen luminescence level for various radiation modes. The second one explored the singlet oxygen luminescence dosimetry (SOLD) method from deeper photosensitizer accumulated tissue levels. Two main experiments were performed in this study. The singlet oxygen concentration was calculated with singlet oxygen explicit dosimetry (SOED) and SOLD methods for various tissue depths in these experiments. According to the results of the experiments, super pulse mode (SPM) provided relatively high Staphylococcus Aureus (S. aureus) cell death by 5-12%. The penetration depth was increased between 0.2 mm and 0.7 mm during the experiments. SOLD-based singlet oxygen detection system was utilized to detect singlet oxygen production levels from various tissue thicknesses to evaluate the system's usefulness for deeper infected tissues. It was observed that SPM was more effective than pulse mode radiation after a certain tissue depth (≤ 2 mm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Furkan Kamanli
- Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Turkey.
| | - Gökçen Çetinel
- Sakarya University, Faculty of Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Turkey
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5
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Sheng T, Ong Y, Busch TM, Zhu TC. Reactive oxygen species explicit dosimetry to predict local tumor growth for Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:4586-4601. [PMID: 32923066 PMCID: PMC7449736 DOI: 10.1364/boe.393524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established modality for cancer treatment, current dosimetric quantities, such as light fluence and PDT dose, do not account for the differences in PDT oxygen consumption for different fluence rates (ϕ). A macroscopic model was adopted to calculate reactive oxygen species concentration ([ROS]rx) to predict Photofrin-PDT outcome in mice bearing radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) tumors. Singlet oxygen is the primary cytotoxic species for ROS, which is responsible for cell death in type II PDT, although other type I ROS is included in the parameters used in our model. Using a combination of fluences (50-250 J∕cm2) and ϕ (75 or 150 mW∕cm2), tumor regrowth rate, k, was determined for each condition by fitting the tumor volume versus time to V0 *exp(k*t). Treatment was delivered with a collimated laser beam of 1 cm diameter at 630 nm. Explicit dosimetry of light fluence rate on tissue surface, tissue oxygen concentration, tissue optical properties, and Photofrin concentration were performed. Light fluence rate at 3 mm depth (ϕ 3mm) was determined for the treatment volume based on Monte-Carlo simulations and measured tissue optical properties. Initial tissue oxygenation [3 O 2]0 was measured by an Oxylite oxygen probe before PDT and used to calculate [ROS]rx,calc. This value was compared to [ROS]rx,meas as calculated with the entire tissue oxygen spectrum [3 O 2](t), measured over the duration of light delivery for PDT. Cure index, CI = 1-k/kctr , for tumor growth up to 14 days after PDT was predicted by four dose metrics: light fluence, PDT dose, and [ROS]rx,calc, and [ROS]rx,meas. PDT dose was defined as the product of the time-integral of photosensitizer concentration and ϕ at a 3 mm tumor depth. These studies show that [ROS]rx,meas best correlates with CI and is an effective dosimetric quantity that can predict treatment outcome.
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6
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Sánchez V, Garcia MR, Requena MB, Romano RA, de Boni L, Guimarães FEG, Pratavieira S. Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Protoporphyrin IX Photodegradation Using Multi-Wavelength Light Sources. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:1208-1214. [PMID: 32668506 DOI: 10.1111/php.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic procedures have been used in many applications, ranging from cancer treatment to microorganism inactivation. Photodynamic reactions start with the activation of a photosensitizing molecule with light, leading to the production of cytotoxic molecules that promote cell death. However, establishing the correct light and photosensitizer dosimetry for a broadband light source remains challenging. In this study, we proposed a theoretical mathematical model for the photodegradation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), when irradiated by multi-wavelength light sources. The theoretical model predicts the experimental photobleaching (temporal change in PpIX concentration) of PpIX for different light sources. We showed that photobleaching occurs independently of the light source wavelengths but instead depends only on the number of absorbed photons. The model presented here can be used as an important mathematical approach to better understand current photodynamic therapy protocols and help achieve optimization of the doses delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Sánchez
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.,Gleb Wataghin Physics Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renan Arnon Romano
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo de Boni
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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7
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Kamanli AF, Çetinel G. Comparison of pulse and super pulse radiation modes’ singlet oxygen production effect in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (AmPDT). Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Kim MM, Darafsheh A. Light Sources and Dosimetry Techniques for Photodynamic Therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:280-294. [PMID: 32003006 DOI: 10.1111/php.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Effective treatment delivery in photodynamic therapy (PDT) requires coordination of the light source, the photosensitizer, and the delivery device appropriate to the target tissue. Lasers, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and lamps are the main types of light sources utilized for PDT applications. The choice of light source depends on the target location, photosensitizer used, and light dose to be delivered. Geometry of minimally accessible areas also plays a role in deciding light applicator type. Typically, optical fiber-based devices are used to deliver the treatment light close to the target. The optical properties of tissue also affect the distribution of the treatment light. Treatment light undergoes scattering and absorption in tissue. Most tissue will scatter light, but highly pigmented areas will absorb light, especially at short wavelengths. This review will summarize the basic physics of light sources, and describe methods for determining the dose delivered to the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Arash Darafsheh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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9
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Sheng T, Ong Y, Guo W, Zhu TC. Reactive oxygen species explicit dosimetry to predict tumor growth for benzoporphyrin derivative-mediated vascular photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-13. [PMID: 31912689 PMCID: PMC6952881 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.6.063805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-established treatment modality for cancer and other malignant diseases; however, quantities such as light fluence and PDT dose do not fully account for all of the dynamic interactions between the key components involved. In particular, fluence rate (ϕ) effects, which impact the photochemical oxygen consumption rate, are not accounted for. In this preclinical study, reacted reactive oxygen species ([ROS]rx) was investigated as a dosimetric quantity for PDT outcome. The ability of [ROS]rx to predict the cure index (CI) of tumor growth, CI = 1 - k / kctr, where k and kctr are the growth rate of tumor under PDT study and the control tumor without PDT, respectively, for benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD)-mediated PDT, was examined. Mice bearing radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) tumors were treated with different in-air fluences (Φ = 22.5 to 166.7 J / cm2) and in-air fluence rates (ϕair = 75 to 250 mW / cm2) with a BPD dose of 1 mg / kg and a drug-light interval (DLI) of 15 min. Treatment was delivered with a collimated laser beam of 1-cm-diameter at 690 nm. Explicit measurements of in-air light fluence rate, tissue oxygen concentration, and BPD concentration were used to calculate for [ROS]rx. Light fluence rate at 3-mm depth (ϕ3 mm), determined based on Monte-Carlo simulations, was used in the calculation of [ROS]rx at the base of tumor. CI was used as an endpoint for three dose metrics: light fluence, PDT dose, and [ROS]rx. PDT dose was defined as the product of the time-integral of photosensitizer concentration and ϕ3 mm. Preliminary studies show that [ROS]rx best correlates with CI and is an effective dosimetric quantity that can predict treatment outcome. The threshold dose for [ROS]rx for vascular BPD-mediated PDT using DLI of 15 min is determined to be 0.26 mM and is about 3.8 times smaller than the corresponding value for conventional BPD-mediated PDT using DLI of 3 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Sheng
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Radiation Oncology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yihong Ong
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Radiation Oncology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Wensheng Guo
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Timothy C. Zhu
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Radiation Oncology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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10
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Aguilar Cosme JR, Bryant HE, Claeyssens F. Carbon dot-protoporphyrin IX conjugates for improved drug delivery and bioimaging. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220210. [PMID: 31344086 PMCID: PMC6657888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses photosensitisers such as protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) to target tumours via the release of toxic singlet oxygen when irradiated. The effectivity of the treatment is limited by the innate properties of the photosensitizers; they typically exhibit inefficient accumulation in target tissue and high dark toxicity. Carbon dots (CDs) are biocompatible fluorescent nanoparticles which can improve PpIX cellular uptake and solubility. In this work, we present conjugates synthesised by host-guest encapsulation (PpIX@CD) and amide cross-linking (PpIX-CD). Characterization demonstrated conjugates have a loading efficiency of 34-48% and similar singlet oxygen production to PpIX. PpIX-containing CDs showed a 2.2 to 3.7-fold decrease in dark toxicity. PpIX-CD and PpIX@CD showed equivalent light-induced toxicity to PpIX in concentrations >1 μg/ml, leading to a 3.2 to 4.1-fold increase in photo-toxicity index (PI). The less soluble fraction of cross-linked conjugates (PpIX-CD)p did not show significant difference from PpIX. Confocal light scanning microscopy demonstrated rapid intracellular uptake and accumulation of conjugates. Our results demonstrate the variations between cross-linking strategies in CD-based conjugates, highlighting their potential as carriers in drug delivery and bioimaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R. Aguilar Cosme
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E. Bryant
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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11
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Non-ionizing, laser radiation in Theranostics: The need for dosimetry and the role of Medical Physics. Phys Med 2019; 63:7-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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12
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Sheng T, Ong YH, Busch TM, Zhu TC. Reactive oxygen species explicit dosimetry to predict local tumor control for Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2019; 10860. [PMID: 31327886 DOI: 10.1117/12.2508803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established modality for cancer treatment, current dosimetric quantities, such as light fluence and PDT dose, do not account for the differences in PDT oxygen consumption for different fluence rates (ϕ). A macroscopic model was adopted to calculate reactive oxygen species concentration ([ROS]rx) to predict Photofrin-PDT outcome in mice bearing radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) tumors. Singlet oxygen is the primary cytotoxic species for ROS, which is responsible for cell death in type II PDT, although other type I ROS is included in the parameters used in our model. Using a combination of fluences (50-250 J/cm2) and ϕ (50 - 150 mW/cm2), tumor regrowth rate, k, was determined for each condition by fitting the tumor volume vs. time to V0*exp(k*t). Treatment was delivered with a collimated laser beam of 1 cm diameter at 630 nm. Explicit dosimetry of initial tissue oxygen concentration, tissue optical properties, and Photofrin concentration was used to calculate [ROS]rx,cal. ϕ was determined for the treatment volume based on Monte-Carlo simulations and measured tissue optical properties. Tissue oxygenation is measured using an oxylite oxygen probe to throughout the treatment to calculate the measured [ROS]rx,mea. Cure index, CI = 1-k/k ctr , for tumor gowth up to 14 days were determined as an endpoint using five dose metrics: light fluence, PDT dose, and [ROS]rx,cal, and [ROS]rx,mea. PDT dose was defined as the product of the time-integral of photosensitizer concentration and ϕ at a 3 mm tumor depth. Preliminary studies show that [ROS]rx,mea best correlates with CI and is an effective dosimetric quantity that can predict treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Sheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Yi Hong Ong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Theresa M Busch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Timothy C Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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13
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Computational study of necrotic areas in rat liver tissue treated with photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 192:40-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Sheng T, Ong YH, Busch TM, Zhu TC. Reactive oxygen species explicit dosimetry to predict tumor growth for BPD-mediated vascular photodynamic therapy. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2019; 10861:108610A. [PMID: 31080306 PMCID: PMC6510274 DOI: 10.1117/12.2514657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-established treatment modality for cancer and other malignant diseases; however, quantities such as light fluence, and PDT dose do not fully account for all of the dynamic interactions between the key components involved. In particular, fluence rate (ϕ) effects are not accounted for, which has a large effect on the oxygen consumption rate. In this preclinical study, reacted reactive oxygen species ([ROS]rx) was investigated as a dosimetric quantity for PDT outcome. We studied the ability of [ROS]rx to predict the cure index (CI) after PDT of murine tumors; CI = 1 - k/kctr, where k and kctr are the growth rate of PDT-treated and control(untreated) tumor, respectively. Mice bearing radiation induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) tumors were treated with BPD-mediated PDT at different in-air fluences (22.5, 40, 45, 50, 70 and 100 J/cm2) and in-air ϕ (75 and 150 mW/cm2) with a BPD dose of 1 mg/kg and a drug-light interval of 15 mins. Treatment was delivered with a collimated laser beam of 1 cm diameter at 690 nm. Explicit dosimetry of initial tissue oxygen concentration, tissue optical properties, and BPD concentration was used to calculate [ 1 O 2 ] rx . ϕ was calculated for the treatment volume based on Monte-Carlo simulations and measured tissue optical properties. CI was used as an endpoint for four dose metrics: light fluence, PDT dose, and [ROS]rx. PDT dose was defined as the product of the time-integral of photosensitizer concentration and ϕ at a 3 mm tumor depth. Preliminary studies show that [ROS]rx best correlates with CI and is an effective dosimetric quantity that can predict treatment outcome. The threshold dose for [ROS]rx is determined to be 0.23 mM and is about 4.3 times smaller than the corresponding value for conventional BPD-mediated PDT using DLI of 3 hrs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Sheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Yi Hong Ong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Theresa M Busch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Timothy C Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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15
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Assessment of singlet oxygen dosimetry concepts in photodynamic therapy through computational modeling. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 21:224-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Mohapatra PP, Chiemezie CO, Kligman A, Kim MM, Busch TM, Zhu TC, Greer A. 31 P NMR Evidence for Peroxide Intermediates in Lipid Emulsion Photooxidations: Phosphine Substituent Effects in Trapping. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1430-1438. [PMID: 28722754 DOI: 10.1111/php.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intralipid is a lipid emulsion used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for its light scattering and tissue-simulating properties. The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not Intralipid undergoes photooxidation, and we have carried out an Intralipid peroxide trapping study using a series of phosphines [2'-dicyclohexylphosphino-2,6-dimethoxy-1,1'-biphenyl-3-sulfonate, 3-(diphenylphosphino)benzenesulfonate, triphenylphosphine-3,3',3''-trisulfonate and triphenylphosphine]. Our new findings are as follows: (1) An oxygen atom is transferred from Intralipid peroxide to the phosphine traps in the dark, after the photooxidation of Intralipid. 3-(Diphenylphosphino)benzenesulfonate is the most suitable trap in the series owing to a balance of nucleophilicity and water solubility. (2) Phosphine trapping and monitoring by 31 P NMR are effective in quantifying the peroxides in H2 O. An advantage of the technique is that peroxides are detected in H2 O; deuterated NMR solvents are not required. (3) The percent yield of the peroxides increased linearly with the increase in fluence from 45 to 180 J cm-2 based on our trapping experiments. (4) The photooxidation yields quantitated by the phosphines and 31 P NMR are supported by the direct 1 H NMR detection using deuterated NMR solvents. These data provide the first steps in the development of Intralipid peroxide quantitation after PDT using phosphine trapping and 31 P NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Callistus O Chiemezie
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY
| | - Arina Kligman
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY
| | - Michele M Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Theresa M Busch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Timothy C Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY
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17
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Kim MM, Ghogare AA, Greer A, Zhu TC. On the in vivo photochemical rate parameters for PDT reactive oxygen species modeling. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:R1-R48. [PMID: 28166056 PMCID: PMC5510640 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/62/5/r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitizer photochemical parameters are crucial data in accurate dosimetry for photodynamic therapy (PDT) based on photochemical modeling. Progress has been made in the last few decades in determining the photochemical properties of commonly used photosensitizers (PS), but mostly in solution or in vitro. Recent developments allow for the estimation of some of these photochemical parameters in vivo. This review will cover the currently available in vivo photochemical properties of photosensitizers as well as the techniques for measuring those parameters. Furthermore, photochemical parameters that are independent of environmental factors or are universal for different photosensitizers will be examined. Most photosensitizers discussed in this review are of the type II (singlet oxygen) photooxidation category, although type I photosensitizers that involve other reactive oxygen species (ROS) will be discussed as well. The compilation of these parameters will be essential for ROS modeling of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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Qiu H, Kim MM, Penjweini R, Finlay JC, Busch TM, Wang T, Guo W, Cengel KA, Simone CB, Glatstein E, Zhu TC. A Comparison of Dose Metrics to Predict Local Tumor Control for Photofrin-mediated Photodynamic Therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1115-1122. [PMID: 28083883 DOI: 10.1111/php.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This preclinical study examines light fluence, photodynamic therapy (PDT) dose and "apparent reacted singlet oxygen," [1 O2 ]rx , to predict local control rate (LCR) for Photofrin-mediated PDT of radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) tumors. Mice bearing RIF tumors were treated with in-air fluences (50-250 J cm-2 ) and in-air fluence rates (50-150 mW cm-2 ) at Photofrin dosages of 5 and 15 mg kg-1 and a drug-light interval of 24 h using a 630-nm, 1-cm-diameter collimated laser. A macroscopic model was used to calculate [1 O2 ]rx and PDT dose based on in vivo explicit dosimetry of the drug concentration, light fluence and tissue optical properties. PDT dose and [1 O2 ]rx were defined as a temporal integral of drug concentration and fluence rate, and singlet oxygen concentration consumed divided by the singlet oxygen lifetime, respectively. LCR was stratified for different dose metrics for 74 mice (66 + 8 control). Complete tumor control at 14 days was observed for [1 O2 ]rx ≥ 1.1 mm or PDT dose ≥1200 μm J cm-2 but cannot be predicted with fluence alone. LCR increases with increasing [1 O2 ]rx and PDT dose but is not well correlated with fluence. Comparing dosimetric quantities, [1 O2 ]rx outperformed both PDT dose and fluence in predicting tumor response and correlating with LCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Qiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Michele M Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rozhin Penjweini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jarod C Finlay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Theresa M Busch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tianhao Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Wensheng Guo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Keith A Cengel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Charles B Simone
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Eli Glatstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Timothy C Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Kim MM, Penjweini R, Gemmell NR, Veilleux I, McCarthy A, Buller GS, Hadfield RH, Wilson BC, Zhu TC. A Comparison of Singlet Oxygen Explicit Dosimetry (SOED) and Singlet Oxygen Luminescence Dosimetry (SOLD) for Photofrin-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:E109. [PMID: 27929427 PMCID: PMC5187507 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8120109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate photodynamic therapy (PDT) dosimetry is critical for the use of PDT in the treatment of malignant and nonmalignant localized diseases. A singlet oxygen explicit dosimetry (SOED) model has been developed for in vivo purposes. It involves the measurement of the key components in PDT-light fluence (rate), photosensitizer concentration, and ground-state oxygen concentration ([³O₂])-to calculate the amount of reacted singlet oxygen ([¹O₂]rx), the main cytotoxic component in type II PDT. Experiments were performed in phantoms with the photosensitizer Photofrin and in solution using phosphorescence-based singlet oxygen luminescence dosimetry (SOLD) to validate the SOED model. Oxygen concentration and photosensitizer photobleaching versus time were measured during PDT, along with direct SOLD measurements of singlet oxygen and triplet state lifetime (τΔ and τt), for various photosensitizer concentrations to determine necessary photophysical parameters. SOLD-determined cumulative [¹O₂]rx was compared to SOED-calculated [¹O₂]rx for various photosensitizer concentrations to show a clear correlation between the two methods. This illustrates that explicit dosimetry can be used when phosphorescence-based dosimetry is not feasible. Using SOED modeling, we have also shown evidence that SOLD-measured [¹O₂]rx using a 523 nm pulsed laser can be used to correlate to singlet oxygen generated by a 630 nm laser during a clinical malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) PDT protocol by using a conversion formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Rozhin Penjweini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Nathan R Gemmell
- Department of Electronic and Nanoscale Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK.
| | - Israel Veilleux
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - Aongus McCarthy
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Gerald S Buller
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Robert H Hadfield
- Department of Electronic and Nanoscale Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK.
| | - Brian C Wilson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - Timothy C Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Kim MM, Penjweini R, Liang X, Zhu TC. Explicit macroscopic singlet oxygen modeling for benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD)-mediated photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 164:314-322. [PMID: 27721165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective non-ionizing treatment modality that is currently being used for various malignant and non-malignant diseases. In type II PDT with photosensitizers such as benzoporphyrin monoacid ring A (BPD), cell death is based on the creation of singlet oxygen (1O2). With a previously proposed empirical five-parameter macroscopic model, the threshold dose of singlet oxygen ([1O2]rx,sh]) to cause tissue necrosis in tumors treated with PDT was determined along with a range of the magnitude of the relevant photochemical parameters: the photochemical oxygen consumption rate per light fluence rate and photosensitizer concentration (ξ), the probability ratio of 1O2 to react with ground state photosensitizer compared to a cellular target (σ), the ratio of the monomolecular decay rate of the triplet state photosensitizer (β), the low photosensitizer concentration correction factor (δ), and the macroscopic maximum oxygen supply rate (g). Mice bearing radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) tumors were treated interstitially with a linear light source at 690nm with total energy released per unit length of 22.5-135J/cm and source power per unit length of 12-150mW/cm to induce different radii of necrosis. A fitting algorithm was developed to determine the photochemical parameters by minimizing the error function involving the range between the calculated reacted singlet oxygen ([1O2]rx) at necrosis radius and the [1O2]rx,sh. [1O2]rx was calculated based on explicit dosimetry of the light fluence distribution, the tissue optical properties, and the BPD concentration. The initial ground state oxygen concentration ([3O2]0) was set to be 40μM in this study. The photochemical parameters were found to be ξ=(55±40)×10-3cm2mW-1s-1, σ=(1.8±3)×10-5μM-1, and g=1.7±0.7μMs-1. We have taken the literature values for δ=33μM, and β=11.9μM. [1O2]rx has shown promise to be a more effective dosimetry quantity for predicting necrosis than either light dose or PDT dose, where the latter is simplistically a temporal integral of the products of the photosensitizer concentration and light fluence rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rozhin Penjweini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xing Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Timothy C Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Zhu TC, Kim MM, Liang X, Finlay JC, Busch TM. In-vivo singlet oxygen threshold doses for PDT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 4:59-71. [PMID: 25927018 DOI: 10.1515/plm-2014-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dosimetry of singlet oxygen (1O2) is of particular interest because it is the major cytotoxic agent causing biological effects for type-II photosensitizers during photodynamic therapy (PDT). An in-vivo model to determine the singlet oxygen threshold dose, [1O2]rx,sh, for PDT was developed. MATERIAL AND METHODS An in-vivo radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) tumor mouse model was used to correlate the radius of necrosis to the calculation based on explicit PDT dosimetry of light fluence distribution, tissue optical properties, and photosensitizer concentrations. Inputs to the model include five photosensitizer-specific photochemical parameters along with [1O2]rx,sh. Photosensitizer-specific model parameters were determined for benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD) and compared with two other type-II photosensitizers, Photofrin® and m-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (mTHPC) from the literature. RESULTS The mean values (standard deviation) of the in-vivo [1O2]rx,sh are approximately 0.56 (0.26) and 0.72 (0.21) mM (or 3.6×107 and 4.6×107 singlet oxygen per cell to reduce the cell survival to 1/e) for Photofrin® and BPD, respectively, assuming that the fraction of generated singlet oxygen that interacts with the cell is 1. While the values for the photochemical parameters (ξ, σ, g, β) used for BPD were preliminary and may need further refinement, there is reasonable confidence for the values of the singlet oxygen threshold doses. DISCUSSION In comparison, the [1O2]rx,sh value derived from in-vivo mouse study was reported to be 0.4 mM for mTHPC-PDT. However, the singlet oxygen required per cell is reported to be 9×108 per cell per 1/e fractional kill in an in-vitro mTHPC-PDT study on a rat prostate cancer cell line (MLL cells) and is reported to be 7.9 mM for a multicell in-vitro EMT6/Ro spheroid model for mTHPC-PDT. A theoretical analysis is provided to relate the number of in-vitro singlet oxygen required per cell to reach cell killing of 1/e to in-vivo singlet oxygen threshold dose (in mM). The sensitivity of threshold singlet oxygen dose for our experiment is examined. The possible influence of vascular vs. apoptotic cell killing mechanisms on the singlet oxygen threshold dose is discussed by comparing [1O2]rx,sh for BPD with 3 hr and 15 min drug-light-intervals, with the later being known to have a dominantly vascular effect. CONCLUSIONS The experimental results of threshold singlet oxygen concentration in an in-vivo RIF tumor model for Photofrin®, BPD, and mTHPC are about 20 times smaller than those observed in vitro. These results are consistent with knowledge that factors other than singlet oxygen-mediated tumor cell killing can contribute to PDT damage in-vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele M Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, TRC 4W, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Xing Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, TRC 4W, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jarod C Finlay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, TRC 4W, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Theresa M Busch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, TRC 4W, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Penjweini R, Liu B, Kim MM, Zhu TC. Explicit dosimetry for 2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a-mediated photodynamic therapy: macroscopic singlet oxygen modeling. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:128003. [PMID: 26720883 PMCID: PMC4698734 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.12.128003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Type II photodynamic therapy (PDT) is based on the photochemical reactions mediated through an interaction between a photosensitizer, ground-state oxygen ([(3)O2]), and light excitation at an appropriate wavelength, which results in production of reactive singlet oxygen ([(1)O2]rx). We use an empirical macroscopic model based on four photochemical parameters for the calculation of [(1)O2]rx threshold concentration ([(1)O2]rx,sh) causing tissue necrosis in tumors after PDT. For this reason, 2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH)-mediated PDT was performed interstitially on mice with radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) tumors. A linear light source at 665 nm with total energy released per unit length of 12 to 100 J/cm and source power per unit length (LS) of 12 to 150 mW/cm was used to induce different radii of necrosis. Then the amount of [(1)O2]rx calculated by the macroscopic model incorporating explicit PDT dosimetry of light fluence distribution, tissue optical properties, and HPPH concentration was correlated to the necrotic radius to obtain the model parameters and [(1)O2]rx,sh. We provide evidence that [(1)O2]rx is a better dosimetric quantity for predicting the treatment outcome than PDT dose, which is proportional to the time integral of the products of the photosensitizer concentration and light fluence rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozhin Penjweini
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard TRC 4W, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Baochang Liu
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard TRC 4W, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michele M. Kim
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard TRC 4W, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Timothy C. Zhu
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard TRC 4W, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Timothy C. Zhu, E-mail:
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Bürgermeister L, López FR, Schulz W. Physical and mathematical modeling of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:71411. [PMID: 24849516 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.7.071411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising method to treat local bacterial infections. The therapy is painless and does not cause bacterial resistances. However, there are gaps in understanding the dynamics of the processes, especially in periodontal treatment. This work describes the advances in fundamental physical and mathematical modeling of aPDT used for interpretation of experimental evidence. The result is a two-dimensional model of aPDT in a dental pocket phantom model. In this model, the propagation of laser light and the kinetics of the chemical reactions are described as coupled processes. The laser light induces the chemical processes depending on its intensity. As a consequence of the chemical processes, the local optical properties and distribution of laser light change as well as the reaction rates. The mathematical description of these coupled processes will help to develop treatment protocols and is the first step toward an inline feedback system for aPDT users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bürgermeister
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology, Steinbachstr. 15, Aachen D-52074, Germany
| | - Fernando Romero López
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology, Steinbachstr. 15, Aachen D-52074, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schulz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology, Steinbachstr. 15, Aachen D-52074, Germany
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Salas-García I, Fanjul-Vélez F, Arce-Diego JL. Superficial radially resolved fluorescence and 3D photochemical time-dependent model for photodynamic therapy. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:1845-1848. [PMID: 24686620 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.001845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) dosimetric tools are crucial for treatment planning and noninvasive monitoring by means of fluorescence. Present approaches consider usually a 1D problem, a simple photochemical process, or a spatially homogeneous photosensitizer. In this work, a radially resolved superficial photosensitizer fluorescence and 3D photochemical time-dependent PDT model are presented. The model provides a time-dependent estimation of tissue fluorescence and the photosensitizer and singlet oxygen 3D concentrations. The model is applied to a basal cell carcinoma treated by Metvix topical photosensitizer protocol. The analysis shows the potentiality in treatment planning and monitoring. The fluorescence results are in agreement with previous measurements.
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Zhu TC, Liu B, Kim MM, McMillan D, Liang X, Finlay JC, Busch TM. Comparison of singlet oxygen threshold dose for PDT. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2014; 8931. [PMID: 25999651 DOI: 10.1117/12.2039719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Macroscopic modeling of singlet oxygen (1O2) is of particular interest because it is the major cytotoxic agent causing biological effects for type II photosensitizers during PDT. We have developed a macroscopic model to calculate reacted singlet oxygen concentration ([1O2]rx for PDT. An in-vivo RIF tumor mouse model is used to correlate the necrosis depth to the calculation based on explicit PDT dosimetry of light fluence distribution, tissue optical properties, and photosensitizer concentrations. Inputs to the model include 4 photosensitizer specific photochemical parameters along with the apparent singlet oxygen threshold concentration. Photosensitizer specific model parameters are determined for several type II photosensitizers (Photofrin, BPD, and HPPH). The singlet oxygen threshold concentration is approximately 0.41 - 0.56 mM for all three photosensitizers studied, assuming that the fraction of singlet oxygen generated that interacts with the cell is (f = 1). In comparison, value derived from other in-vivo mice studies is 0.4 mM for mTHPC. However, the singlet oxygen threshold doses were reported to be 7.9 and 12.1 mM for a multicell in-vitro EMT6/Ro spheroid model for mTHPC and Photofrin PDT, respectively. The sensitivity of threshold singlet oxygen dose for our experiment is examined. The possible influence of vascular vs. apoptotic cell killing mechanism on the singlet oxygen threshold dose is discussed using the BPD with different drug-light intervals 3 hrs vs. 15 min. The observed discrepancies between different experiments warrant further investigation to explain the cause of the difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Baochang Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michele M Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dayton McMillan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Xing Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jarod C Finlay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Theresa M Busch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Salas-García I, Fanjul-Vélez F, Arce-Diego JL. Photosensitizer absorption coefficient modeling and necrosis prediction during Photodynamic Therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 114:79-86. [PMID: 22704663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of accurate predictive models for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) has emerged as a valuable tool to adjust the current therapy dosimetry to get an optimal treatment response, and definitely to establish new personal protocols. Several attempts have been made in this way, although the influence of the photosensitizer depletion on the optical parameters has not been taken into account so far. We present a first approach to predict the spatio-temporal variation of the photosensitizer absorption coefficient during PDT applied to dermatological diseases, taking into account the photobleaching of a topical photosensitizer. This permits us to obtain the photons density absorbed by the photosensitizer molecules as the treatment progresses and to determine necrosis maps to estimate the short term therapeutic effects in the target tissue. The model presented also takes into account an inhomogeneous initial photosensitizer distribution, light propagation in biological media and the evolution of the molecular concentrations of different components involved in the photochemical reactions. The obtained results allow to investigate how the photosensitizer depletion during the photochemical reactions affects light absorption by the photosensitizer molecules as the optical radiation propagates through the target tissue, and estimate the necrotic tumor area progression under different treatment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Salas-García
- Applied Optical Techniques Group, TEISA Department, University of Cantabria, Av. de los Castros S/N, 39005 Santander, Spain
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Gkigkitzis I, Feng Y, Yang C, Lu JQ, Hu XH. Modeling of Oxygen Transport and Cell Killing in Type-II Photodynamic Therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:969-77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dong H, Li Y, Wen H, Xu M, Liu L, Li Z, Guo F, Shi D. Highly efficient drug delivery nanosystem via L-phenylalanine triggering based on supramolecular polymer micelles. Macromol Rapid Commun 2011; 32:540-5. [PMID: 21433213 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201000693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An intelligent drug delivery nanosystem has been developed based on biodegradable supramolecular polymer micelles (SMPMs). The drug release can be triggered from SMPMs responsively by a bioactive agent, L-phenylalanine in a controlled fashion. The SMPMs are constructed from ethylcellulose-graft-poly(ε-caprolactone) (EC-g-PCL) and α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) derivate via host-guest and hydrophobic interactions. It has been found that these SMPMs have disassembled rapidly in response to an additional L-phenylalanine, due to great affinity discrepancy to α-CD between L-phenylalanine and PCL. Experiments have been carried out on trigger-controlled in vitro drug release of the SMPMs loaded with a model porphyrin based photosensitizer THPP. The result shows that the SMPMs released over 85% THPP in 6 h, which is two orders magnitudes faster than that of control. Also investigated is the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of THPP-loaded SMPMs with and without L-phenylalanine on MCF-7 carcinoma cell line. An effective trigger-concentration dependent lethal effect has been found showing promise in clinical photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Dong
- The Institute for Advanced Materials and Nano Biomedicine (iNANO), Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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Wang KKH, Finlay JC, Busch TM, Hahn SM, Zhu TC. Explicit dosimetry for photodynamic therapy: macroscopic singlet oxygen modeling. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2010; 3:304-18. [PMID: 20222102 PMCID: PMC3071971 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.200900101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) is the major cytotoxic agent responsible for cell killing for type-II photodynamic therapy (PDT). An empirical four-parameter macroscopic model is proposed to calculate the "apparent reacted (1)O(2) concentration", [(1)O(2)](rx), as a clinical PDT dosimetry quantity. This model incorporates light diffusion equation and a set of PDT kinetics equations, which can be applied in any clinical treatment geometry. We demonstrate that by introducing a fitting quantity "apparent singlet oxygen threshold concentration" [(1)O(2)](rx, sd), it is feasible to determine the model parameters by fitting the computed [(1)O(2)](rx) to the Photofrin-mediated PDT-induced necrotic distance using interstitially-measured Photofrin concentration and optical properties within each mouse. After determining the model parameters and the [(1)O(2)](rx, sd), we expect to use this model as an explicit dosimetry to assess PDT treatment outcome for a specific photosensitizer in an in vivo environment. The results also provide evidence that the [(1)O(2)](rx), because it takes into account the oxygen consumption (or light fluence rate) effect, can be a better predictor of PDT outcome than the PDT dose defined as the energy absorbed by the photosensitizer, which is proportional to the product of photosensitizer concentration and light fluence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kang-Hsin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Jarod C. Finlay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Theresa M. Busch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Stephen M. Hahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Timothy C. Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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Salas-Garcia I, Fanjul-Velez F, Ortega-Quijano N, Arce-Diego JL. Photodynamic effects on basal cell carcinoma with topical Photosensitizer. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010; 2010:2739-2742. [PMID: 21096212 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2010.5626556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a potential cancer therapy used in several clinical fields. Its application in dermatology following a fixed protocol usually generates good results. However, some cases of basal cell carcinoma show tumour persistence. The poor response observed in this type of pathology, whose lesions penetrate in the deeper layers of the skin, could be attributed to an insufficient accumulation of the PS (Photosensitizer) in deeper tissues. The development of accurate models could propose the adequate treatment dosimetry for those problematic cases in order to maximize the efficiency of the PDT treatment outcome. In this work we present a PDT model that tries to predict the photodynamic effect on the skin affected by a basal cell carcinoma with a topically administered photosensitizer. The results obtained allow us to know the evolution of the cytotoxic agent in order to estimate the necrotic area adjusting parameters such as the optical power, the photosensitizer concentration, the incubation and exposition time or the diffusivity and permeability of the damaged tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Salas-Garcia
- Applied Optical Techniques Group, TEISA Department, University of Cantabria, Spain.
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Fanjul-Vélez F, Salas-García I, Ortega-Quijano N, Arce-Diego JL. Photochemical approach of photodynamic therapy applied to skin. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2009; 2009:278-81. [PMID: 19964475 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2009.5334040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a recent treatment modality that allows malignant tissue destruction. The technique provides a localized effect and good cosmetic results. The application of PDT is based on the inoculation of a photosensitizer and the posterior irradiation by an optical source. This radiation chemically activates the drug and provokes reactions that lead to tissue necrosis. Nowadays there are fixed clinical PDT protocols that make use of a particular optical dose and photosensitizer amount. These parameters are independent of the patient and the lesion. In this work we present a PDT model that tries to predict the effect of the treatment on the tissue. The 3D optical propagation of radiation is calculated by means of the Radiation Transport Theory (RTT) model, solved via a Monte Carlo numerical model. Once the optical energy is obtained, a complex photochemical model is employed. This model takes into account the electronic transitions between molecular levels and particles concentrations. The data obtained allow us to estimate the destroyed area. The optical power of the source, the exposition time and the optochemical characteristics of the tissue can be varied. This implies that these parameters could be adjusted to the particular pathology we are dealing with. As a consequence, the treatment would be more efficient. We apply the model to the skin, due to the fact that PDT is commonly applied on it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Fanjul-Vélez
- Applied Optical Techniques Group, TEISA Department, University of Cantabria.
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging treatment modality that employs the photochemical interaction of three components: light, photosensitizer, and oxygen. Tremendous progress has been made in the last 2 decades in new technical development of all components as well as understanding of the biophysical mechanism of PDT. The authors will review the current state of art in PDT research, with an emphasis in PDT physics. They foresee a merge of current separate areas of research in light production and delivery, PDT dosimetry, multimodality imaging, new photosensitizer development, and PDT biology into interdisciplinary combination of two to three areas. Ultimately, they strongly believe that all these categories of research will be linked to develop an integrated model for real-time dosimetry and treatment planning based on biological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Zhu TC, Finlay JC, Zhou X, Li J. Macroscopic Modeling of the singlet oxygen production during PDT. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2007; 6427:642708. [PMID: 25983366 DOI: 10.1117/12.701387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) dose, D, is defined as the absorbed dose by the photosensitizer during photodynamic therapy. It is proportional to the product of photosensitizer concentration and the light fluence. This quantity can be directly characterized during PDT and is considered to be predictive of photodynamic efficacy under ample oxygen supply. For type-II photodynamic interaction, the cell killing is caused by the reaction of cellular acceptors with singlet oxygen. The production of singlet oxygen can be expressed as ηD, where η is the singlet oxygen quantum yield and is a constant under ample oxygen supply. For most PDT, it is desirable to also take into account the effect of tissue oxygenation. We have modeled the coupled kinetics equation of the concentrations of the singlet oxygen, the photosensitizers in ground and triplet states, the oxygen, and tissue acceptors along with the diffusion equation governing the light transport in turbid medium. We have shown that it is possible to express η as a function of local oxygen concentration during PDT and this expression is a good approximation to predict the production of singlet oxygen during PDT. Theoretical estimation of the correlation between the tissue oxygen concentration and hemoglobin concentration, oxygen saturation, and blood flow is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jarod C Finlay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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