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Gupta J, Ahmed AT, Tayyib NA, Zabibah RS, Shomurodov Q, Kadheim MN, Alsaikhan F, Ramaiah P, Chinnasamy L, Samarghandian S. A state-of-art of underlying molecular mechanisms and pharmacological interventions/nanotherapeutics for cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115337. [PMID: 37659203 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The fourth common reason of death among patients is gastric cancer (GC) and it is a dominant tumor type in Ease Asia. One of the problems in GC therapy is chemoresistance. Cisplatin (CP) is a platinum compound that causes DNA damage in reducing tumor progression and viability of cancer cells. However, due to hyperactivation of drug efflux pumps, dysregulation of genes and interactions in tumor microenvironment, tumor cells can develop resistance to CP chemotherapy. The current review focuses on the CP resistance emergence in GC cells with emphasizing on molecular pathways, pharmacological compounds for reversing chemoresistance and the role of nanostructures. Changes in cell death mechanisms such as upregulation of pro-survival autophagy can prevent CP-mediated apoptosis that results in drug resistance. Moreover, increase in metastasis via EMT induction induces CP resistance. Dysregulation of molecular pathways such as PTEN, PI3K/Akt, Nrf2 and others result in changes in CP response of GC cells. Non-coding RNAs determine CP response of GC cells and application of pharmacological compounds with activity distinct of CP can result in sensitivity in tumor cells. Due to efficacy of exosomes in transferring bioactive molecules such as RNA and DNA molecules among GC cells, exosomes can also result in CP resistance. One of the newest progresses in overcoming CP resistance in GC is application of nanoplatforms for delivery of CP in GC therapy that they can increase accumulation of CP at tumor site and by suppressing carcinogenic factors and overcoming biological barriers, they increase CP toxicity on cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, U.P., India
| | | | - Nahla A Tayyib
- Faculty of Nursing, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahman S Zabibah
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Qakhramon Shomurodov
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Tashkent State Dental Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Department of Scientific Affairs, Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | - Mostafai N Kadheim
- Department of Dentistry, Kut University College, Kut, Wasit 52001, Iraq; Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad 10022 Iraq
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, the Islamic Republic of Iran.
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2
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Heidarizadi S, Rashidi Z, Jalili C, Gholami M. Overview of biological effects of melatonin on testis: A review. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14597. [PMID: 36168927 DOI: 10.1111/and.14597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertility is a major global health issue and male factors account for half of all infertility cases. One of the causes of male infertility is the loss of spermatogonial stem cells, which may occur because of chemotherapy, radiotherapy or genetic defects. In numerous animal species, the evidence suggests the pineal gland and melatonin secretion in their reproductive activities are involved. Recently, considerable attention has pointed to the usage of melatonin in the treatment of diseases. Melatonin is associated with the regulation of circadian and seasonal rhythmic functions, immune system functions, retinal physiology, spermatogenesis and inhibition of tumour growth in different species. Several studies demonstrated that melatonin acts as an anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant agent. Melatonin can also protect testicles and spermatogonia against oxidative damage, chemotherapy drugs, environmental radiation, toxic substances, hyperthermia, ischemia/reperfusion, diabetes-induced testicular damage, metal-induced testicular toxicity, improve sperm quality and it affects the testosterone secretion pathway by affecting Leydig cells. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the biological effects of melatonin as a natural antioxidant on testicles and their disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Heidarizadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zahra Rashidi
- Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Cyrus Jalili
- Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Gholami
- Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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3
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Zheng YZ, Cui J, Wang YL, Huang SJ, Lin EC, Huang SC, Rudolf JD, Yan X, Chang CY. The structure-function relationship of human bleomycin hydrolase: mutation of a cysteine protease into a serine protease. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200186. [PMID: 35467071 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human bleomycin hydrolase (hBH) catalyzes deamidation of the anticancer drug, bleomycins (BLM). This enzyme is involved in BLM detoxification and drug resistance. Herein, we report the putative BLM-binding site and catalytic mechanism of hBH. The crystal structures and biochemical studies support that hBH cleaves its C-terminal residue without significant preference for the type of amino acids, and therefore can accordingly accommodate the β-aminoalanine amide moiety of BLM for deamidation. Interestingly, hBH is capable of switching from a cysteine protease to a serine protease that is unable to cleave the secondary amide of hBH C-terminus but reacts with the primary amide of BLMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zhen Zheng
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Department of Biological Science and Technology, TAIWAN
| | - Jingxuan Cui
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, CHINA
| | | | - Szu-Jo Huang
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Department of Biological Science and Technology, TAIWAN
| | - En-Chi Lin
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Department of Biological Science and Technology, TAIWAN
| | - Sheng-Cih Huang
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Department of Applied Chemistry, TAIWAN
| | - Jeffrey D Rudolf
- University of Florida Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, CHINA
| | - Chin-Yuan Chang
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Department of Biological Science and Technology, No. 75, Boai Street, 300, Hsinchu, TAIWAN
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4
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Melatonin protects rats testes against bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin-induced toxicity via mitigating nitro-oxidative stress and apoptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111481. [PMID: 33752059 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing concern that some cytotoxic regimens for cancer adversely affect spermatogenesis and male fertility. Increasing evidence demonstrated that melatonin has beneficial impacts on reproductive processes; however, whether melatonin can protect against bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) chemotherapy regimen-induced testicular toxicity, remains obscure. The present study aimed to explore the effect of melatonin on BEP-evoked testicular injury in rats. Adult male Wistar rats (n = 10/group) were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with one cycle of 21 days of 0.33 therapeutically relevant dose levels of BEP (.5 mg/kg bleomycin, 5 mg/kg etoposide, and 1 mg/kg cisplatin) with or without melatonin. At the end of the study, sperm parameters, testosterone level, stereology of testes, testicular levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), the expression of apoptosis-associated genes such as Bcl2, Bax, Caspase-3, p53, and TNF-α (Real-time PCR and Immunohistochemistry) were evaluated. Our findings showed that melatonin restored spermatogenesis by improving sperm count, motility, viability, and morphology. Testosterone level, histopathology, and stereology of testes were significantly improved in melatonin-administrated groups. Furthermore, melatonin recovered the oxidative status of the testes through elevating TAC and ameliorating MDA and NO levels. More importantly, melatonin therapy suppressed BEP-evoked apoptosis by modulating Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, p53, and TNF-α expression in testes. In conclusion, melatonin protects the testes against BEP-induced testicular damage by attenuating nitro-oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation, which provides evidence for melatonin as a possible clinical therapy against BEP-associated gonadotoxicity and male sub/infertility.
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5
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Liu R, Lei Z, Li A, Jiang Y, Ji J. Differentiation of testicular seminoma and nonseminomatous germ cell tumor on magnetic resonance imaging. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e17937. [PMID: 31702681 PMCID: PMC6855626 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000017937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has excellent soft tissue resolution, as well as multidirectional and multisequence scanning technology, making it an important supplementary method in the diagnosis of testicular tumor.To explore the utility of preoperative MRI for the differential diagnosis of testicular seminoma and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs).The medical records from 39 patients with testicular tumors that were examined preoperatively with MRI and treated with urologic surgery at our institution between January 2015 and March 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Testicular tumors were confirmed by pathology and classified as seminoma (n = 20) or NSGCT (n = 19). Two radiologists analyzed the testicular tumors on preoperative MRI for morphology: multiple nodules or a single mass; presence/absence of a capsule; signal compared to the normal contralateral testicle (isointense, hypointense, hyperintense, or mixed); enhancement; septa; and hemorrhagic or cystic degeneration. Characteristics of seminomas and NSGCT were compared using the Chi-square or Fischer exact test.MRI showed that the majority (95%; 19/20) of seminomas were nodular. There were significant differences in the presence/absence of a capsule (P = .001), T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) signal intensity (P = .047), T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) signal intensity (P < .001), septa (P < .001), and hemorrhagic or cystic degeneration (P < .001) between seminomas and NSGCT.Seminomas were more likely to have no capsule, isointensity on T1WI, hypointensity on T2WI, and had narrow obviously enhanced fibrovascular septa without hemorrhagic or cystic degeneration; NSGCT was more likely to have a capsule, a mainly mixed signal on T1WI and T2WI, most of them had no fibrovascular septa, and hemorrhagic or cystic degeneration was common in malignant NSGCT.This study suggests that preoperative MRI can distinguish seminoma from NSGCT. We propose that preoperative MRI of the scrotum is an effective technique that should be widely adopted for the management of scrotal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renwei Liu
- Urogenital System Group, Department of Radiology, People's Hospital of Long Hua District
| | - Zhengxian Lei
- Department of Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aibo Li
- Urogenital System Group, Department of Radiology, People's Hospital of Long Hua District
| | - Yixiang Jiang
- Urogenital System Group, Department of Radiology, People's Hospital of Long Hua District
| | - Jiayin Ji
- Urogenital System Group, Department of Radiology, People's Hospital of Long Hua District
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6
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Crnovcic I, Gan F, Yang D, Dong LB, Schultz PG, Shen B. Activities of recombinant human bleomycin hydrolase on bleomycins and engineered analogues revealing new opportunities to overcome bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2670-2674. [PMID: 29730026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The bleomycins (BLMs) are widely used in combination therapies for the treatment of various cancers. Dose-dependent and cumulative pulmonary toxicity is the major cause of BLM-associated morbidity, limiting the broad uses of BLMs as anticancer drugs. The organ specificity of BLM-induced toxicity has been correlated with the expression of the hBLMH gene, encoding the human bleomycin hydrolase (hBLMH), which is poorly expressed in the lung. hBLMH hydrolyzes BLMs into the biologically inactive deamido BLMs, thereby protecting organs from BLM-induced toxicity. Here we report (i) expression of hBLMH and production and isolation of recombinant human bleomycin hydrolase (rhBLMH) from E. coli, (ii) structural characterization of deamido BLM A2 and B2 isolated from rhBLMH-catalyzed hydrolysis of BLM A2 and B2, and (iii) kinetic characterization of the rhBLMH-catalyzed hydrolysis of BLM A2 and B2, in comparison with five BLM analogues. rhBLMH from E. coli catalyzes rapid and efficient hydrolysis of all BLMs tested, exhibiting a superior catalytic efficiency for BLM B2. These findings reveal new opportunities to overcome BLM-induced pulmonary toxicity in chemotherapies, potentially by exploring BLM B2 as the preferred congener, engineering designer BLMs with optimized activity for rhBLMH, or co-administrating rhBLMH directly into the lung as a potential protein therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Crnovcic
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Fei Gan
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Liao-Bin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Peter G Schultz
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States; Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Ben Shen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; Natural Products Library Initiative at The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States.
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7
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Hu Y, Zhu QN, Deng JL, Li ZX, Wang G, Zhu YS. Emerging role of long non-coding RNAs in cisplatin resistance. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:3185-3194. [PMID: 29881292 PMCID: PMC5983019 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s158104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP) is one of the most commonly used chemotherapy drugs for the treatment of various cancers. Although platinum-based therapies are highly efficacious against rapidly proliferating malignant tumors, the development of CDDP resistance results in significant relapse as well as decreased overall survival rates, which is a significant obstacle in CDDP-based cancer therapy. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in cancer development and progression by the regulation of processes related to chromatin remodeling, transcription, and posttranscriptional processing. Emerging evidence has recently highlighted the roles of lncRNAs in the development of CDDP resistance. In this review, we discuss the roles and mechanisms of lncRNAs in CDDP chemoresistance, including changes in cellular uptake or efflux of a drug, intracellular detoxification, DNA repair, apoptosis, autophagy, cell stemness, and the related signaling pathways, aiming to provide potential lncRNA-targeted strategies for overcoming drug resistance in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong-Ni Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Li Deng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xing Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Shan Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Che R, Zhu Q, Yu J, Li J, Yu J, Lu W. Syntheses of two kinds of disaccharide subunits of antitumor antibiotic bleomycins. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Gao EJ, Ma XY, Wang B, Meng Y, Zhao FC, Jin HT, Liu SJ, Ge J, Sun YG, Zhang WZ, Zhu MC. A novel dinuclear Pd(II) complex dibridged by 2,2-iminodibenzoic acid: Synthesis, characterization, and biological activity. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328416110038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Bagheri-Sereshki N, Hales BF, Robaire B. The Effects of Chemotherapeutic Agents, Bleomycin, Etoposide, and Cisplatin, on Chromatin Remodeling in Male Rat Germ Cells. Biol Reprod 2016; 94:81. [PMID: 26911428 PMCID: PMC4861167 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.137802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The coadministration of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) has increased the survival rate of testicular cancer patients to over 90%. Previous studies have demonstrated that BEP induces germ cell damage during the final stages of spermatogenesis, when major chromatin remodeling occurs. Chromatin remodeling permits histone-protamine exchange, resulting in sperm head chromatin compaction. This process involves different epigenetic modifications of the core histones. The objective of these studies was to investigate the effects of BEP on epigenetic modifications to histones involved in chromatin remodeling. Brown Norway rats were treated with BEP, and their testes were removed to isolate pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids by unit gravity sedimentation. Western blot analyses were conducted on extracted proteins to detect the expression of key modified histones. In a second cohort testes were prepared for immunohistochemical analysis. The stage-specific expression of each modified histone mark in rat spermatogenesis suggests the involvement of these modifications in chromatin remodeling. BEP treatment significantly increased expression of H3K9m and decreased that of tH2B (or Hist1h2ba) in pachytene spermatocytes, suggesting that nucleosomes were not destabilized to allow for transcription of genes involved in chromatin remodeling. Moreover, BEP treatment altered the expression of H4K8ac in round and elongating spermatids, suggesting that histone eviction was compromised, leading to a looser chromatin structure in mature spermatozoa. Less-compacted sperm chromatin, with alterations to the sperm epigenome, may have an adverse effect on male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Bagheri-Sereshki
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bernard Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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11
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Liu M, Maselli J, Hales BF, Robaire B. The effects of chemotherapy with bleomycin, etoposide, and cis-platinum on telomeres in rat male germ cells. Andrology 2015; 3:1104-12. [PMID: 26446377 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Co-administration of bleomycin, etoposide, and cis-platinum (BEP) has increased the 5-year survival rate of testis cancer patients to over 90%; however, this treatment induces chemotoxic effects on male germ cells. Treatment of male rats with BEP, using a similar schedule to that used in man, affects reproductive organ weights and sperm count, motility, and DNA integrity, as well as pup survival rates. Telomeres, specialized structures at the termini of chromosomes, play an important role in the maintenance of genetic stability. In previous studies, we demonstrated, using a spermatogonial cell line, that cis-platinum and bleomycin damage telomeres and that cis-platinum also inhibits telomerase activity. Our objective here was to test the hypothesis that in vivo exposure to the BEP regimen used to treat testis cancer targets telomeres in the male germ line. Adult male Brown Norway rats received chronic treatment with a BEP regimen. DNA double strand breaks were increased significantly in zygotene germ cells, as assessed by γ-H2AX immunofluorescence. Interestingly, treatment with this BEP regimen increased γ-H2AX foci in the telomere region of zygotene spermatocytes, but not in other germ cell types, such as pachytene cells, round spermatids, or elongating spermatids. Mean telomere lengths were reduced in zygotene, pachytene, round spermatid, elongating spermatid and cauda epididymal spermatozoa compared with the saline control group. Thus, telomere lengths did not recover during germ cell development. These studies demonstrate that BEP treatment is associated with an effect on telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - J Maselli
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - B F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - B Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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12
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Bergamo A, Sava G. Linking the future of anticancer metal-complexes to the therapy of tumour metastases. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:8818-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00134j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapy is almost always applied to patients with one or more diagnosed metastases and is expected to impact these lesions, thus providing significant benefits to the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gianni Sava
- Callerio Foundation Onlus
- 34127 Trieste
- Italy
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Trieste
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13
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O'Flaherty C. Iatrogenic genetic damage of spermatozoa. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 791:117-35. [PMID: 23955676 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7783-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Various factors that negatively influence male fertility can affect sperm morphology and physiology. Many studies on humans and animals suggest that both radiation and chemotherapy alter the sperm chromatin, inducing significant damage to sperm DNA, and decrease the level of protamination, thereby altering DNA compaction. Spermatozoa from cancer survivors are affected by chemotherapy even years after the end of treatment. We are exposed to various toxicants present in the environment (e.g., products of air pollution, pesticides, and plasticizers) whose impact on human male reproduction has not yet been established.This chapter aims to update our knowledge on how the sperm chromatin structure is modified by external agents and to describe the different strategies available to better study this complex structure in infertile men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian O'Flaherty
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University and the Research Institute- McGill University Health Centre, Royal Victoria Hospital, room H6.46, 687 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec, H3A 1A1, Canada,
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14
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Maselli J, Hales BF, Robaire B. The Effects of Chemotherapy with Bleomycin, Etoposide, and Cis-Platinum (BEP) on Rat Sperm Chromatin Remodeling, Fecundity and Testicular Gene Expression in the Progeny1. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:85. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.110759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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15
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Huang SX, Feng Z, Wang L, Galm U, Wendt-Pienkowski E, Yang D, Tao M, Coughlin JM, Duan Y, Shen B. A designer bleomycin with significantly improved DNA cleavage activity. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13501-9. [PMID: 22831455 DOI: 10.1021/ja3056535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The bleomycins (BLMs) are used clinically in combination with a number of other agents for the treatment of several types of tumors, and the BLM, etoposide, and cisplatin treatment regimen cures 90-95% of metastatic testicular cancer patients. BLM-induced pneumonitis is the most feared, dose-limiting side effect of BLM in chemotherapy, which can progress into lung fibrosis and affect up to 46% of the total patient population. There have been continued efforts to develop new BLM analogues in the search for anticancer drugs with better clinical efficacy and lower lung toxicity. We have previously cloned and characterized the biosynthetic gene clusters for BLMs from Streptomyces verticillus ATCC15003, tallysomycins from Streptoalloteichus hindustanus E465-94 ATCC31158, and zorbamycin (ZBM) from Streptomyces flavoviridis SB9001. Comparative analysis of the three biosynthetic machineries provided the molecular basis for the formulation of hypotheses to engineer novel analogues. We now report engineered production of three new analogues, 6'-hydroxy-ZBM, BLM Z, and 6'-deoxy-BLM Z and the evaluation of their DNA cleavage activities as a measurement for their potential anticancer activity. Our findings unveiled: (i) the disaccharide moiety plays an important role in the DNA cleavage activity of BLMs and ZBMs, (ii) the ZBM disaccharide significantly enhances the potency of BLM, and (iii) 6'-deoxy-BLM Z represents the most potent BLM analogue known to date. The fact that 6'-deoxy-BLM Z can be produced in reasonable quantities by microbial fermentation should greatly facilitate follow-up mechanistic and preclinical studies to potentially advance this analogue into a clinical drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Xiong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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16
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Maselli J, Hales BF, Chan P, Robaire B. Exposure to bleomycin, etoposide, and cis-platinum alters rat sperm chromatin integrity and sperm head protein profile. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:166, 1-10. [PMID: 22402960 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.098616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular cancer, currently the most common cancer affecting men of reproductive age, is one of the most curable malignancies due to the progress made in the early diagnosis and effective treatment of this disease. The coadministration of bleomycin, etoposide, and cis-platinum (BEP) has brought the 5-yr survival rate of testis cancer patients to over 90%. However, this treatment results in reproductive chemotoxic effects. We assessed the effect of BEP treatment on sperm chromatin integrity and sperm head protein profiles of adult male Brown Norway rats following 9 wk of treatment with BEP and in animals treated for 9 wk and then subjected to a 9-wk recovery period. Both the susceptibility of DNA to denaturation and the number of strand breaks were significantly increased in mature sperm following 9 wk of treatment with BEP; proteomic analysis revealed that the expression of several proteins, including HSP90AA1 and HSP90B1, was markedly affected. Following a 9-wk recovery period, mature sperm did not show significant DNA damage, indicating that repair had potentially occurred. Interestingly, the protamination level of the sperm of these animals was significantly decreased, while histones HIST1H1D (H1.2), HIST1H4B (H4), HIST2H2AA3 (H2A1), and HIST1H2BA (H2B1A) were concomitantly up-regulated; this was not observed in the sperm immediately following 9 wk of treatment. Thus, there are persistent effects on proteins in sperm heads from the cauda epididymidis 9 wk posttreatment, in the absence of DNA strand breaks. We suggest that these effects on the sperm head proteome may contribute to long-lasting adverse effects in the progeny of BEP-exposed males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Maselli
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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17
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Gnannt R, Winklehner A, Eberli D, Knuth A, Frauenfelder T, Alkadhi H. Automated tube potential selection for standard chest and abdominal CT in follow-up patients with testicular cancer: comparison with fixed tube potential. Eur Radiol 2012; 22:1937-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-012-2453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Aareleid T, Gondos A, Brenner H, Pokker H, Leppik K, Mägi M. Testicular cancer survival in Estonia: improving but still relatively low. Acta Oncol 2011; 50:99-105. [PMID: 20429722 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2010.480981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND international comparisons have pointed to very low survival of patients diagnosed with testicular cancer (TC) in Estonia. METHODS using population based data from the Estonian Cancer Registry and period analysis, we examined trends in TC survival between 1985 and 2004. Additional results from a review of clinical records to ascertain patterns of disease management (1990-2003) were used to explain the changes and identify the areas for potential improvement. RESULTS age-adjusted 5-year period relative survival increased from 47.9% in 1985-1989 to 74.5% in 2000-2004 (p for trend <0.01). A marked improvement was seen for the patients younger than 30, with the 5-year survival reaching 93.3%, while the improvement remained modest among patients aged 30 and above. Although substantial advances occurred in staging and treatment techniques since 1990, deficiencies remained evident in disease management, including not referring patients to an oncologist after their orchiectomy and less careful diagnostic workup for patients above 30 years of age. Low use of radiotherapy suggests poor access to contemporary equipment. Delays in seeking medical consultation, but also in starting adjuvant therapy, could have contributed to poorer outcomes. CONCLUSIONS survival in TC increased markedly in Estonia by the 21(st) century, but is still notably lower than in the more developed countries. Multidisciplinary efforts may help to achieve further improvement. The provision of TC care should be coordinated by specialised cancer centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiiu Aareleid
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia.
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19
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Synthesis and crystal structure of two new dinuclear cobalt(II) complexes interaction with HeLa cells. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:160-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Zhang J, Chen YH, Lu Q. Pro-oncogenic and anti-oncogenic pathways: opportunities and challenges of cancer therapy. Future Oncol 2010; 6:587-603. [PMID: 20373871 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is the uncontrolled growth of cells gaining the potential to invade and disrupt vital tissue functions. This malignant process includes the occurrence of 'unwanted' gene mutations that induce the transformation of normal cells, for example, by overactivation of pro-oncogenic pathways and inactivation of tumor-suppressive or anti-oncogenic pathways. It is now recognized that the number of major signaling pathways that control oncogenesis is not unlimited; therefore, suppressing these pathways can conceivably lead to a cancer cure. However, the clinical application of cancer intervention has not matched up to scientific expectations. Increasing numbers of studies have revealed that many oncogenic-signaling elements show double faces, in which they can promote or suppress cancer pathogenesis depending on tissue type, cancer stage, gene dosage and their interaction with other players in carcinogenesis. This complexity of oncogenic signaling poses challenges to traditional cancer therapy and calls for considerable caution when designing an anticancer drug strategy. We propose future oncology interventions with the concept of integrative cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhang
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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21
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O'Flaherty C, Hales BF, Chan P, Robaire B. Impact of chemotherapeutics and advanced testicular cancer or Hodgkin lymphoma on sperm deoxyribonucleic acid integrity. Fertil Steril 2009; 94:1374-1379. [PMID: 19591994 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2009] [Revised: 05/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of combination chemotherapy on the quality of newly generated spermatozoa from patients with advanced testicular cancer and patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). DESIGN Prospective longitudinal study. SETTING Academic facility. PATIENT(S) Patients with newly diagnosed metastatic testicular cancer and with HL that required chemotherapy were compared with age-matched healthy community volunteers. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Semen parameters, hormone levels, testis volume, and presence of sperm DNA strand breaks in patients with cancer and in healthy community volunteers were compared before and after the patients' chemotherapy at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. RESULT(S) Before chemotherapy, both cancer groups had poorer semen quality compared with community volunteers. Among patients with testicular cancer and HL, 67% and 60%, respectively, had <5x10(6) sperm/mL at 6 months after chemotherapy. At 24 months, 60% and 57% of patients with testicular cancer and HL, respectively, had normal sperm concentrations. Level of FSH was significantly higher in the cancer group compared with community volunteers at 6 to 12 months after chemotherapy. Before chemotherapy, sperm DNA damage was higher in the cancer group than in community volunteers; this damage was increased further at 6 months and remained elevated 24 months after treatment. CONCLUSION(S) Sperm generated after chemotherapy maintain a significant degree of chromatin damage. Therefore, survivors of testicular cancer and HL are at risk of having abnormal reproductive outcome. Proper counseling to these patients on reproductive risks and fertility preservation before chemotherapy is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian O'Flaherty
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University and the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University and the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter Chan
- Department of Urology, McGill University and the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University and the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bernard Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University and the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Urology, McGill University and the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University and the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University and the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Ochoa B, Bobadilla N, Arrellín G, Herrera LA. S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine Increases Serum BUN and Creatinine in Cisplatin-treated Mice. Arch Med Res 2009; 40:54-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Evidence-based pragmatic guidelines for the follow-up of testicular cancer: optimising the detection of relapse. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:1894-902. [PMID: 18542063 PMCID: PMC2441965 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) are the most common cause of cancer in men between the ages of 15 and 40 years, and, overall, the majority of patients should expect to be cured. The European Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group has provided clear guidelines for the primary treatment of both seminoma and nonseminomatous germ cell tumours. There is, however, no international consensus on how best to follow patients after their initial management. This must promptly and reliably identify relapses without causing further harm. The standardising of follow-up would result in optimising risk-benefit ratios for individual patients, while ensuring economic use of resources. We have identified the seven common scenarios in managing seminomas and nonseminomas of the various stages and discuss the pertinent issues around relapse and follow-up. We review the available literature and present our comprehensive TGCT follow-up guidelines. Our protocols provide a pragmatic, easily accessible user-friendly basis for other centres to use or to adapt to suit their needs. Furthermore, this should enable future trials to address specific issues around follow-up giving meaningful and useful results.
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Howard R, Gilbert E, Lynch CF, Hall P, Storm H, Holowaty E, Pukkala E, Langmark F, Kaijser M, Andersson M, Joensuu H, Fossa SD, Allan JM, Travis LB. Risk of leukemia among survivors of testicular cancer: a population-based study of 42,722 patients. Ann Epidemiol 2008; 18:416-21. [PMID: 18433667 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to quantify excess absolute risk (EAR) and excess relative risk (ERR) of secondary leukemia among a large population-based group of testicular cancer survivors. METHODS We identified 42,722 1-year survivors of testicular cancer within 14 population-based cancer registries in Europe and North America (1943-2002). Poisson regression analysis was used to model EAR (per 100,000 person-years [PY]) and ERR of secondary leukemia. Cumulative risks were calculated using a competing risk model. RESULTS Secondary leukemia developed in 89 patients (EAR = 10.8 per 100,000 PY, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.6-14.6; ERR = 1.6, 95%CI = 1.0-2.2). Statistically significantly elevated risks were observed for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (EAR = 7.2, 95%CI = 4.7-10.2) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (EAR = 1.3, 95%CI = 0.4-2.8). In multivariate analyses, AML risk was higher among patients whose initial management included chemotherapy compared to those receiving radiotherapy alone (p = 0.1). Excess cumulative leukemia risk was approximately 0.23% by 30 years after testicular cancer diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Although ERR of leukemia following testicular cancer is large, EAR and cumulative risk, which are better gauges of the population burden, are small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regan Howard
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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25
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Biological effect of mono- and dinuclear alkylamine platinum(II) compounds on human lymphoma cells. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:713-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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26
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O'Flaherty C, Vaisheva F, Hales BF, Chan P, Robaire B. Characterization of sperm chromatin quality in testicular cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma patients prior to chemotherapy. Hum Reprod 2008; 23:1044-52. [PMID: 18346994 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/den081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the incidences of testicular cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma have increased in young men over the past decade, combination chemotherapy has improved survival. As fertility is of importance to these patients, characterization of sperm chromatin structure is needed. We assessed sperm chromatin in testicular cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma patients prior to chemotherapy, in comparison with control community and idiopathic infertile volunteers. METHODS DNA damage was assessed with the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and comet assays; reactive thiols (SH) and DNA compaction were determined with the monobromobimane (mBBr) and chromomycin A3 (CMA3) assays, respectively. RESULTS Both testicular cancer (37%) and Hodgkin's lymphoma (81%) patients had normospermic samples with increased DNA damage, compared with controls. Cancer patients also had higher reactive thiols and CMA3 staining, indicating low DNA compaction. CONCLUSIONS Sperm DNA integrity and compaction were affected in testicular cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma patients prior to chemotherapy. Although SCSA, TUNEL and comet assays all detected DNA damage, the latter was optimal for use in cancer patients. A combination of the comet assay with tests that evaluate sperm DNA compaction, such as flow cytometry-based CMA3 and mBBr assays, is a reliable strategy to characterize sperm chromatin quality in cancer patients at the time of sperm banking.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O'Flaherty
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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27
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Voltz JW, Card JW, Carey MA, Degraff LM, Ferguson CD, Flake GP, Bonner JC, Korach KS, Zeldin DC. Male sex hormones exacerbate lung function impairment after bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:45-52. [PMID: 18276795 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0340oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The roles of sex hormones as modulators of lung function and disease have received significant attention as differential sex responses to various lung insults have been recently reported. The present study used a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model in C57BL/6 mice to examine potential sex differences in physiological and pathological outcomes. Endpoints measured included invasive lung function assessment, immunological response, lung collagen deposition, and a quantitative histological analysis of pulmonary fibrosis. Male mice had significantly higher basal static lung compliance than female mice (P < 0.05) and a more pronounced decline in static compliance after bleomycin administration when expressed as overall change or percentage of baseline change (P < 0.05). In contrast, there were no significant differences between the sexes in immune cell infiltration into the lung or in total lung collagen content after bleomycin. Total lung histopathology scores measured using the Ashcroft method did not differ between the sexes, while a quantitative histopathology scoring system designed to determine where within the lung the fibrosis occurred indicated a tendency toward more fibrosis immediately adjacent to airways in bleomycin-treated male versus female mice. Furthermore, castrated male mice exhibited a female-like response to bleomycin while female mice given exogenous androgen exhibited a male-like response. These data indicate that androgens play an exacerbating role in decreased lung function after bleomycin administration, and traditional measures of fibrosis may miss critical differences in lung function between the sexes. Sex differences should be carefully considered when designing and interpreting experimental models of pulmonary fibrosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Voltz
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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28
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Snygg AS, Hung M, Elmroth SKC. The polyamines spermidine and spermine retard the platination rate of single-stranded DNA oligomers and plasmids. J Inorg Biochem 2007; 101:1153-64. [PMID: 17592741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The presence of polyamines in living cells is crucial for survival. Due to their high net charge at physiological pH, polyamines effectively charge neutralize the phosphodiester backbone of DNA in an interaction that also may protect the DNA from external damage. We here present a study illustrating the influence of spermidine and spermine on the platination reactions of the model oligonucleotides d(T(6)GT(6)), d(T(12)GT(12)), and d(T(24)GT(24)), and the pUC18 DNA plasmid. The aquated forms of the anticancer active compounds cisplatin (cis-[Pt(NH(3))(2)Cl(2)]) and the major Pt(II) metabolite of JM216 (cis-[PtCl(2)(NH(3))(c-C(6)H(11)NH(2))], JM118) were used as platination reagents. The study shows that the kinetics for formation of the coordinative Pt-DNA adduct are strongly influenced by the presence of sub-millimolar polyamine concentrations. At polyamine concentrations in the muM-range, the reactions remain salt-dependent. In contrast, platination of pUC18 is effectively prevented at mM concentrations of both spermidine and spermine with the latter as the more potent inhibitor. The results suggest that variations of intracellular polyamine concentrations may have a profound influence on the efficacy by which cationically charged reagents interfere with DNA function in vivo by modulation of the preassociation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ase Sykfont Snygg
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemical Center, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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29
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Molina Saera J, Aparicio Urtasun J, Díaz Beveridge R, Palomar Abad L, Giménez Ortiz A, Ponce Lorenzo J, Montalar Salcedo J. Epidemiological pattern and time trends in testicular germ-cell tumors: a single institution 20-year experience. Clin Transl Oncol 2006; 8:588-93. [PMID: 16952847 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-006-0064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies have suggested a rise in the incidence of testicular germ-cell tumors (TGTs) in the last years, mainly due to an increase of early stage cases. We analysed the time trends in biological features of these patients in order to confirm this tendency in our environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The clinical records of 136 consecutive patients with TGTs treated at a single institution over a 20-year period (1984-2003) were retrospectively reviewed. Pathological, clinical, therapeutic and outcome data were collected. Patients were allocated into four consecutive 5- year intervals and their characteristics were compared by means of the chi-squared test. The survival analysis was performed with the method of Kaplan and Meier. RESULTS A progressive increase in the incidence of new cases, and a more frequent diagnosis of stage I versus stage II-IV disease was confirmed within this time period. It was also observed a greater use of postorchiectomy chemotherapy, mainly due to an increase in the adjuvant indications. A significant decrease in the recurrence rate was noted. Ten-year overall survival was 86.5%. There was a trend for improved outcome, but the differences among the two decades were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS A real increase in the incidence of TGTs and in the proportion of early stages was confirmed. This may be due to an epidemiological change or to an earlier diagnosis. This new pattern is associated with a more frequent use of adjuvant chemotherapy and with a reduction in the relapse rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Molina Saera
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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30
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Hägerlöf M, Papsai P, Chow CS, Elmroth SKC. More pronounced salt dependence and higher reactivity for platination of the hairpin r(CGCGUUGUUCGCG) compared with d(CGCGTTGTTCGCG). J Biol Inorg Chem 2006; 11:974-90. [PMID: 16953416 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-006-0157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The DNA interference pathways exhibited by cisplatin and related anticancer active metal complexes have been extensively studied. Much less is known to what extent RNA interaction pathways may operate in parallel, and perhaps contribute to both antineoplastic activity and toxicity. The present study was designed with the aim of comparing the reactivity of two model systems comprising RNA and DNA hairpins, r(CGCGUUGUUCGCG) and d(CGCGTTGTTCGCG), towards a series of platinum(II) complexes. Three platinum complexes were used as metallation reagents; cis-[PtCl(NH3)2(OH2)]+ (1), cis-[PtCl(NH3)(c-C6H11NH2)(OH2)]+ (2), and trans-[PtCl(NH3)(quinoline)(OH2)]+ (3). The reaction kinetics were studied at pH 6.0, 25 degrees C, and 1.0 mM < or = I < or = 500 mM. For both types of nucleic acid targets, compound 3 was found to react about 1 order of magnitude more rapidly than compounds 1 and 2. Further, all platinum compounds exhibited a more pronounced salt dependence for the interaction with r(CGCGUUGUUCGCG). Chemical and enzymatic cleavage studies revealed similar interaction patterns with r(CGCGUUGUUCGCG) after long exposure times to 1 and 2. A substantial decrease of cleavage intensity was found at residues G4 and G7, indicative of bifunctional adduct formation. Circular dichroism studies showed that platinum adduct formation leads to a structural change of the ribonucleic acid. Thermal denaturation studies revealed platination to cause a decrease of the RNA melting temperatures by 5-10 degrees C. Our observations therefore suggest that RNA is a kinetically competitive target to DNA. Furthermore, platination causes destabilization of RNA structural elements, which may lead to deleterious intracellular effects on biologically relevant RNA targets.
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Sirohi B, Huddart R. The management of poor-prognosis, non-seminomatous germ-cell tumours. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2005; 17:543-52. [PMID: 16238142 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2005.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite a high cure rate in men with testicular cancer, some men in the poor-prognosis group have a less favourable outcome. Poor-prognosis non-seminomatous germ-cell tumours (NSGCT) are defined as those with high tumour markers, non-pulmonary visceral metastases or a mediastinal primary site at presentation. When treated with standard chemotherapy regimens, such as bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin (BEP), cure rates of less than 50% have been achieved in an international pooled analysis. Some strategies aimed at improving results include the use of multi-agent regimens (e.g. POMB/ACE), intensive-induction chemotherapy (e.g. CBOP/BEP), new chemotherapy drugs, such as ifosfamide, gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, high-dose chemotherapy, including autotransplantation. To date, no schedule has been proven to be better than standard BEP in randomised trials. We will review the published data relating to first-line and salvage treatment of poor-prognosis NSGCT. To advance the management of this disease, physicians treating poor-prognosis disease are urged to support multi-centre trials, such as the recently launched MRC TE23 study comparing BEP and CBOP/BEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sirohi
- The Academic Unit of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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