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Delello Di Filippo L, Hofstätter Azambuja J, Paes Dutra JA, Tavares Luiz M, Lobato Duarte J, Nicoleti LR, Olalla Saad ST, Chorilli M. Improving temozolomide biopharmaceutical properties in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment using GBM-targeting nanocarriers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 168:76-89. [PMID: 34461214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer. GBM has aggressive development, and the pharmacological treatment remains a challenge due to GBM anatomical characteristics' (the blood-brain barrier and tumor microenvironment) and the increasing resistance to marketed drugs, such as temozolomide (TMZ), the first-line drug for GBM treatment. Due to physical-chemical properties such as short half-life time and the increasing resistance shown by GBM cells, high doses and repeated administrations are necessary, leading to significant adverse events. This review will discuss the main molecular mechanisms of TMZ resistance and the use of functionalized nanocarriers as an efficient and safe strategy for TMZ delivery. GBM-targeting nanocarriers are an important tool for the treatment of GBM, demonstrating to improve the biopharmaceutical properties of TMZ and repurpose its use in anti-GBM therapy. Technical aspects of nanocarriers will be discussed, and biological models highlighting the advantages and effects of functionalization strategies in TMZ anti-GBM activity. Finally, conclusions regarding the main findings will be made in the context of new perspectives for the treatment of GBM using TMZ as a chemotherapy agent, improving the sensibility and biological anti-tumor effect of TMZ through functionalization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcela Tavares Luiz
- School of Pharmaceutical Science of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonatas Lobato Duarte
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiza Ribeiro Nicoleti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Teresinha Olalla Saad
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Yu W, Zhang L, Wei Q, Shao A. O 6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase (MGMT): Challenges and New Opportunities in Glioma Chemotherapy. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1547. [PMID: 32010632 PMCID: PMC6979006 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance has been a significant problem affecting the efficacy of drugs targeting tumors for decades. MGMT, known as O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, is a DNA repair enzyme that plays an important role in chemoresistance to alkylating agents. Hence, MGMT is considered a promising target for tumor treatment. Several methods are employed to detect MGMT, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Some of the detection methods are; immunohistochemistry, methylation-specific PCR (MSP), pyrophosphate sequencing, MGMT activity test, and real-time quantitative PCR. Methylation of MGMT promoter is a key predictor of whether alkylating agents can effectively control glioma cells. The prognostic value of MGMT in glioma is currently being explored. The expression of MGMT gene mainly depends on epigenetic modification–methylation of CpG island of MGMT promoter. CpG island covers a length of 762 bp, with 98 CpG sites located at the 5' end of the gene, ranging from 480 to 1,480 nucleotides. The methylation sites and frequencies of CpG islands vary in MGMT-deficient tumor cell lines, xenografts of glioblastoma and in situ glioblastoma. Methylation in some regions of promoter CpG islands is particularly associated with gene expression. The change in the methylation status of the MGMT promoter after chemotherapy, radiotherapy or both is not completely understood, and results from previous studies have been controversial. Several studies have revealed that chemotherapy may enhance MGMT expression in gliomas. This could be through gene induction or selection of high MGMT-expressing cells during chemotherapy. Selective survival of glioma cells with high MGMT expression during alkylating agent therapy may change MGMT status in case of recurrence. Several strategies have been pursued to improve the anti-tumor effects of temozolomide. These include the synthesis of analogs of O6-meG such as O6-benzylguanine (O6-BG) and O6-(4-bromothenyl) guanine (O6-BTG), RNAi, and viral proteins. This review describes the regulation of MGMT expression and its role in chemotherapy, especially in glioma. Targeting MGMT seems to be a promising approach to overcome chemoresistance. Further studies exploring new agents targeting MGMT with better curative effect and less toxicity are advocated. We anticipate that these developments will improve the current poor prognosis of glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Institute (Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention), Zhejiang University Cancer Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Institute (Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention), Zhejiang University Cancer Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qichun Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Institute (Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention), Zhejiang University Cancer Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Yoo JY, Swanner J, Otani Y, Nair M, Park F, Banasavadi-Siddegowda Y, Liu J, Jaime-Ramirez AC, Hong B, Geng F, Guo D, Bystry D, Phelphs M, Quadri H, Lee TJ, Kaur B. Oncolytic HSV therapy increases trametinib access to brain tumors and sensitizes them in vivo. Neuro Oncol 2019; 21:1131-1140. [PMID: 31063549 PMCID: PMC7571492 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperactivation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway is exploited by glioma cells to promote their growth and evade apoptosis. MEK activation in tumor cells can increase replication of ICP34.5-deleted herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), but paradoxically its activation in tumor-associated macrophages promotes a pro-inflammatory signaling that can inhibit virus replication and propagation. Here we investigated the effect of blocking MEK signaling in conjunction with oncolytic HSV-1 (oHSV) for brain tumors. METHODS Infected glioma cells co-cultured with microglia or macrophages treated with or without trametinib were used to test trametinib effect on macrophages/microglia. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting, and flow cytometry were utilized to evaluate the effect of the combination therapy. Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of mouse plasma and brain tissue was used to evaluate trametinib delivery to the CNS. Intracranial human and mouse glioma-bearing immune deficient and immune competent mice were used to evaluate the antitumor efficacy. RESULT Oncolytic HSV treatment rescued trametinib-mediated feedback reactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in glioma. In vivo, PK analysis revealed enhanced blood-brain barrier penetration of trametinib after oHSV treatment. Treatment by trametinib, a MEK kinase inhibitor, led to a significant reduction in microglia- and macrophage-derived tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) secretion in response to oHSV treatment and increased survival of glioma-bearing mice. Despite the reduced TNFα production observed in vivo, the combination treatment activated CD8+ T-cell mediated immunity and increased survival in a glioma-bearing immune-competent mouse model. CONCLUSION This study provides a rationale for combining oHSV with trametinib for the treatment of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Yoo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jessica Swanner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Yoshihiro Otani
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Mitra Nair
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Yeshavanth Banasavadi-Siddegowda
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Surgical Neurology Branch, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joseph Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Alena Cristina Jaime-Ramirez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bangxing Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Feng Geng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Deliang Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Darlene Bystry
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mitch Phelphs
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Tae Jin Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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Martinez-Velez N, Marigil M, García-Moure M, Gonzalez-Huarriz M, Aristu JJ, Ramos-García LI, Tejada S, Díez-Valle R, Patiño-García A, Becher OJ, Gomez-Manzano C, Fueyo J, Alonso MM. Delta-24-RGD combined with radiotherapy exerts a potent antitumor effect in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma and pediatric high grade glioma models. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:64. [PMID: 31036068 PMCID: PMC6487528 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0714-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric high grade gliomas (pHGG), including diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs), are aggressive tumors with a dismal outcome. Radiotherapy (RT) is part of the standard of care of these tumors; however, radiotherapy only leads to a transient clinical improvement. Delta-24-RGD is a genetically engineered tumor-selective adenovirus that has shown safety and clinical efficacy in adults with recurrent gliomas. In this work, we evaluated the feasibility, safety and therapeutic efficacy of Delta-24-RGD in combination with radiotherapy in pHGGs and DIPGs models. Our results showed that the combination of Delta-24-RGD with radiotherapy was feasible and resulted in a synergistic anti-glioma effect in vitro and in vivo in pHGG and DIPG models. Interestingly, Delta-24-RGD treatment led to the downregulation of relevant DNA damage repair proteins, further sensitizing tumors cells to the effect of radiotherapy. Additionally, Delta-24-RGD/radiotherapy treatment significantly increased the trafficking of immune cells (CD3, CD4+ and CD8+) to the tumor niche compared with single treatments. In summary, administration of the Delta-24-RGD/radiotherapy combination to pHGG and DIPG models is safe and significantly increases the overall survival of mice bearing these tumors. Our data offer a rationale for the combination Delta-24-RGD/radiotherapy as a therapeutic option for children with these tumors. SIGNIFICANCE: Delta-24-RGD/radiotherapy administration is safe and significantly increases the survival of treated mice. These positive data underscore the urge to translate this approach to the clinical treatment of children with pHGG and DIPGs.
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5
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Induction of Oxidative DNA Damage in Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Infected Bovine Kidney Cells (MDBK Cells) and Human Tumor Cells (A549 Cells and U2OS Cells). Viruses 2018; 10:v10080393. [PMID: 30049996 PMCID: PMC6115950 DOI: 10.3390/v10080393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is an important pathogen of cattle that causes lesions in mucosal surfaces, genital tracts and nervous systems. As a novel oncolytic virus, BoHV-1 infects and kills numerous human tumor cells. However, the mechanisms underlying the virus-induced cell damages are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated that virus infection of MDBK cells induced high levels of DNA damage, because the percentage of comet tail DNA (tailDNA%) determined by comet assay, a direct indicator of DNA damage, and the levels of 8-hydroxyguanine (8-oxoG) production, an oxidative DNA damage marker, consistently increased following the virus infection. The expression of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG-1), an enzyme responsible for the excision of 8-oxoG, was significantly decreased due to the virus infection, which corroborated with the finding that BoHV-1 infection stimulated 8-oxoG production. Furthermore, the virus replication in human tumor cells such as in A549 cells and U2OS cells also induced DNA damage. Chemical inhibition of reactive oxidative species (ROS) production by either ROS scavenger N-Acetyl-l-cysteine or NOX inhibitor diphenylene iodonium (DPI) significantly decreased the levels of tailDNA%, suggesting the involvement of ROS in the virus induced DNA lesions. Collectively, these results indicated that BoHV-1 infection of these cells elicits oxidative DNA damages, providing a perspective in understanding the mechanisms by which the virus induces cell death in both native host cells and human tumor cells.
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Thomas JG, Parker Kerrigan BC, Hossain A, Gumin J, Shinojima N, Nwajei F, Ezhilarasan R, Love P, Sulman EP, Lang FF. Ionizing radiation augments glioma tropism of mesenchymal stem cells. J Neurosurg 2017; 128:287-295. [PMID: 28362237 DOI: 10.3171/2016.9.jns16278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to localize to gliomas after intravascular delivery. Because these cells home to areas of tissue injury, the authors hypothesized that the administration of ionizing radiation (IR) to tumor would enhance the tropism of MSCs to gliomas. Additionally, they sought to identify which radiation-induced factors might attract MSCs. METHODS To assess the effect of IR on MSC migration in vitro, transwell assays using conditioned medium (CM) from an irradiated commercially available glioma cell line (U87) and from irradiated patient-derived glioma stem-like cells (GSCs; GSC7-2 and GSC11) were employed. For in vivo testing, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled MSCs were injected into the carotid artery of nude mice harboring orthotopic U87, GSC7-2, or GSC17 xenografts that were treated with either 0 or 10 Gy of IR, and brain sections were quantitatively analyzed by immunofluorescence for GFP-positive cells. These GSCs were used because GSC7-2 is a weak attractor of MSCs at baseline, whereas GSC17 is a strong attractor. To determine the factors implicated in IR-induced tropism, CM from irradiated GSC7-2 and from GSC11 was assayed with a cytokine array and quantitative ELISA. RESULTS Transwell migration assays revealed statistically significant enhanced MSC migration to CM from irradiated U87, GSC7-2, and GSC11 compared with nonirradiated controls and in a dose-dependent manner. After their intravascular delivery into nude mice harboring orthotopic gliomas, MSCs engrafted more successfully in irradiated U87 (p = 0.036), compared with nonirradiated controls. IR also significantly increased the tropism of MSCs to GSC7-2 xenografts (p = 0.043), which are known to attract MSCs only poorly at baseline (weak-attractor GSCs). Ionizing radiation also increased the engraftment of MSCs in strong-attractor GSC17 xenografts, but these increases did not reach statistical significance. The chemokine CCL2 was released by GSC7-2 and GSC11 after irradiation in a dose-dependent manner and mediated in vitro transwell migration of MSCs. Immunohistochemistry revealed increased CCL2 in irradiated GSC7-2 gliomas near the site of MSC engraftment. CONCLUSIONS Administering IR to gliomas enhances MSC localization, particularly in GSCs that attract MSCs poorly at baseline. The chemokine CCL2 appears to play a crucial role in the IR-induced tropism of MSCs to gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Thomas
- Departments of1Neurosurgery and.,3Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrice Love
- 2Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Erik P Sulman
- 2Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
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Li X, Yuan L, Zhao J, Yang H, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Cun B. Adenovirus-based strategies enhance antitumor capability through p53-mediated downregulation of MGMT in uveal melanoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:194-199. [PMID: 28278076 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1294287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is an intractable disease with a low survival rates, despite adequate local treatment, as a result of its metastatic characteristics. Thus, new therapeutic strategies, including combinations of novel gene therapy and traditional chemotherapy, are under investigation to improve long-term prognosis. Dacarbazine or DTIC, an alkylating agent which results in DNA methylation, is most commonly used to treat melanoma but the response is very limited. The O6-methylguanine DNA methyl transferase (MGMT), a DNA repair protein, is involved in chemoresistance in DTIC treatment. We previously investigated a combination of oncolytic adenovirus H101 and the alkylating agent DTIC in the treatment of UM cells in vitro and observed a synergistic antitumor effect. In this study, we validated this result and report an enhanced therapeutic effect in vivo. Our findings also demonstrated that the oncolytic adenovirus H101 decreased MGMT levels via accumulation of p53 overcoming DTIC chemoresistance. Therefore, the clinical therapeutic efficacy of DTIC in the treatment of UM might be improved using this adenovirus-based combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Li
- a Department of Clinical Skills Center , Kunming Medical University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Ling Yuan
- b Department of Ophthalmology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Jianfeng Zhao
- b Department of Ophthalmology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Hui Yang
- a Department of Clinical Skills Center , Kunming Medical University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Yunzhi Yang
- a Department of Clinical Skills Center , Kunming Medical University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- b Department of Ophthalmology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Biyun Cun
- a Department of Clinical Skills Center , Kunming Medical University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
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8
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Unlocking the promise of oncolytic virotherapy in glioma: combination with chemotherapy to enhance efficacy. Ther Deliv 2016; 6:453-68. [PMID: 25996044 DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma is a relentless burden to both patients and clinicians, and calls for innovation to overcome the limitations in current management. Glioma therapy using viruses has been investigated to accentuate the nature of a virus, killing a host tumor cell during its replication. As virus mediated approaches progress with promising therapeutic advantages, combination therapy with chemotherapy and oncolytic viruses has emerged as a more synergistic and possibly efficacious therapy. Here, we will review malignant glioma as well as prior experience with oncolytic viruses, chemotherapy and combination of the two, examining how the combination can be optimized in the future.
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9
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de Araujo CB, Russo LC, Castro LM, Forti FL, do Monte ER, Rioli V, Gozzo FC, Colquhoun A, Ferro ES. A novel intracellular peptide derived from g1/s cyclin d2 induces cell death. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:16711-26. [PMID: 24764300 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.537118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular peptides are constantly produced by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and many are probably functional. Here, the peptide WELVVLGKL (pep5) from G1/S-specific cyclin D2 showed a 2-fold increase during the S phase of HeLa cell cycle. pep5 (25-100 μm) induced cell death in several tumor cells only when it was fused to a cell-penetrating peptide (pep5-cpp), suggesting its intracellular function. In vivo, pep5-cpp reduced the volume of the rat C6 glioblastoma by almost 50%. The tryptophan at the N terminus of pep5 is essential for its cell death activity, and N terminus acetylation reduced the potency of pep5-cpp. WELVVL is the minimal active sequence of pep5, whereas Leu-Ala substitutions totally abolished pep5 cell death activity. Findings from the initial characterization of the cell death/signaling mechanism of pep5 include caspase 3/7 and 9 activation, inhibition of Akt2 phosphorylation, activation of p38α and -γ, and inhibition of proteasome activity. Further pharmacological analyses suggest that pep5 can trigger cell death by distinctive pathways, which can be blocked by IM-54 or a combination of necrostatin-1 and q-VD-OPh. These data further support the biological and pharmacological potential of intracellular peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilian C Russo
- the Department of Biochemistry, Support Center for Research in Proteolysis and Cell Signaling (NAPPS), Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio L Forti
- the Department of Biochemistry, Support Center for Research in Proteolysis and Cell Signaling (NAPPS), Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Rioli
- the Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (LETA), Center of Toxins, Immune Response, and Cell Signaling (CETICS), Butantan Institute, 05503-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, and
| | - Fabio C Gozzo
- the Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alison Colquhoun
- Cell Biology and Development, Support Center for Research in Proteolysis and Cell Signaling (NAPPS), Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, SP, Brazil
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Fan CH, Liu WL, Cao H, Wen C, Chen L, Jiang G. O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase as a promising target for the treatment of temozolomide-resistant gliomas. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e876. [PMID: 24157870 PMCID: PMC4648381 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is an alkylating agent currently used as first-line therapy for gliomas treatment due to its DNA-damaging effect. However, drug resistance occurs, preventing multi-cycle use of this chemotherapeutic agent. One of the major mechanisms of cancer drug resistance is enhanced activity of a DNA repair enzyme, O(6)-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT), which counteracts chemotherapy-induced DNA alkylation and is a key component of chemoresistance. MGMT repairs TMZ-induced DNA lesions, O(6)-meG, by transferring the alkyl group from guanine to a cysteine residue. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the field, with particular emphasis on the inhibitors of MGMT and underlying mechanisms. Literature search was performed through PubMed and all relevant articles were reviewed, with particular attention to MGMT, its role in TMZ-resistant gliomas, effects of MGMT inhibitors and the underlying mechanisms. Several strategies are currently being pursued to improve the therapeutic efficacy of TMZ via inhibition of MGMT to reduce chemoresistance and improve overall survival. MGMT may be a promising target for the treatment of TMZ-resistant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Fan
- Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou 221006, China
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11
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Cerullo V, Koski A, Vähä-Koskela M, Hemminki A. Chapter eight--Oncolytic adenoviruses for cancer immunotherapy: data from mice, hamsters, and humans. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 115:265-318. [PMID: 23021247 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398342-8.00008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus is one of the most commonly used vectors for gene therapy and two products have already been approved for treatment of cancer in China (Gendicine(R) and Oncorine(R)). An intriguing aspect of oncolytic adenoviruses is that by their very nature they potently stimulate multiple arms of the immune system. Thus, combined tumor killing via oncolysis and inherent immunostimulatory properties in fact make these viruses in situ tumor vaccines. When further engineered to express cytokines, chemokines, tumor-associated antigens, or other immunomodulatory elements, they have been shown in various preclinical models to induce antigen-specific effector and memory responses, resulting both in full therapeutic cures and even induction of life-long tumor immunity. Here, we review the state of the art of oncolytic adenovirus, in the context of their capability to stimulate innate and adaptive arms of the immune system and finally how we can modify these viruses to direct the immune response toward cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cerullo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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12
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Jiang M, Imperiale MJ. Design stars: how small DNA viruses remodel the host nucleus. Future Virol 2012; 7:445-459. [PMID: 22754587 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous host components are encountered by viruses during the infection process. While some of these host structures are left unchanged, others may go through dramatic remodeling processes. In this review, we summarize these host changes that occur during small DNA virus infections, with a focus on host nuclear components and pathways. Although these viruses differ significantly in their genome structures and infectious pathways, there are common nuclear targets that are altered by various viral factors. Accumulating evidence suggests that these nuclear remodeling processes are often essential for productive viral infections and/or viral-induced transformation. Understanding the complex interactions between viruses and these host structures and pathways will help to build a more integrated network of how the virus completes its life cycle and point toward the design of novel therapeutic regimens that either prevent harmful viral infections or employ viruses as nontraditional treatment options or molecular tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Jiang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, & Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Penas-Prado
- Department of Neuro-oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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14
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Jiang H, Gomez-Manzano C, Lang FF, Alemany R, Fueyo J. Oncolytic adenovirus: preclinical and clinical studies in patients with human malignant gliomas. Curr Gene Ther 2010; 9:422-7. [PMID: 19860656 DOI: 10.2174/156652309789753356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses are emerging as a promising alternative therapy for glioma patients and are currently being tested in clinic. In this review, we summarize our experience with gene-based therapy targeting RB pathway in gliomas. Our study has evolved from the development of RB-expressing adenoviral vectors to the characterization of the oncolytic effects on gliomas of the replication competent adenoviruses Delta-24, Delta-24-RGD and ICOVIR. We also review the successful combination of the viruses with chemotherapies that are routinely used in glioma patients, the efficacy of Delta-24-RGD against brain tumor stem cells, the newly described adenovirus-induced autophagy and the potential for the systemic delivery of the oncolytic viruses with human mesenchymal stem cells. Finally, we comment on the preclinical and clinical studies of p53 expressing adenoviral vector and the lessons learned from the experience of Onyx-015, the first oncolytic adenovirus tested in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Texas, USA.
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Ribeiro G, Benadiba M, de Oliveira Silva D, Colquhoun A. The novel rutheniumâγ-linolenic complex [Ru2(aGLA)4Cl] inhibits C6 rat glioma cell proliferation and induces changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, increased reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosisin vitro. Cell Biochem Funct 2010; 28:15-23. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Abstract
Cancer gene therapy is based on the transfer of genetic material to cancer cells to modify a normal or abnormal cellular function, or to induce cell death. Modified viruses or stem cells have been used as carriers to transfer the genetic material to cancer cells avoiding trafficking through normal cells. However, although the current vectors have been successful in delivering genes in vitro and in vivo, little has been achieved with human cerebral gliomas. Poor transduction efficiency of viruses in human glioma cells and limited spread and distribution to the tumor limits our current expectations for successful gene therapy of central nervous system cancer until and if effective transfer vehicles are available. Nevertheless, continuing research in better vector development may overcome these limitations and offer a therapeutic advantage over the standard therapies for glioma.
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Chaurushiya MS, Weitzman MD. Viral manipulation of DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoints. DNA Repair (Amst) 2009; 8:1166-76. [PMID: 19473887 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2009.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recognition and repair of DNA damage is critical for maintaining genomic integrity and suppressing tumorigenesis. In eukaryotic cells, the sensing and repair of DNA damage are coordinated with cell cycle progression and checkpoints, in order to prevent the propagation of damaged DNA. The carefully maintained cellular response to DNA damage is challenged by viruses, which produce a large amount of exogenous DNA during infection. Viruses also express proteins that perturb cellular DNA repair and cell cycle pathways, promoting tumorigenesis in their quest for cellular domination. This review presents an overview of strategies employed by viruses to manipulate DNA damage responses and cell cycle checkpoints as they commandeer the cell to maximize their own viral replication. Studies of viruses have identified key cellular regulators and revealed insights into molecular mechanisms governing DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoints, and transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira S Chaurushiya
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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18
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Schor NF. Pharmacotherapy for adults with tumors of the central nervous system. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 121:253-64. [PMID: 19091301 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumors of the adult central nervous system are among the most common and most chemoresistant neoplasms. Malignant tumors of the brain and spinal cord collectively account for approximately 1.3% of all cancers and 2.2% of all cancer-related deaths. Novel pharmacological approaches to nervous system tumors are urgently needed. This review presents the current approaches and challenges to successful pharmacotherapy of adults with malignant tumors of the central nervous system and discusses novel approaches aimed at overcoming these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina F Schor
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Abstract
The inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir4.1 is widely expressed by astrocytes throughout the brain. Kir4.1 channels are absent in immature, proliferating glial cells. The progressive expression of Kir4.1 correlates with astrocyte differentiation and is characterized by the establishment of a negative membrane potential (> -70 mV) and an exit from the cell cycle. Despite some correlative evidence, a mechanistic interdependence between Kir4.1 expression, membrane hyperpolarization, and control of cell proliferation has not been demonstrated. To address this question, we used astrocyte-derived tumors (glioma) that lack functional Kir4.1 channels, and generated two glioma cell lines that stably express either AcGFP-tagged Kir4.1 channels or AcGFP vectors only. Kir4.1 expression confers the same K+ conductance to glioma membranes and a similar responsiveness to changes in [K+]o that characterizes differentiated astrocytes. Kir4.1 expression was sufficient to move the resting potential of gliomas from -50 to -80 mV. Importantly, Kir4.1 expression impaired cell growth by shifting a significant number of cells from the G2/M phase into the quiescent G0/G1 stage of the cell cycle. Furthermore, these effects could be nullified entirely if Kir4.1 channels were either pharmacologically inhibited by 100 microM BaCl2 or if cells were chronically depolarized by 20 mM KCl to the membrane voltage of growth competent glioma cells. These studies therefore demonstrate directly that Kir4.1 causes a membrane hyperpolarization that is sufficient to account for the growth attenuation, which in turn induces cell maturation characterized by a shift of the cells from G2/M into G0/G1.
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Affiliation(s)
- HARUKI HIGASHIMORI
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - HARALD SONTHEIMER
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- *Correspondence to: Harald Sontheimer, Department of Neurobiology and Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. E-mail:
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Adenovirus-Based Strategies Overcome Temozolomide Resistance by Silencing the O6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase Promoter. Cancer Res 2007; 67:11499-504. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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