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Lang L, Wolf AC, Riedel M, Thibol L, Geissel F, Feld K, Zimmermann J, Morgan B, Manolikakes G, Deponte M. Substrate Promiscuity and Hyperoxidation Susceptibility as Potential Driving Forces for the Co-evolution of Prx5-Type and Prx6-Type 1-Cys Peroxiredoxin Mechanisms. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lang
- Faculty of Chemistry, TU Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ann-Cathrin Wolf
- Faculty of Chemistry, TU Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Mareike Riedel
- Faculty of Chemistry, TU Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lea Thibol
- Faculty of Chemistry, TU Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Fabian Geissel
- Faculty of Chemistry, TU Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kristina Feld
- Department of Parasitology, Ruprecht-Karls University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jannik Zimmermann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Centre for Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bruce Morgan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Centre for Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Georg Manolikakes
- Faculty of Chemistry, TU Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Marcel Deponte
- Faculty of Chemistry, TU Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Schumann R, Lang L, Deponte M. Characterization of the glutathione‐dependent reduction of the peroxiredoxin 5 homolog
PfAOP
from
Plasmodium falciparum. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4290. [PMID: 35481660 PMCID: PMC8994508 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins use a variety of thiols to rapidly reduce hydroperoxides and peroxynitrite. While the oxidation kinetics of peroxiredoxins have been studied in great detail, enzyme‐specific differences regarding peroxiredoxin reduction and the overall rate‐limiting step under physiological conditions often remain to be deciphered. The 1‐Cys peroxiredoxin 5 homolog PfAOP from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is an established model enzyme for glutathione/glutaredoxin‐dependent peroxiredoxins. Here, we reconstituted the catalytic cycle of PfAOP in vitro and analyzed the reaction between oxidized PfAOP and reduced glutathione (GSH) using molecular docking and stopped‐flow measurements. Molecular docking revealed that oxidized PfAOP has to adopt a locally unfolded conformation to react with GSH. Furthermore, we determined a second‐order rate constant of 6 × 105 M−1 s−1 at 25°C and thermodynamic activation parameters ΔH‡, ΔS‡, and ΔG‡ of 39.8 kJ/mol, −0.8 J/mol, and 40.0 kJ/mol, respectively. The gain‐of‐function mutant PfAOPL109M had almost identical reaction parameters. Taking into account physiological hydroperoxide and GSH concentrations, we suggest (a) that the reaction between oxidized PfAOP and GSH might be even faster than the formation of the sulfenic acid in vivo, and (b) that conformational changes are likely rate limiting for PfAOP catalysis. In summary, we characterized and quantified the reaction between GSH and the model enzyme PfAOP, thus providing detailed insights regarding the reactivity of its sulfenic acid and the versatile chemistry of peroxiredoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Schumann
- Faculty of Chemistry TU Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Lukas Lang
- Faculty of Chemistry TU Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Marcel Deponte
- Faculty of Chemistry TU Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern Germany
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3
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Glutathione metabolism is comparable to a jigsaw puzzle with too many pieces. It is supposed to comprise (i) the reduction of disulfides, hydroperoxides, sulfenic acids, and nitrosothiols, (ii) the detoxification of aldehydes, xenobiotics, and heavy metals, and (iii) the synthesis of eicosanoids, steroids, and iron-sulfur clusters. In addition, glutathione affects oxidative protein folding and redox signaling. Here, I try to provide an overview on the relevance of glutathione-dependent pathways with an emphasis on quantitative data. Recent Advances: Intracellular redox measurements reveal that the cytosol, the nucleus, and mitochondria contain very little glutathione disulfide and that oxidative challenges are rapidly counterbalanced. Genetic approaches suggest that iron metabolism is the centerpiece of the glutathione puzzle in yeast. Furthermore, recent biochemical studies provide novel insights on glutathione transport processes and uncoupling mechanisms. CRITICAL ISSUES Which parts of the glutathione puzzle are most relevant? Does this explain the high intracellular concentrations of reduced glutathione? How can iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis, oxidative protein folding, or redox signaling occur at high glutathione concentrations? Answers to these questions not only seem to depend on the organism, cell type, and subcellular compartment but also on different ideologies among researchers. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A rational approach to compare the relevance of glutathione-dependent pathways is to combine genetic and quantitative kinetic data. However, there are still many missing pieces and too little is known about the compartment-specific repertoire and concentration of numerous metabolites, substrates, enzymes, and transporters as well as rate constants and enzyme kinetic patterns. Gathering this information might require the development of novel tools but is crucial to address potential kinetic competitions and to decipher uncoupling mechanisms to solve the glutathione puzzle. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1130-1161.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Deponte
- Department of Parasitology, Ruprecht-Karls University , Heidelberg, Germany
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Staudacher V, Trujillo M, Diederichs T, Dick TP, Radi R, Morgan B, Deponte M. Redox-sensitive GFP fusions for monitoring the catalytic mechanism and inactivation of peroxiredoxins in living cells. Redox Biol 2017; 14:549-556. [PMID: 29128826 PMCID: PMC5684490 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein 2 (roGFP2) is a valuable tool for redox measurements in living cells. Here, we demonstrate that roGFP2 can also be used to gain mechanistic insights into redox catalysis in vivo. In vitro enzyme properties such as the rate-limiting reduction of wild type and mutant forms of the model peroxiredoxin PfAOP are shown to correlate with the ratiometrically measured degree of oxidation of corresponding roGFP2 fusion proteins. Furthermore, stopped-flow kinetic measurements of the oxidative half-reaction of PfAOP support the interpretation that changes in the roGFP2 signal can be used to map hyperoxidation-based inactivation of the attached peroxidase. Potential future applications of our system include the improvement of redox sensors, the estimation of absolute intracellular peroxide concentrations and the in vivo assessment of protein structure-function relationships that cannot easily be addressed with recombinant enzymes, for example, the effect of post-translational protein modifications on enzyme catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Staudacher
- University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 54, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany; Department of Parasitology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Madia Trujillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Tim Diederichs
- Department of Biology/Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 13, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Tobias P Dick
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Bruce Morgan
- Department of Biology/Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 13, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Marcel Deponte
- University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 54, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany; Department of Parasitology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Knockout of the peroxiredoxin 5 homologue PFAOP does not affect the artemisinin susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4410. [PMID: 28667301 PMCID: PMC5493673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisinins are the current mainstay of malaria chemotherapy. Their exact mode of action is an ongoing matter of debate, and several factors have recently been reported to affect an early stage of artemisinin resistance of the most important human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Here, we identified a locus on chromosome 7 that affects the artemisinin susceptibility of P. falciparum in a quantitative trait locus analysis of a genetic cross between strains 7G8 and GB4. This locus includes the peroxiredoxin gene PFAOP. However, steady-state kinetic data with recombinant PfAOP do not support a direct interaction between this peroxidase and the endoperoxide artemisinin. Furthermore, neither the overexpression nor the deletion of the encoding gene affected the IC50 values for artemisinin or the oxidants diamide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Thus, PfAOP is dispensable for blood stage parasite survival, and the correlation between the artemisinin susceptibility and chromosome 7 is probably based on another gene within the identified locus.
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Wezena CA, Krafczyk J, Staudacher V, Deponte M. Growth inhibitory effects of standard pro- and antioxidants on the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Exp Parasitol 2017; 180:64-70. [PMID: 28242353 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The redox metabolism of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and its human host has been suggested to play a central role for parasite survival and clearance. A common approach to test hypotheses in redox research is to challenge or rescue cells with pro- and antioxidants. However, quantitative data on the susceptibility of infected erythrocytes towards standard redox agents is surprisingly scarce. Here we determined the IC50 values of P. falciparum strains 3D7 and Dd2 for a set of redox agents using a SYBR green-based growth assay. Parasite killing in this assay required extremely high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide with a millimolar IC50 value, whereas IC50 values for tert-butyl hydroperoxide and diamide were between 67 and 121 μM. Thus, in contrast to tert-butyl hydroperoxide and the disulfide-inducing agent diamide, the host-parasite unit appears to be very robust against challenges with hydrogen peroxide with implications for host defense mechanisms. N-acetylcysteine, ascorbate, and dithiothreitol also had antiproliferative instead of growth-promoting effects with IC50 values around 12, 3 and 0.4 mM, respectively. So-called antioxidants can therefore also inhibit parasite growth with implications for clinical trials and studies on 'oxidative stress'. Furthermore, the addition of reductants to parasite cultures resulted in the gelation of albumin, the formation of methemoglobin and hemolysis. These effects can alter the fluorescence in SYBR green assays and have to be taken into account for the determination of IC50 values. In summary, standard oxidants and reductants both inhibit the growth of P. falciparum with IC50 values differing by three orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cletus A Wezena
- Department of Parasitology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Krafczyk
- Department of Parasitology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Staudacher
- Department of Parasitology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Deponte
- Department of Parasitology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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7
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Staudacher V, Djuika CF, Koduka J, Schlossarek S, Kopp J, Büchler M, Lanzer M, Deponte M. Plasmodium falciparum antioxidant protein reveals a novel mechanism for balancing turnover and inactivation of peroxiredoxins. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 85:228-36. [PMID: 25952724 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Life under aerobic conditions has shaped peroxiredoxins (Prx) as ubiquitous thiol-dependent hydroperoxidases and redox sensors. Structural features that balance the catalytically active or inactive redox states of Prx, and, therefore, their hydroperoxidase or sensor function, have so far been analyzed predominantly for Prx1-type enzymes. Here we identify and characterize two modulatory residues of the Prx5-type model enzyme PfAOP from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Gain- and loss-of-function mutants reveal a correlation between the enzyme parameters and the inactivation susceptibility of PfAOP with the size of residue 109 and the presence or absence of a catalytically relevant but nonessential cysteine residue. Based on our kinetic data and the crystal structure of PfAOP(L109M), we suggest a novel mechanism for balancing the hydroperoxidase activity and inactivation susceptibility of Prx5-type enzymes. Our study provides unexpected insights into Prx structure-function relationships and contributes to our understanding of what makes Prx good enzymes or redox sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Staudacher
- Department of Parasitology, Ruprecht-Karls University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carine F Djuika
- Department of Parasitology, Ruprecht-Karls University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joshua Koduka
- Department of Parasitology, Ruprecht-Karls University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Schlossarek
- Department of Parasitology, Ruprecht-Karls University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopp
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Ruprecht-Karls University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Cellnetworks Excellence Cluster, Ruprecht-Karls University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marleen Büchler
- Department of Parasitology, Ruprecht-Karls University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Department of Parasitology, Ruprecht-Karls University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Deponte
- Department of Parasitology, Ruprecht-Karls University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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8
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Zíková A, Oborník M, Lukeš J. Fancy a gene? A surprisingly complex evolutionary history of peroxiredoxins. MICROBIAL CELL 2015; 2:33-37. [PMID: 28362003 PMCID: PMC5354554 DOI: 10.15698/mic2015.02.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
While the phylum Apicomplexa includes “only” several thousand described species of obligatory parasites of animals, it may in fact be the most specious group of parasitic protists with over a million species 1. The best known representatives are Plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium spp., which belong to the most important and widespread human parasites exacting an enormous disease burden. On the other hand, dinoflagellates and colpodellids, which are monophyletic with the apicomplexans, are ecologically highly significant, as they belong to the most abundant marine protists 2. As the common ancestor of these groups was most likely a free-living photosynthesizing protist, one wonders, which evolutionary forces contributed to the dramatic transition of some of its descendants into the arguably most successful intracellular parasites? Although a range of various processes and mechanisms contributed to this transition, most likely it also involved an acquisition of genes via horizontal gene transfer (HGT), which might have provided typical characteristics of a parasitic cell, such as immune escape, nutritional dependence and the capacity to invade other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Zíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic. ; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Oborník
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic. ; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic. ; Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic. ; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic. ; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto ON, M5G 1Z8, Canada
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