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The Basic Properties of Gold Nanoparticles and their Applications in Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072480. [PMID: 32260051 PMCID: PMC7178173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been widely studied and applied in the field of tumor diagnosis and treatment because of their special fundamental properties. In order to make AuNPs more suitable for tumor diagnosis and treatment, their natural properties and the interrelationships between these properties should be systematically and profoundly understood. The natural properties of AuNPs were discussed from two aspects: physical and chemical. Among the physical properties of AuNPs, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), radioactivity and high X-ray absorption coefficient are widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. As an advantage over many other nanoparticles in chemicals, AuNPs can form stable chemical bonds with S-and N-containing groups. This allows AuNPs to attach to a wide variety of organic ligands or polymers with a specific function. These surface modifications endow AuNPs with outstanding biocompatibility, targeting and drug delivery capabilities. In this review, we systematically summarized the physicochemical properties of AuNPs and their intrinsic relationships. Then the latest research advancements and the developments of basic research and clinical trials using these properties are summarized. Further, the difficulties to be overcome and possible solutions in the process from basic laboratory research to clinical application are discussed. Finally, the possibility of applying the results to clinical trials was estimated. We hope to provide a reference for peer researchers to better utilize the excellent physicochemical properties of gold nanoparticles in oncotherapy.
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Funamoto D, Asai D, Kim CW, Nakamura Y, Lee EK, Nobori T, Niidome T, Mori T, Katayama Y. Tandemly Repeated Peptide for Cancer-specific Gene Carrier Prepared by Native Chemical Ligation. CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.141121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Funamoto
- Graduate School of System Life Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Daisuke Asai
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine
| | - Chan Woo Kim
- Graduate School of System Life Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Yuta Nakamura
- Graduate School of System Life Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Eun Kyung Lee
- Graduate School of System Life Sciences, Kyushu University
| | | | - Takuro Niidome
- Graduate School of System Life Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Takeshi Mori
- Graduate School of System Life Sciences, Kyushu University
- Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University
| | - Yoshiki Katayama
- Graduate School of System Life Sciences, Kyushu University
- Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University
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Toita R, Kang JH, Tomiyama T, Kim CW, Shiosaki S, Niidome T, Mori T, Katayama Y. Gene carrier showing all-or-none response to cancer cell signaling. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:15410-7. [PMID: 22920909 DOI: 10.1021/ja305437n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work we designed a novel nano carrier, a linear polyethylenimine (LPEI)-peptide conjugate, for cancer-specific expression of transgenes. The conjugate was easily synthesized by using a click chemistry scheme orthogonal to the reactive side groups of the peptide, which is the substrate of protein kinase Cα (PKCα). Polyplexes of the conjugates with plasmid DNA (pDNA) were intact and stably dispersed even in the presence of cell lysate. Despite this stability, the polyplexes readily dissociated upon phosphorylation of the grafted peptides by PKCα. Because of its endosomal escape ability and adequate susceptibility to PKCα, the polyplexes showed an all-or-none type response to PKCα activity in transgene expression in vitro. The polyplexes achieved cancer tissue-specific transgene expression even for a tumor with a relatively low PKCα activity. Thus the LPEI-peptide conjugate has high potential as a nanocarrier for cancer-targeted gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riki Toita
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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Djung JF, Mears RJ, Montalbetti CA, Coulter TS, Golebiowski A, Carr AN, Barker O, Greis KD, Zhou S, Dolan E, Davis GF. The synthesis and evaluation of indolylureas as PKCα inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2742-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tomiyama T, Toita R, Kang JH, Asai D, Shiosaki S, Mori T, Niidome T, Katayama Y. Tumor therapy by gene regulation system responding to cellular signal. J Control Release 2010; 148:101-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kang JH, Oishi J, Kim JH, Ijuin M, Toita R, Jun B, Asai D, Mori T, Niidome T, Tanizawa K, Kuroda S, Katayama Y. Hepatoma-targeted gene delivery using a tumor cell–specific gene regulation system combined with a human liver cell–specific bionanocapsule. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 6:583-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Kang JH, Asami Y, Murata M, Kitazaki H, Sadanaga N, Tokunaga E, Shiotani S, Okada S, Maehara Y, Niidome T. Gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric assay for cancer diagnosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25:1869-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kang JH, Asai D, Toita R, Kitazaki H, Katayama Y. Plasma protein kinase C (PKC)alpha as a biomarker for the diagnosis of cancers. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1927-31. [PMID: 19710177 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC)alpha plays a key role in the differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis of cancer cells, and its activity is higher in cancer cells than in normal cells. In the present study, we investigated the existence of activated PKCalpha in plasma and its possibility for cancer diagnosis. Plasma samples were prepared from xenograft mouse models of cancer and from normal mice. Phosphorylation ratios for a PKCalpha-specific peptide substrate (Alphatomega) were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and activated PKCalpha was identified by western blot analysis. Increased levels of activated PKCalpha were found in the plasma of cancer-bearing mice (U87, A549, A431, HuH-7 and B16 melanoma) compared with the levels found in control mice. Phosphorylation ratios for peptide substrate increased with an increase in tumor size. Moreover, the addition of Ro-31-7549, a highly specific inhibitor of PKCalpha, produced a concentration-dependent reduction of phosphorylation ratios, whereas the non-PKCalpha inhibitors, rottlerin and H-89, did not significantly effect phosphorylation ratios. In addition, the level of activated PKCalpha decreased after cancer resection but increased if the cancer recurred. From these results, we suggest that (i) activated PKCalpha in plasma can be a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of cancers and (ii) the level of activated PKCalpha can be monitored to assess the recurrence of cancer after surgical removal. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the existence of activated PKCalpha in plasma and its possibility for cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hun Kang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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Tomiyama T, Kang JH, Toita R, Niidome T, Katayama Y. Protein kinase Calpha-responsive polymeric carrier: its application for gene delivery into human cancers. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1532-6. [PMID: 19459855 PMCID: PMC11159447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For cancer-targeting gene delivery, we applied a protein kinase C (PKC)alpha-responsive polymeric carrier to human cancers (U-87 MG [human glioblastoma-astrocytoma, epithelial-like cell line] and A549 [human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line]). Two polymers, one a PKCalpha-responsive polymer (PPC[S]) containing the phosphorylation site serine, and the other a negative control polymer (PPC[A]), in which the serine was substituted with alanine, were synthesized. No cytotoxicity of the polymer was identified. When the complexes were transfected into cancer cells or tissues in which PKCalpha was hyper-activated, the luciferase expression from the PPC(S)/plasmid (pDNA) complex was higher than that from the PPC(A)/pDNA complex. These results show that the phosphorylation of complex by PKCalpha in cancer cells leads to high gene expression and that our system can be used as a human cancer cell-targeting gene delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Tomiyama
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Asai D, Kang JH, Toita R, Tsuchiya A, Niidome T, Nakashima H, Katayama Y. Regulation of Transgene Expression in Tumor Cells by Exploiting Endogenous Intracellular Signals. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2008; 4:229-233. [PMID: 20592962 PMCID: PMC2893789 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-008-9230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we have proposed a novel strategy for a cell-specific gene therapy system based on responses to intracellular signals. In this system, an intracellular signal that is specifically and abnormally activated in the diseased cells is used for the activation of transgene expression. In this study, we used protein kinase C (PKC)alpha as a trigger to activate transgene expression. We prepared a PKCalpha-responsive polymer conjugate [PPC(S)] and a negative control conjugate [PPC(A)], in which the phosphorylation site serine (Ser) was replaced with alanine (Ala). The phosphorylation for polymer/DNA complexes was determined with a radiolabel assay using [gamma-(32)P]ATP. PPC(S)/DNA complexes were phosphorylated by the addition of PKCalpha, but no phosphorylation of the PPC(A)/DNA complex was observed. Moreover, after microinjection of polymer/GFP-encoding DNA complexes into HepG2 cells at cation/anion (C/A) ratios of 0.5 to 2.0, significant expression of GFP was observed in all cases using PPC(S)/DNA complexes, but no GFP expression was observed in the negative control PPC(A)/DNA complex-microinjected cells at C/A ratios of 1.0 and 2.0. On the other hand, GFP expression from PPC(S)/DNA complexes was completely suppressed in cells pretreated with PKCalpha inhibitor (Ro31-7549). These results suggest that our gene regulation system can be used for tumor cell-specific expression of a transgene in response to PKCalpha activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Asai
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Jeong-Hun Kang
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Riki Toita
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Akira Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takuro Niidome
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakashima
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Katayama
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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Kang JH, Asai D, Kim JH, Mori T, Toita R, Tomiyama T, Asami Y, Oishi J, Sato YT, Niidome T, Jun B, Nakashima H, Katayama Y. Design of polymeric carriers for cancer-specific gene targeting: utilization of abnormal protein kinase Calpha activation in cancer cells. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:14906-7. [PMID: 18928283 DOI: 10.1021/ja805364s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We succeeded in cancer cell specific gene expression by using a polyplex responsive to protein kinase Calpha, which is activated in various types of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hun Kang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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Brognard J, Newton AC. PHLiPPing the switch on Akt and protein kinase C signaling. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2008; 19:223-30. [PMID: 18511290 PMCID: PMC2963565 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Ser/Thr-specific phosphatase PHLPP [pleckstrin homology (PH) domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase] provides 'the brakes' for Akt and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling. The two isoforms of this recently discovered family, PHLPP1 and PHLPP2, control the amplitude and duration of signaling of Akt and PKC by catalyzing the dephosphorylation of the hydrophobic phosphorylation motif, a C-terminal phosphorylation switch that controls these kinases. Aberrant regulation of either kinase accompanies many diseases, notably diabetes and cancer. By specifically dephosphorylating the hydrophobic motif, PHLPP controls the degree of agonist-evoked signaling by Akt and the cellular levels of PKC. This review focuses on the function of PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 in modulating signaling by Akt and PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra C. Newton
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: (858) 534-4527, FAX: (858) 822-5888,
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Kang JH, Asai D, Yamada S, Toita R, Oishi J, Mori T, Niidome T, Katayama Y. A short peptide is a protein kinase C (PKC) α-specific substrate. Proteomics 2008; 8:2006-11. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200701045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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