Induced Experimental Periimplantitis and Periodontitis: What are the Differences in the Inflammatory Response ?

Bioinformatics investigation of adaptive immune-related genes in peri-implantitis and periodontitis: Characteristics and diagnostic values

BACKGROUND

Peri-implantitis and periodontitis have similar immunological bioprocesses and inflammatory phenotypes. In the inflammatory process, the adaptive immune cells can drive the development of disease. This research investigated the differences and diagnostic significance of peri-implantitis and periodontitis in adaptive immune responses.

METHODS

We acquired four GEO datasets of gene expressions in surrounding tissues in healthy person, healthy implant, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis patients. The structural characteristics and enrichment analyses of differential expression genes were examined. The adaptive immune landscapes in peri-implantitis and periodontitis were then evaluated using single sample gene set enrichment analysis. The STRING database and Cytoscape were used to identify adaptive hub genes, and the ROC curve was used to verify them. Finally, qRT-PCR method was used to verify the expression level of Hub gene in activated T cells on the titanium-containing or titanium-free culture plates.

RESULTS

At the transcriptome level, the data of healthy implant, peri-implantitis and periodontitis were highly dissimilar. The peri-implantitis and periodontitis both exhibited adaptive immune response. Except for the activated CD4+T cells, there was no significant difference in other adaptive immune cells between peri-implantitis and periodontitis. In addition, correlation analysis showed that CD53, CYBB, and PLEK were significantly positively linked with activated CD4+T cells in the immune microenvironment of peri-implantitis, making them effective biomarkers to differentiate it from periodontitis.

CONCLUSIONS

Peri-implantitis has a uniquely immunogenomic landscape that differs from periodontitis. This study provides new insights and ideas into the activated CD4+T cells and hub genes that underpin the immunological bioprocess of peri-implantitis.

Introducing Nanozymes: New Horizons in Periodontal and Dental Implant Care

The prevalence of periodontal and peri-implant diseases has been increasing worldwide and has gained a lot of attention. As multifunctional nanomaterials with enzyme-like activity, nanozymes have earned a place in the biomedical field. In periodontics and implantology, nanozymes have contributed greatly to research on maintaining periodontal health and improving implant success rates. To highlight this progress, we review nanozymes for antimicrobial therapy, anti-inflammatory therapy, tissue regeneration promotion, and synergistic effects in periodontal and peri-implant diseases. The future prospects of nanozymes in periodontology and implantology are also discussed along with challenges.

Interleukin-35 pathobiology in periodontal disease: a systematic scoping review

Background

Interleukin (IL)-35 is a novel anti-inflammatory cytokine that is produced by regulatory T cells. IL-35 mediates immunological functions and plays a protective role in several diseases such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. However, the role of IL-35 in gingivitis and periodontitis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature and collecting the available evidence regarding the role of IL-35 in pathogenesis of periodontal disease.

Methods

A systematic search of electronic databases including MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus was conducted in November 2020 to identify studies addressing the Interleukin-35 pathobiology in periodontal disease. The identified studies were subjected to pre-identified inclusion criteria. The retrived papers were assessed by the authours independently and consensus was reached in cases where disagreement occurred. Articles written in languages other than English, case reports, letters to editors, conference abstracts, theses, and dissertations were excluded from the review.

Results

A total of 176 possibly relevant articles were identified through the search strategy. Finally, 15 papers which met the criteria of eligibility were included in this review by consensus. The included articles were classified based on their design and level of evidence.Three subclinical study, ten cross sectional investigation and two randomized clinical trials constituted the final set of studies in this review. At preclinical level, Il-35 showed inhibitory characteristics regarding alveolar bone resorption of animal periodontitis models. The results of observatory human studies confirmed the presence of high levels of IL-35 in saliva, GCF, serum, and gingival biopsies of patients suffering from inflammatory periodontal disease. Moreover, two included clinical trials showed that non-surgical periodontal therapy could downregulate IL-35 production in chronic periodontitis patients.

Conclusion

Interleukin-35 has an undeniable role in pathobiology of inflammatory periodontal disease. Further well-controlled studies are needed to better elucidate the functional pattern of IL-35 in pathogeneisis of gingival and periodontal disease.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-021-01515-1.