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Li Y, Fan Y, Xu J, Huo L, Scott AW, Jin J, Yang B, Shao S, Ma L, Wang Y, Yao X, Pool Pizzi M, Sewastjanow Da Silva M, Zhang G, Zhuo L, Cho EJ, Dalby KN, Shanbhag ND, Wang Z, Li W, Song S, Ajani JA. GRK3 is a poor prognosticator and serves as a therapeutic target in advanced gastric adenocarcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:257. [PMID: 35996148 PMCID: PMC9396876 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is the most targeted protein family by the FDA-approved drugs. GPCR-kinase 3 (GRK3) is critical for GPCR signaling. Our genomic analysis showed that GRK3 expression correlated with poor prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) patients. However, GRK3’s functions and clinical utility in GAC progression and metastases are unknown.
Methods
We studied GRK3 expression in normal, primary, and metastatic GAC tissues. We identified a novel GRK3 inhibitor, LD2, through a chemical-library screen. Through genetic and pharmacologic modulations of GRK3, a series of functional and molecular studies were performed in vitro and in vivo. Impact of GRK3 on YAP1 and its targets was determined.
Results
GRK3 was overexpressed in GAC tissues compared to normal and was even higher in peritoneal metastases. Overexpression (OE) of GRK3 was significantly associated with shorter survival. Upregulation of GRK3 in GAC cells increased cell invasion, colony formation, and proportion of ALDH1+ cells, while its downregulation reduced these attributes. Further, LD2 potently and specifically inhibited GRK3, but not GRK2, a very similar kinase to GRK3. LD2 highly suppressed GAC cells’ malignant phenotypes in vitro. Mechanistically, GRK3 upregulated YAP1 in GAC tissues and its transcriptional downstream targets: SOX9, Birc5, Cyr61 and CTGF. Knockdown (KD) YAP1 rescued the phenotypes of GRK3 OE in GAC cells. GRK3 OE significantly increased tumor growth but LD2 inhibited tumor growth in the PDX model and dramatically suppressed peritoneal metastases induced by GRK3 OE.
Conclusions
GRK3, a poor prognosticator for survival, conferred aggressive phenotype. Genetic silencing of GRK3 or its inhibitor LD2 blunted GRK3-conferred malignant attributes, suggesting GRK3 as a novel therapeutic target in advanced GAC.
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Lu Y, Zhao H, Liu Y, Zuo Y, Xu Q, Liu L, Li X, Zhu H, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Zhao X, Li Y. Chronic Stress Activates PlexinA1/VEGFR2-JAK2-STAT3 in Vascular Endothelial Cells to Promote Angiogenesis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:709057. [PMID: 34485146 PMCID: PMC8415364 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.709057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that chronic stress modulates multiple processes in a complex microenvironment, such as angiogenesis and immune function. However, the role of chronic stress inducing tumor angiogenesis and how it contributes to tumor progression are not quite clear. The following study assess psychological state from numerous ambulatory cancer cases (n=332), and chronic stress-related hormone levels were further measured. Here, we show that chronic stress not only causes behavioral changes in human, most importantly attributed to an elevated level of stress-related hormones. To address this, isoprenaline, the agonist of β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR), was utilized for simulating chronic stress and demonstrating the mechanism of stress in tumor angiogenesis at molecular level both in vivo and in vitro. As suggested by this study, isoprenaline promote VEGF autocrine of HUVECs, which can induce plexinA1 and VEGFR2 expression. Moreover, we show that isoprenaline promoted the expression of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 in vitro. The results reveal that, isoprenaline enhances the autocrine of VEGF in HUVECs and up-regulating plexinA1 and VEGFR2 levels, thus activating the phosphorylation of JAK2-STAT3 pathway, the two essential parts during angiogenesis. The present work indicates that, the mechanism of chronic stress in enhancing angiogenesis is probably achieved through activating the plexinA1/VEGFR2-JAK2-STAT3 signal transduction pathway within HUVECs, and this is probably a candidate target for developing a strategy against angiogenesis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanJie Lu
- Department of Pathology, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, China.,Cancer Research Laboratory, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, China
| | - HanZheng Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pathology, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, China
| | - YanZhen Zuo
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, China
| | - XiaoMin Li
- Department of Psychology, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, China
| | - HongBin Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The 983rd Hospital of the Joint Service Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, China
| | - Shuling Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, Chengde County Hospital, Chengde, China
| | - XiangYang Zhao
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, China.,Department of General Surgery, The 983rd Hospital of the Joint Service Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Tianjin, China
| | - YuHong Li
- Department of Pathology, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, China.,Cancer Research Laboratory, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, China
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3
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New lung cancer treatments in Brazil, inequalities in patient access between the private and public health systems and differences in market access compared with the USA. J Cancer Policy 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpo.2020.100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ajani JA, Estrella JS, Chen Q, Correa AM, Ma L, Scott AW, Jin J, Liu B, Xie M, Sudo K, Shiozaki H, Badgwell B, Weston B, Lee JH, Bhutani MS, Onodera H, Suzuki K, Suzuki A, Ding S, Hofstetter WL, Johnson RL, Bresalier RS, Song S. Galectin-3 expression is prognostic in diffuse type gastric adenocarcinoma, confers aggressive phenotype, and can be targeted by YAP1/BET inhibitors. Br J Cancer 2018; 118:52-61. [PMID: 29136404 PMCID: PMC5765229 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a β-galactoside binding protein, has been noted in many tumour types but its functional significance and clinical utility in gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) are not well known. METHODS We studied 184 GAC patients characterised by histologic grade, sub-phenotypes (diffuse vs intestinal), and ethnicity (Asians vs North Americans). Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess the expression of Gal-3 in human GACs and we correlated it to the clinical outcomes. Cell proliferation, invasion, co-immunoprecipitation and kinase activity assays were done in genetically stable Gal-3 overexpressing GC cell lines and the parental counterparts to delineate the mechanisms of action and activity of inhibitors. RESULTS Most patients were men, Asian, and had a poorly differentiated GAC. Gal-3 was over-expressed in poorly differentiated (P=0.002) tumours and also in diffuse sub-phenotype (P=0.02). Gal-3 overexpression was associated with shorter overall survival (OS; P=0.026) in all patients. Although, Gal-3 over-expression was not prognostic in the Asian cohort (P=0.337), it was highly prognostic in the North American cohort (P=0.001). In a multivariate analysis, Gal-3 (P=0.001) and N-stage (P=<0.001) were independently prognostic for shorter OS. Mechanistically, Gal-3 induced c-MYC expression through increasing RalA activity and an enhanced YAP1/RalA/RalBP complex to confer an aggressive phenotype. YAP1/BET bromodomain inhibitors reduced Gal-3-mediated aggressive phenotypes in GAC cells. CONCLUSIONS Gal-3 is an independent prognostic marker of shorter OS and a novel therapeutic target particularly in diffuse type GAC in North American patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaffer A Ajani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeannelyn S Estrella
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qiongrong Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arlene M Correa
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lang Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ailing W Scott
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiankang Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Pharmaceuical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kazuki Sudo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hironori Shiozaki
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brian Badgwell
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brian Weston
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Manoop S Bhutani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hisashi Onodera
- Education Center, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo 104-8560, Japan
| | - Koyu Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo 104-8560, Japan
| | - Akihiro Suzuki
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo 104-8560, Japan
| | - Sheng Ding
- Department of Pharmaceuical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Wayne L Hofstetter
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Randy L Johnson
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert S Bresalier
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shumei Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Lu Y, Xu Q, Zuo Y, Liu L, Liu S, Chen L, Wang K, Lei Y, Zhao X, Li Y. Isoprenaline/β2-AR activates Plexin-A1/VEGFR2 signals via VEGF secretion in gastric cancer cells to promote tumor angiogenesis. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:875. [PMID: 29262812 PMCID: PMC5738852 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of stress signals in regulating gastric cancer initiation and progression is not quite clear. It is known that stress signals modulate multiple processes such as immune function, cell migration and angiogenesis. However, few studies have investigated the mechanisms of how stress signals contribute to gastric cancer angiogenesis. Methods Here, we used β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) agonist isoprenaline to imitate a stress signal and demonstrated the molecular mechanism underlying stress’s influence on tumor angiogenesis. Results We found that isoprenaline stimulated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion in gastric cancer cells and plexin-A1 expression was induced by human recombinant VEGF165 in both gastric cancer cells and vascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, interfere with plexin-A1 expression in gastric cancer cells influence HUVEC tube formation, migration and tumor growth in vivo. Conclusions These findings suggest that isoprenaline stimulate VGEF secretion and subsequently up-regulate the expression of plexin-A1 and VEGFR2 in gastric cancer cells, which form a positive impetus to promote tumor angiogenesis. This study reveals a novel molecular mechanism that a stress signal like isoprenaline may enhance angiogenesis via activating plexin-A1/VEGFR2 signaling pathway in gastric cancer, which may be a potential target in development of an anti-angiogenic therapy for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Lu
- Department of Pathology; Cancer Research Laboratory, Chengde Medical College, Shangerdaohezi Avenue, Chengde, Hebei, 067000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Xu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, 067000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanzhen Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, 067000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microorganism, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, 067000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaochen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, 067000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, the 266th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Puning Avenue, Chengde, Hebei, 067000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, 067000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuntao Lei
- Department of Pathology, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, 067000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, the 266th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Puning Avenue, Chengde, Hebei, 067000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuhong Li
- Department of Pathology; Cancer Research Laboratory, Chengde Medical College, Shangerdaohezi Avenue, Chengde, Hebei, 067000, People's Republic of China.
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Zeichner SB, Goldstein DA, Kohn C, Flowers CR. Cost-effectiveness of precision medicine in gastrointestinal stromal tumor and gastric adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2017; 8:513-523. [PMID: 28736638 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2016.04.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, with the incorporation of genetic sequencing and improved understanding regarding the mechanisms of cancer growth/metastasis, novel targets and their associated treatments have emerged in oncology and are now regularly incorporated into the clinical care of patients in the US. Novel, more tumor-specific, non-chemotherapy agents, including agents that are commonly used in the treatment of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), fall under a broader treatment strategy, termed "precision medicine". While diagnostic testing and associated treatments in metastatic GA (mGA) are costly and may produce marginal benefit, those associated with GIST, despite being costly, produce significant improvements in patient outcomes. Despite the significant difference in impact, the agents associated with these cancers have similar acquisition costs. In this paper, we will review the current literature regarding cost and cost-effectiveness associated with precision medicine diagnosis and treatment strategies for GA and GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon B Zeichner
- Winship Cancer Institute at Emory University, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Daniel A Goldstein
- Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
| | - Christine Kohn
- University of Saint Joseph School of Pharmacy, Hartford Hospital Evidence-based Practice Center, Hartford, CT 06103, USA
| | - Christopher R Flowers
- Winship Cancer Institute at Emory University, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Liu M, Li Z, Yang J, Jiang Y, Chen Z, Ali Z, He N, Wang Z. Cell-specific biomarkers and targeted biopharmaceuticals for breast cancer treatment. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:409-20. [PMID: 27312135 PMCID: PMC6496337 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women, and its related treatment has been attracting significant attention over the past decades. Among the various treatments, targeted therapy has shown great promise as a precision treatment, by binding to cancer cell-specific biomarkers. So far, great achievements have been made in targeted therapy of breast cancer. In this review, we first discuss cell-specific biomarkers, which are not only useful for classification of breast cancer subtyping but also can be utilized as goals for targeted therapy. Then, the innovative and generic-targeted biopharmaceuticals for breast cancer, including monoclonal antibodies, non-antibody proteins and small molecule drugs, are reviewed. Finally, we provide our outlook on future developments of biopharmaceuticals, and provide solutions to problems in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhiyang Li
- School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
- Department of Laboratory MedicineNanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical CollegeNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jingjing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yanyun Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhongsi Chen
- School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zeeshan Ali
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Nongyue He
- School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhifei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
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Diaz-Serrano A, Riesco-Martinez MC, Garcia-Carbonero R. The safety and efficacy of ramucirumab for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2016; 16:585-95. [PMID: 27144874 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2016.1182430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ramucirumab (IMC-1121B, LY3009806) is a fully humanized monoclonal antibody that targets the extracellular domain of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), the principal mediator of VEGF-A downstream effects in cancer angiogenesis. Ramucirumab has been recently approved for use in combination with FOLFIRI for the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) whose disease has progressed on a first line bevacizumab-, oxaliplatin- and fluoropyrimidine-containing regimen. This approval was based on the results of the RAISE phase III placebo-controlled trial. This study demonstrated that the addition of ramucirumab to irinotecan-based chemotherapy significantly improved progression-free and overall survival of patients with mCRC, with manageable toxicity. AREAS COVERED The aim of this drug profile is to briefly summarize the pharmacology, clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability of ramucirumab in the context of metastatic colorectal cancer, and to provide some perspective regarding the role of the drug in clinical practice. Expert commentary: Pending issues that shall be addressed in the upcoming years include the optimization of ramucirumab dosing schedule, assessment of its role with other chemotherapy regimens or in other treatment settings, comparative evaluation of this agent with other antiangiogenics, and identification of predictive biomarkers to improve the therapeutic index and cost-effectiveness of this drug.
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Calvetti L, Pilotto S, Carbognin L, Ferrara R, Caccese M, Tortora G, Bria E. The coming of ramucirumab in the landscape of anti-angiogenic drugs: potential clinical and translational perspectives. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:1359-70. [PMID: 26190526 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1071350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of tumors and it represents a crucial target for therapeutic strategies. Until now, regulatory agencies approved antiangiogenic agents targeting the VEGF and multi-target agents carrying antiangiogenic and anti-proliferative effects. They often provide only a modest survival benefit and their role in clinical practice is debated. The limited efficacy may be partially explained by the complexity of the molecular background of angiogenic processes, composed of several pathways interacting with both tumor cells and the microenvironment. AREAS COVERED Ramucirumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody selectively binding and inhibiting the VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), a crucial molecule involved in angiogenesis. A series of Phase I-II trials conducted in a wide spectrum of malignancies reported promising antitumor activity. In 2014, data from large Phase III clinical trials in gastrointestinal, lung and breast malignancies were released. EXPERT OPINION Considering the evidences of efficacy emerging from the available Phase III trials, the antiangiogenic approach emerged as a promising strategy particularly for the treatment of gastric cancer. Nevertheless, the identification and validation of potentially predictive biomarkers are necessary to improve the selection of patients and the globally awaited clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Calvetti
- University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Medical Oncology , P.le L.A. Scuro 10, 37124 Verona , Italy
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Zhou W, Wang J, Man WY, Zhang QW, Xu WG. siRNA silencing EZH2 reverses cisplatin-resistance of human non-small cell lung and gastric cancer cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:2425-30. [PMID: 25824776 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.6.2425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical resistance to chemotherapeutic agents is one of the major hindrances in the treatment of human cancers. EHZ2 is involved in drug resistance and is overexpressed in drug-resistant cancer cell lines. In this study, we investigated the effects of EHZ2 on cisplatin -resistance in A549/DDP and AGS/DDP cells. EHZ2 mRNA and protein were found to be significantly overexpressed in A549/DDP and AGS/DDP cells, compared to parental cells. EHZ2 siRNA successfully silenced EHZ2 mRNA and protein expression. Proliferation was inhibited and drug resistance to cisplatin was improved. Flow cytometry showed that silencing of EHZ2 arrested A549/DDP and AGS/DDP cells in the G0/G1 phase, increasing apoptosis, rh-123 fluorescence intensity and caspase-3/8 activities. Silencing of EHZ2 also significantly reduced the mRNA and protein expression levels of cyclin D1 and MDR1,while up-regulating p15, p21, p27 and miR-218 in A549/DPP cells. Furthermore, silencing of EHZ2 also significantly increased the expression level of tumor suppressor factor miR-218. We also found down-regulating EHZ2 expression increased methylation in A549/DDP and AGS/DDP cells. This study demonstrates that drug resistance can be effectively reversed in human cisplatin-resistant lung and gastric cancer cells through delivery of siRNAs targeting EHZ2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China E-mail :
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O'Sullivan Coyne G, Burotto M. Clinical experience with ramucirumab : outcomes in breast cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:1351-60. [PMID: 25018016 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.939069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monoclonal antibodies and small molecules targeting the VEGF pathway are part of the arsenal to treat malignant tumors. Antiangiogenesis therapies has been studied in breast cancer with partial success, reflected by the approval of bevacizumab in Europe but not in United States, for metastatic breast cancer (mBC). Ramucirumab is a mAb against VEGFR-2 interfering with the normal activation of this receptor by its natural ligand VEGF. AREAS COVERED This article will review the preclinical data available to date for ramucirumab, as well as survey the main clinical trials of antiangiogenic agents reported in breast cancer, focusing on Phase III clinical trials. It will also review the clinical trial data for ramucirumab in mBC, including the design of the Phase II trials, and report on the preliminary results of the TRIO-012 trial. This trial did not meet its primary end point in progression-free survival and has to be considered as a negative trial. EXPERT OPINION Despite preliminary positive data with ramucirumab in other metastatic solid tumors reported to date, the results of TRIO-012 discourage pursuing more efforts with ramucirumab in mBC unless predictive and reproducible biomarkers can be established to select those patients who are most likely to benefit from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine O'Sullivan Coyne
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health National, Center for Cancer Research, Medical Oncology Service , 12N226, Bethesda, MD 20892 , USA +1 301 496 4916 ; +1 301 402 0172 ; geraldine.o'
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