Long-term follow-up of endoluminal grafting for aneurysmal and occlusive disease in the superficial femoral artery

Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty of Subclavian Artery Lesions

Introduction:

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is one of the treatment options for stenotic and obstructive lesions of the subclavian artery.

Aim:

To evaluate initial and long-term results of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of subclavian artery lesions.

Methods:

During period February 2016 to December 2017, 26 patients (12 men and 14 women) with significant subclavian artery stenosis and occlusion were admitted and underwent PTA. All patients were symptomatic. All PTA procedures were performed with the patient under local anesthesia, through the femoral artery (n=22), brachial artery (n=4), or combined route (n=6). In 7 patients, we performed direct stenting, while in the other 15 patients we performed predilatation before stent implantation. The follow-up protocol consisted of regular clinical examinations in 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post-procedural, and annually thereafter with duplex ultrasound monitoring.

Results:

Initial technical success was achieved in 22 of 26 procedures (84.61%), 100% in stenotic lesions and 55.5 % in total occlusions. Fourth of nine occlusions could not be recanalized by PTA. These patients were managed surgically. The 30-day mortality rate was 0% for the entire group. No patients required reintervention for recurrence of symptoms and the stents remain patent at period of 12 months post-procedural.

Conclusion:

The minimal invasive technique, the markedly lower complication rate, the high long-term patency, patient’s comfort and the decreased hospital stay have made endovascular repair the primary choice of treatment in the majority of cases, especially in patients with stenotic lesions and high-risk patients. We consider PTA of subclavian artery stenotic/obstructive lesions should be the first therapeutic option.

Current state of endovascular treatment of femoro-popliteal artery disease

Considerable advances have been made over the last decade in percutaneous technology for the treatment of atherosclerotic diseases in the femoro-popliteal arteries. While treatment strategies are well defined in the iliac segment, where angioplasty and stenting perform well in appropriately selected lesions, the search for a durable transcatheter therapy for femoro-popliteal lesions continues. Whereas balloon angioplasty (PTA) is the accepted therapy for short lesions, long diffuse lesions are still recommended for surgical treatment. However, attractive new technologies ranging from transcatheter plaque excision to laser ablation, rotational atherectomy, cryoplasty, brachytherapy, and placement of drug-eluting stents to simple angioplasty with drug-coated balloons may have the potential to replace femoro-popliteal bypass surgery as a treatment of choice for complex lesions. This article reviews the status of percutaneous endovascular techniques for the treatment of femoro-popliteal artery occlusive disease.

Results With Viabahn-Assisted Subintimal Recanalization for TASC C and TASC D Superficial Femoral Artery Occlusive Disease

Objectives: Many investigators including TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) recommend against primary endovascular treatment for severe (TASC C and D) superficial femoral artery (SFA) disease. Vein bypass is preferable but may not be appropriate due to comorbidities or lack of suitable vein. This study reviews our results with Viabahn stent graft-assisted subintimal recanalization (VASIR) for TASC C and D SFA atherosclerosis. Methods: In all, 13 males and 14 females, mean age 72 ± 11 years underwent 28 VASIR for severe (TASC C 8 of 28, TASC D 20 of 28, and 5 of 28 no continuous infrapopliteal runoff artery) SFA disease. Indications were claudication (14 of 28 limbs), ischemic rest pain (6 of 28), and tissue loss (8 of 28). Viabahn stent graft-assisted subintimal recanalization was chosen instead of bypass due to comorbidities or lack of vein. Patients received aspirin and, if not already taking warfarin, they also received clopidogrel. Patients were examined with Ankle-brachial Index (ABI) and duplex scan at 1 month, then every 3 months after VASIR. Results Viabahn stent graft-assisted subintimal recanalization was technically successful in all. Ankle-brachial Index averaged 0.47 ± 0.17 preprocedure, 0.89 ± 0.20 postprocedure, and increased by 0.15 or more in every case. Median follow-up is 20 months. There were 3 perioperative (<30 days) and 7 later failures including revision prior to any thrombosis. One patient required amputation. Four have died, 2 with patent grafts, none from causes related to VASIR, all more than 30 days post-VASIR. Estimated 1-year primary and secondary patency were 70% ± 11% and 73% ± 10%. Failure was not significantly associated with indications, comorbidities, or runoff status. There was a clear distinction between patients with early failure and the rest of the patients. None of the 8 patients with failure in the first 8 months after surgery has a patent graft. However, of 17 grafts primarily patent at 8 months, only 2 have failed (1 thrombosed and 1 required preemptive balloon angioplasty). There was a strong trend toward better patency with 6 and 7 mm diameter compared to 5 mm diameter stent grafts. Furthermore, although warfarin was not prescribed as part of the protocol, no patient taking warfarin before and who resumed warfarin after VASIR (n = 4) suffered failure. Conclusions: Despite significant early failures, we found VASIR to be durable in those who did not have early failure. Viabahn stent graft-assisted subintimal recanalization is an acceptable alternative to vein bypass in selected patients with severe SFA disease. Smaller arterial or stent graft diameter may be associated with poorer results. Warfarin may be valuable to reduce the risk of failure after VASIR.

Value of the Hemobahn/Viabahn Endoprosthesis in the Treatment of Long Chronic Lesions of the Superficial Femoral Artery:6 Years of Experience

PURPOSE

To evaluate the long-term efficacy of Hemobahn/Viabahn endoprostheses (HVE) in patients with femoral arterial occlusive disease.

METHODS

During a 6-year period, 57 patients (46 men; mean age 62.7+/-9.3 years, range 44-82) were treated with 82 Hemobahn or Viabahn endoprostheses for stenoses (13%) or occlusions (87%) of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) in 60 limbs. The average length of the treated lesions was 10.7 cm (range 3-34), and the mean length of the HVE was 15.9 cm (3-33). Patients had chronic limb ischemia in Rutherford stages 2/3 (92%), 4 (2%), and 5 (7%). The crossover method was used to deploy the stent-graft in 31 cases and the ipsilateral technique in 29.

RESULTS

Endoprosthesis deployment was technically successful in 59 (98%) of 60 limbs. In 2 cases, major complications (1 deployment failure and 1 thromboembolism) required additional surgery. Early thrombosis (within 30 days) occurred in 6 (10%) femoral arteries. The mean follow-up was 55 months (8-78). Late thrombosis or reocclusion was observed in 22 (37%) arteries up to 5 years after prosthesis placement (14 in the first year). Primary/ secondary patency rates were 90%/95% at 30 days (n=59), 67%/81% at 1 year (n=58), 57%/ 80% after 3 years (n=49), and 45%/69% after 5 years (n=32). In a subgroup analysis of 48 patients with "optimal" conditions for implantation (no heavy calcifications, popliteal obstruction, or complete superficial femoral artery occlusion; minimum 1-vessel runoff; and adequate antiplatelet therapy or anticoagulation), the primary/secondary patency rates were 80%/91% after the first year (n=46), 71%/89% after 3 years (n=38), and 62%/90% after 5 years (n=21).

CONCLUSION

HVE seems to be suitable for femoral arterial occlusive disease so long as ideal indications and prophylaxis against secondary thrombosis are strictly observed.

Stenting in the Femoropopliteal Arterial Segment

In the femoropopliteal arterial segment, balloon angioplasty is a recommended treatment strategy for short lesions. Over the past few years, several reports have emerged on the potential role of self-expanding stents for treating longer, more complex disease segments where the patency following balloon angioplasty is notoriously dismal. This paper will attempt to review the emerging role of nitinol stents for treating patients with chronic lower limb ischemia, secondary to severe femoropopliteal arterial disease.

Efficacy of Hemobahn® in the Treatment of Superficial Femoral Artery Lesions in Patients with Acute or Critical Ischemia: A Comparative Study with Claudicants

PURPOSE

To assess the results of covered stents in the treatment of superficial femoral artery (SFA) occlusive disease.

METHOD

From July 2000 till June 2003, 32 patients (34 limbs) were scheduled for procedures including Hemobahn deployment in the SFA. Indication for treatment was claudication (group I, N=15 patients and 16 limbs, 31.2% occlusions) or critical and acute ischemia (group II, N=17 patients and 18 limbs, 61.1% occlusions). TASC D SFA lesions were excluded. No limb artery was patent pre-operatively in 19% and 89% of limbs in groups I and II, respectively (p=0.00001).

RESULTS

Outflow procedures were performed simultaneously in one limb in group I and 12 in group II (p=0.0003). The technical, hemodynamic and clinical success rates were 100, 100 and 94.1%, respectively. Mean follow-up was 18.1 months. Primary patency rates at 12 months were 81.3+/-10.6% in group I and 88.6+/-9.0% in group II (p=0.547). At 12 months, the secondary patency and limb salvage rates were, respectively, 87.5+/-8.9 and 100% in group I and 87.5+/-8.93 and 94.45+/-6.71% in group II.

CONCLUSION

Treatment of SFA occlusive lesions (excluding TASC D lesions) with the Hemobahn covered stent yielded good results for both claudicants with good outflow and patients with critical or acute ischemia with bad outflow, if concomitant outflow-improving procedures were performed.

Stent-Graft Treatment of Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Arterial Lesions

Five patients with pseudoaneurysms of the carotid artery (n = 4) and an arteriovenous fistula of the vertebral artery (n = 1) were treated with stent-grafts. Commercially made devices were used in all but one of the patients. In four of the five patients, the pathology was successfully excluded. One patient had a small type-I endoleak. There were no immediate procedure-related complications or neurologic sequalae. All experienced immediate resolution of symptoms. One patient was lost to follow-up after discharge and another died 2 weeks after intervention. The remaining patients remained asymptomatic with patent stent-grafts after follow-up periods of 14, 16, and 46 months, respectively.

Covered stent-graft repair of the brachiocephalic arteries: technical note

OBJECTIVE

The use of a covered stent-graft to repair disruptions of the cervical carotid and vertebral arteries is described. This device maintains vessel patency while effectively excluding pseudoaneurysms, arteriovenous fistulae, and other breaches in the integrity of the arterial wall.

METHODS

Patient 1 bled from a large rent in the proximal common carotid artery as a result of tumor invasion. Patient 2 developed a vertebral arteriovenous fistula after a stab injury to the neck. Patient 3 developed cerebral infarction and an enlarging pseudoaneurysm of the internal carotid artery, also after a stab wound to the neck.

RESULTS

All three patients were treated with the Wallgraft endoprosthesis (Boston Scientific, Watertown, MA). In each case, the vessel wall defect was repaired while antegrade flow through the artery was preserved or restored. No neurological complications occurred as a result of stent-graft deployment.

CONCLUSION

Covered stent-grafts offer an alternative to endovascular occlusion of the parent vessel, thereby expanding the therapeutic options for patients with extracranial cerebrovascular disease. These three cases highlight the usefulness and versatility of these devices for endoluminal reconstruction of the brachiocephalic vasculature.

Femoropopliteal arteries: immediate and long-term results with a Dacron-covered stent-graft

PURPOSE

To assess immediate and long-term outcome after femoropopliteal implantation of a Dacron-covered stent-graft in patients with peripheral arterial disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This prospective cohort study included 30 consecutive patients who underwent Dacron-covered stent-graft implantation because of recurrent stenosis after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in the femoropopliteal segment. After interventional treatment, 100 mg of acetylsalicylic acid daily and oral anticoagulation therapy (therapeutic level, international normalized ratio, 2.0-3.0) were administered. Patients were followed up with ankle-brachial index measurement, color-coded duplex ultrasonography, and angiography. Primary and secondary patency rates and postintervention complications were documented as was initial technical success. Kaplan-Meier and life table analyses were used for calculation of patency rates.

RESULTS

Initial technical success was achieved in all 30 patients, with significant improvement of ankle-brachial index from a preintervention mean of 0.5 +/- 0.14 (SD) to a postintervention mean of 0.8 +/- 0.17 (P <.001). Postimplantation noninfectious fever and leukocyte and C-reactive protein level elevation occurred in 12 patients (40%), and 17 patients (57%) reported persistent pain at the site of implantation for a mean of 5 days (range, 2-28 days). Early recurrent occlusion within the first 24 hours was found in five patients (17%). Within the mean follow-up period of 60 months +/- 10, restenosis occurred in 25 patients (83%). At 6, 12, 36, and 72 months, respectively, primary patency rates were 27%, 23%, 17%, 17%, and secondary patency rates were 63%, 60%, 34%, 34%.

CONCLUSION

Implantation of Dacron-covered stent-grafts for treatment of femoropopliteal lesions leads to high early and late restenosis rates, with a considerable rate of complications, such as fever and pain.

Balloon dilation and stent implantation for treatment of femoropopliteal arterial disease: meta-analysis

PURPOSE

To perform a meta-analysis of long-term results of balloon dilation and stent implantation in the treatment of femoropopliteal arterial disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The English-language literature was searched for studies published between 1993 and 2000. Inclusion criteria for articles were presentation of long-term primary patency rates, standard errors (explicitly reported or derivable), and baseline characteristics of the study population. Two reviewers independently extracted data, and discrepancies were resolved by consensus. Primary patency rates were combined by using a technique that allows adjustment for differences across study populations. Analyses were adjusted for lesion type and clinical indication.

RESULTS

Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria, representing 923 balloon dilations and 473 stent implantations. Combined 3-year patency rates after balloon dilation were 61% (standard error, 2.2%) for stenoses and claudication, 48% (standard error, 3.3%) for occlusions and claudication, 43% (standard error, 4.1%) for stenoses and critical ischemia, and 30% (standard error, 3.7%) for occlusions and critical ischemia. The 3-year patency rates after stent implantation were 63%-66% (standard error, 4.1%) and were independent of clinical indication and lesion type. Funnel plots demonstrated an asymmetric distribution of the data points associated with stent studies.

CONCLUSION

Balloon dilation and stent implantation for claudication and stenosis yield similar long-term patency rates. For more severe femoropopliteal disease, the results of stent implantation seem more favorable. Publication bias could not be ruled out.

Cost and patency rate targets for the development of endovascular devices to treat femoropopliteal arterial disease

PURPOSE

To determine the criteria that would make use of an endovascular device cost-effective compared with bypass surgery and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in the treatment of femoropopliteal arterial disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A decision model was developed to compare treatment with the use of a hypothetical endovascular device with established therapies. Cost-effectiveness from the perspective of the health care system was considered. Outcome measures were lifetime costs and quality-adjusted life-years. With the use of net health benefit calculations and threshold analysis, combinations of costs and patency rates were determined that would make the device cost-effective compared with established therapies. In subgroup and sensitivity analyses, the effect on decision-making of sex, age, indication, lesion type, procedural risk, and society's willingness to pay for incremental gain in health were explored.

RESULTS

Use of a device that costs $3,000 would be cost-effective compared with bypass surgery for critical ischemia if the 5-year patency rate is 29%-46%. Use of the same device would be cost-effective compared with angioplasty for disabling claudication and stenosis if the 5-year patency rate is 69%-86%.

CONCLUSION

The target combinations of costs and patency rates found in this study are probably attainable, and further development of such endovascular devices seems warranted.