Evaluation of Different Osteotomy Drilling Speed Protocols on Cortical Bone Temperature, Implant Stability and Bone Healing: An Experimental Animal Study

Comparative analysis of bone healing in subcritical defects with air turbine and electric handpiece in a rat model

Rotatory devices are essential in clinical surgical practice, however, depending on the different systems available, their function can impact bone repair and postoperative responses on varying scales. This impact underscores the need to explore new techniques aiming to enhance bone repair. This study aimed to assess the immediate and delayed effects on bone healing in subcritical bone defects using both air turbine and an electric handpiece. For this purpose, 40 male Wistar rats were allocated into two groups. The Control Group (CG) had bone defect made using an air turbine device, while the Experimental Group (EG) had defects made using an electric handpiece. Ten animals were sacrificed for each time of evaluation. Bone neoformation, microstructure, and collagen organization were assessed ate 7, 15 and 30 days postoperative. Inflammatory profiling was conducted at 7 and 15 days. Immediate thermal osteonecrosis were evaluated after the use of rotary systems. Multivariate analysis was used to access statistical differences. The EG exhibited enhanced parameters of bone neoformation in all analyses, with statistical difference between 15 and 30 days (P = .0002) and in comparison with CG in 30 days (P = .0009). A reduced number of inflammatory cells and increased angiogenesis in the initial periods was seen in EG, corroborating the consistent values of collagen type 1 and a decrease of collagen type 3 over times. Immediate thermal osteonecrosis was statistically higher for the CG (P < .05), which showed adequate neoformation of subcritical defects but consistently lower values than those found in the EG. These data suggest that the electric handpiece demonstrated more bone repair area, proving to be an excellent alternative to surgical practice.

Correlation between intraosseous thermal change and drilling impulse data during osteotomy within autonomous dental implant robotic system: An in vitro study

OBJECTIVES

This study aims at examining the correlation of intraosseous temperature change with drilling impulse data during osteotomy and establishing real-time temperature prediction models.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A combination of in vitro bovine rib model and Autonomous Dental Implant Robotic System (ADIR) was set up, in which intraosseous temperature and drilling impulse data were measured using an infrared camera and a six-axis force/torque sensor respectively. A total of 800 drills with different parameters (e.g., drill diameter, drill wear, drilling speed, and thickness of cortical bone) were experimented, along with an independent test set of 200 drills. Pearson correlation analysis was done for linear relationship. Four machining learning (ML) algorithms (e.g., support vector regression [SVR], ridge regression [RR], extreme gradient boosting [XGboost], and artificial neural network [ANN]) were run for building prediction models.

RESULTS

By incorporating different parameters, it was found that lower drilling speed, smaller drill diameter, more severe wear, and thicker cortical bone were associated with higher intraosseous temperature changes and longer time exposure and were accompanied with alterations in drilling impulse data. Pearson correlation analysis further identified highly linear correlation between drilling impulse data and thermal changes. Finally, four ML prediction models were established, among which XGboost model showed the best performance with the minimum error measurements in test set.

CONCLUSION

The proof-of-concept study highlighted close correlation of drilling impulse data with intraosseous temperature change during osteotomy. The ML prediction models may inspire future improvement on prevention of thermal bone injury and intelligent design of robot-assisted implant surgery.

Thermal Imaging as a Method to Indirectly Assess Peripheral Vascular Integrity and Tissue Viability in Veterinary Medicine: Animal Models and Clinical Applications

Infrared thermography (IRT) is a technique that indirectly assesses peripheral blood circulation and its resulting amount of radiated heat. Due to these properties, thermal imaging is currently applied in human medicine to noninvasively evaluate peripheral vascular disorders such as thrombosis, thromboembolisms, and other ischemic processes. Moreover, tissular damage (e.g., burn injuries) also causes microvasculature compromise. Therefore, thermography can be applied to determine the degree of damage according to the viability of tissues and blood vessels, and it can also be used as a technique to monitor skin transplant procedures such as grafting and free flaps. The present review aims to summarize and analyze the application of IRT in veterinary medicine as a method to indirectly assess peripheral vascular integrity and its relation to the amount of radiated heat and as a diagnostic technique for tissue viability, degree of damage, and wound care.

Wearing Effect of Implant Steel Drills and Tappers for the Preparation of the Bone Osteotomies: An Infrared Thermal Analysis and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy-Scanning Electron Microscopy (EDS-SEM) Study

Background: The thermal effect correlated with implant osteotomy could produce significant effects on the healing process and fixture osseointegration. The aim of the present investigation was to assess the heat generation and surface wearing of dental implant drills and manual tappers during simulated osteotomies on animal ribs. Methods: Steel drills (20 units per type) and tappers (20 units per type) were evaluated for a total of 30 osteotomies. The infrared thermal analysis was performed at the first and thirtieth osteotomy. The surface alteration and wearing was assessed by energy dispersive spectroscopy–scanning electron microscopy (EDS-SEM) prior to and after use. Conclusions: The drill material produced a non-significant temperature change during bone osteotomy. Lower heating was reported for manual tappers in favor of a manual osteotomy instead rotary instruments.