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Qi Z, Long X, Liu J, Cheng P. Glioblastoma microenvironment and its reprogramming by oncolytic virotherapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:819363. [PMID: 36159398 PMCID: PMC9507431 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.819363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), a highly aggressive form of brain tumor, responds poorly to current conventional therapies, including surgery, radiation therapy, and systemic chemotherapy. The reason is that the delicate location of the primary tumor and the existence of the blood-brain barrier limit the effectiveness of traditional local and systemic therapies. The immunosuppressive status and multiple carcinogenic pathways in the complex GBM microenvironment also pose challenges for immunotherapy and single-targeted therapy. With an improving understanding of the GBM microenvironment, it has become possible to consider the immunosuppressive and highly angiogenic GBM microenvironment as an excellent opportunity to improve the existing therapeutic efficacy. Oncolytic virus therapy can exert antitumor effects on various components of the GBM microenvironment. In this review, we have focused on the current status of oncolytic virus therapy for GBM and the related literature on antitumor mechanisms. Moreover, the limitations of oncolytic virus therapy as a monotherapy and future directions that may enhance the field have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbing Qi
- Department of State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangyu Long
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Oncology, West China Guang’an Hospital, Sichuan University, Guangan, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Cheng Jiyan Liu
| | - Ping Cheng
- Department of State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Cheng Jiyan Liu
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Immunotherapy for Neuro-oncology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1342:233-258. [PMID: 34972967 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-79308-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has changed the landscape of treatment of many solid and hematological malignancies and is at the forefront of cancer breakthroughs. Several circumstances unique to the central nervous system (CNS) such as limited space for an inflammatory response, difficulties with repeated sampling, corticosteroid use for management of cerebral edema, and immunosuppressive mechanisms within the tumor and brain parenchyma have posed challenges in clinical development of immunotherapy for intracranial tumors. Nonetheless, the success of immunotherapy in brain metastases (BMs) from solid cancers such as melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) proves that the CNS is not an immune-privileged organ and is capable of initiating and regulating immune responses that lead to tumor control. However, the development of immunotherapeutics for the most malignant primary brain tumor, glioblastoma (GBM), has been challenging due to systemic and profound tumor-mediated immunosuppression unique to GBM, intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity, and lack of stably expressed clonal antigens. Here, we review recent advances in the field of immunotherapy for neuro-oncology with a focus on BM, GBM, and rare CNS cancers.
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Majd N, Dasgupta P, de Groot J. Immunotherapy for Neuro-Oncology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1244:183-203. [PMID: 32301015 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41008-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has changed the landscape of treatment of many solid and hematological malignancies and is at the forefront of cancer breakthroughs. Several circumstances unique to the central nervous system (CNS) such as limited space for an inflammatory response, difficulties with repeated sampling, corticosteroid use for management of cerebral edema, and immunosuppressive mechanisms within the tumor and brain parenchyma have posed challenges in clinical development of immunotherapy for intracranial tumors. Nonetheless, the success of immunotherapy in brain metastases (BMs) from solid cancers such as melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) proves that the CNS is not an immune-privileged organ and is capable of initiating and regulating immune responses that lead to tumor control. However, the development of immunotherapeutics for the most malignant primary brain tumor, glioblastoma (GBM), has been challenging due to systemic and profound tumor-mediated immunosuppression unique to GBM, intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity, low mutation burden, and lack of stably expressed clonal antigens. Here, we review recent advances in the field of immunotherapy for neuro-oncology with a focus on BM and GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Majd
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pushan Dasgupta
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
| | - John de Groot
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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4
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Majd N, de Groot J. Challenges and strategies for successful clinical development of immune checkpoint inhibitors in glioblastoma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:1609-1624. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1621840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Majd
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John de Groot
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Temozolomide resistant human brain tumor stem cells are susceptible to recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus and double-deleted Vaccinia virus in vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1201-1208. [PMID: 28931212 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant glioma still has a poor prognosis and remains incurable. Although temozolomide (TMZ) has demonstrated antitumor activity, its use recently has been halted because of some patients' resistance to this drug. New treatments are desperately needed. An oncolytic virus (virotherapy) is being developed as a novel cancer therapy. We have previously reported that recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV-ΔM51) and double deleted Vaccinia Virus (vvDD) infected and killed glioma cell lines in vitro and prolonged survival in animal glioma models. As a proposed ex vivo test, the oncolytic potential of VSV-ΔM51 and vvDD in the established human brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) and the differentiated cells from fresh brain tumor tissues in vitro were further investigated. METHODS BTSCs from fresh surgical glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) specimens were isolated and cultured, and the characterization of BTSCs were tested. The sensitivity of BTSCs to TMZ and the susceptibility of TMZ resistant BTSCs and their differentiated cells to both oncolytic viruses were examined. RESULTS The BTSC spheres cultured had all the characteristics of stem cells. The GFP-labeled VSV-ΔM51 and vvDD could infect TMZ resistant BTSCs and cause cytopathic effects. The VSV-ΔM51and vvDD inhibited the self-renewal activity of TMZ resistant BTSCs. And the VSV-ΔM51and vvDD also infected and caused cytopathic effects in differentiated BTSCs. CONCLUSION VSV-ΔM51and vvDD could infect and kill both the TMZ resistant BTSCs and the differentiated compartments of GBMs in vitro, suggesting that they may be an effective treatment supplement for GBM therapy, particularly for TMZ resistant GBM patients.
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Delivery of oncolytic adenovirus into the nucleus of tumorigenic cells by tumor microparticles for virotherapy. Biomaterials 2016; 89:56-66. [PMID: 26950165 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have been utilized for the treatment of various cancers. However, delivery of the viral particles to tumor cells remains a major challenge. Microparticles (MP) are vesicle forms of plasma membrane fragments of 0.1-1 μm in size that are shed by cells. We have previously shown the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs using tumor cell-derived MPs (T-MP). Here we report that T-MPs can be utilized as a unique carrier system to deliver oncolytic adenoviruses to human tumors, leading to highly efficient cytolysis of tumor cells needed for in vivo treatment efficacy. This T-MP-mediated oncolytic virotherapy approach holds multiple advantages, including: 1) delivery of oncolytic adenovirus by T-MPs is able to avoid the antiviral effect of host antibodies; 2) delivery of oncolytic adenovirus by T-MPs is not limited by virus-specific receptor that mediates the entry of virus into tumor cells; 3) T-MPs are apt at delivering oncolytic adenoviruses to the nucleus of tumor cells as well as to stem-like tumor-repopulating cells for the desired purpose of killing them. These findings highlight a novel oncolytic adenovirus delivery system with highly promising clinical applications.
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7
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Oncolytic adenovirus research evolution: from cell-cycle checkpoints to immune checkpoints. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 13:33-9. [PMID: 25863716 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses are modified to exploit the aberrant expression of proteins in cancer cells to obtain cancer-selective replication. Moreover, the natural tropism of oncolytic adenoviruses can be redirected to tumor cells. Clinical trials revealed that oncolytic viruses showed poor replication in the tumor that is due in part to the immune response against the virus. More recent data demonstrated that tumor infection might subvert the tumor immune system and lead to an anti-tumor immune response. In the next few years, combination of adenoviruses with immune checkpoint antibodies and other immune modulators will be tested in clinical trials.
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Zirger JM, Puntel M, Bergeron J, Wibowo M, Moridzadeh R, Bondale N, Barcia C, Kroeger KM, Liu C, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR. Immune-mediated loss of transgene expression from virally transduced brain cells is irreversible, mediated by IFNγ, perforin, and TNFα, and due to the elimination of transduced cells. Mol Ther 2012; 20:808-19. [PMID: 22233583 PMCID: PMC3321600 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response to viral vectors reduces vector-mediated transgene expression from the brain. It is unknown, however, whether this loss is caused by functional downregulation of transgene expression or death of transduced cells. Herein, we demonstrate that during the elimination of transgene expression, the brain becomes infiltrated with CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and that these T cells are necessary for transgene elimination. Further, the loss of transgene-expressing brain cells fails to occur in the absence of IFNγ, perforin, and TNFα receptor. Two methods to induce severe immune suppression in immunized animals also fail to restitute transgene expression, demonstrating the irreversibility of this process. The need for cytotoxic molecules and the irreversibility of the reduction in transgene expression suggested to us that elimination of transduced cells is responsible for the loss of transgene expression. A new experimental paradigm that discriminates between downregulation of transgene expression and the elimination of transduced cells demonstrates that transduced cells are lost from the brain upon the induction of a specific antiviral immune response. We conclude that the anti-adenoviral immune response reduces transgene expression in the brain through loss of transduced cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Zirger
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mariana Puntel
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Josee Bergeron
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mia Wibowo
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rameen Moridzadeh
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Niyati Bondale
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carlos Barcia
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kurt M Kroeger
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Deceased
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maria G Castro
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Current address: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Current address: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Current address: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Current address: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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9
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Human adenovirus type 5 induces cell lysis through autophagy and autophagy-triggered caspase activity. J Virol 2011; 85:4720-9. [PMID: 21367888 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02032-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses, such as Delta-24-RGD, are promising therapies for patients with brain tumor. Clinical trials have shown that the potency of these cancer-selective adenoviruses should be increased to optimize therapeutic efficacy. One potential strategy is to increase the efficiency of adenovirus-induced cell lysis, a mechanism that has not been clearly described. In this study, for the first time, we report that autophagy plays a role in adenovirus-induced cell lysis. At the late stage after adenovirus infection, numerous autophagic vacuoles accompany the disruption of cellular structure, leading to cell lysis. The virus induces a complete autophagic process from autophagosome initiation to its turnover through fusion with the lysosome although the formation of the autophagosome is sufficient for virally induced cell lysis. Importantly, downmodulation of autophagy genes (ATG5 or ATG10) rescues the infected cells from being lysed by the virus. Moreover, autophagy triggers caspase activity via the extrinsic FADD/caspase 8 pathway, which also contributes to adenovirus-mediated cell lysis. Therefore, our study implicates autophagy and caspase activation as part of the mechanism for cell lysis induced by adenovirus and suggests that manipulation of the process is a potential strategy to optimize clinical efficacy of oncolytic adenoviruses.
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10
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Cherry T, Longo SL, Tovar-Spinoza Z, Post DE. Second-generation HIF-activated oncolytic adenoviruses with improved replication, oncolytic, and antitumor efficacy. Gene Ther 2010; 17:1430-41. [PMID: 20664541 PMCID: PMC2978277 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to develop more potent oncolytic adenoviruses that exhibit increased anti-tumor activity in patients. The HYPR-Ads are targeted oncolytic adenoviruses that specifically kill tumor cells which express active hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). While therapeutically efficacious, the HYPR-Ads exhibited attenuated replication and oncolytic activity. To overcome these deficiencies and improve anti-tumor efficacy, we created new HIF-activated oncolytic Ads, HIF-Ad and HIF-Ad-IL4, which have two key changes: (i) a modified HIF-responsive promoter to regulate the E1A replication gene and (ii) insertion of the E3 gene region. The HIF-Ads demonstrated conditional activation of E1A expression under hypoxia. Importantly, the HIF-Ads exhibit hypoxia-dependent replication, oncolytic, and cellular release activities and potent anti-tumor efficacy, all of which are significantly greater than the HYPR-Ads. Notably, HIF-Ad-IL4 treatment led to regressions in tumor size by 70% and extensive tumor infiltration by leukocytes resulting in an anti-tumor efficacy that is up to 6-fold greater than the HYPR-Ads, HIF-Ad, and wild-type adenovirus treatment. These studies demonstrate that treatment with a HIF-activated oncolytic adenovirus leads to a measurable therapeutic response. The novel design of the HIF-Ads represents a significant improvement compared to first-generation oncolytic Ads and has great potential to increase the efficacy of this cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cherry
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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11
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Jiang H, Gomez-Manzano C, Lang FF, Alemany R, Fueyo J. Oncolytic adenovirus: preclinical and clinical studies in patients with human malignant gliomas. Curr Gene Ther 2010; 9:422-7. [PMID: 19860656 DOI: 10.2174/156652309789753356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses are emerging as a promising alternative therapy for glioma patients and are currently being tested in clinic. In this review, we summarize our experience with gene-based therapy targeting RB pathway in gliomas. Our study has evolved from the development of RB-expressing adenoviral vectors to the characterization of the oncolytic effects on gliomas of the replication competent adenoviruses Delta-24, Delta-24-RGD and ICOVIR. We also review the successful combination of the viruses with chemotherapies that are routinely used in glioma patients, the efficacy of Delta-24-RGD against brain tumor stem cells, the newly described adenovirus-induced autophagy and the potential for the systemic delivery of the oncolytic viruses with human mesenchymal stem cells. Finally, we comment on the preclinical and clinical studies of p53 expressing adenoviral vector and the lessons learned from the experience of Onyx-015, the first oncolytic adenovirus tested in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Texas, USA.
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12
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Puntel M, Kroeger KM, Sanderson NSR, Thomas CE, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR. Gene transfer into rat brain using adenoviral vectors. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN NEUROSCIENCE 2010; Chapter 4:Unit 4.24. [PMID: 20066657 PMCID: PMC2883311 DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0424s50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Viral vector-mediated gene delivery is an attractive procedure for introducing genes into the brain, both for purposes of basic neuroscience research and to develop gene therapy for neurological diseases. Replication-defective adenoviruses possess many features which make them ideal vectors for this purpose-efficiently transducing terminally differentiated cells such as neurons and glial cells, resulting in high levels of transgene expression in vivo. Also, in the absence of anti-adenovirus immunity, these vectors can sustain very long-term transgene expression within the brain parenchyma. This unit provides protocols for the stereotactic injection of adenoviral vectors into the brain, followed by protocols to detect transgene expression or infiltrates of immune cells by immunocytochemistry or immunofluorescence. ELISPOT and neutralizing antibody assay methodologies are provided to quantitate the levels of cellular and humoral immune responses against adenoviruses. Quantitation of adenoviral vector genomes within the rat brain using qPCR is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Puntel
- Board of Governors Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Departments of Medicine, and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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13
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Coronavirus genetically redirected to the epidermal growth factor receptor exhibits effective antitumor activity against a malignant glioblastoma. J Virol 2009; 83:7507-16. [PMID: 19439466 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00495-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are positive-strand RNA viruses with features attractive for oncolytic therapy. To investigate this potential, we redirected the coronavirus murine hepatitis virus (MHV), which is normally unable to infect human cells, to human tumor cells by using a soluble receptor (soR)-based expression construct fused to an epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor targeting moiety. Addition of this adapter protein to MHV allowed infection of otherwise nonsusceptible, EGF receptor (EGFR)-expressing cell cultures. We introduced the sequence encoding the adaptor protein soR-EGF into the MHV genome to generate a self-targeted virus capable of multiround infection. The resulting recombinant MHV was viable and had indeed acquired the ability to infect all glioblastoma cell lines tested in vitro. Infection of malignant human glioblastoma U87DeltaEGFR cells gave rise to release of progeny virus and efficient cell killing in vitro. To investigate the oncolytic capacity of the virus in vivo, we used an orthotopic U87DeltaEGFR xenograft mouse model. Treatment of mice bearing a lethal intracranial U87DeltaEGFR tumor by injection with MHVsoR-EGF significantly prolonged survival compared to phosphate-buffered saline-treated (P = 0.001) and control virus-treated (P = 0.004) animals, and no recurrent tumor load was observed. However, some adverse effects were seen in normal mouse brain tissues that were likely caused by the natural murine tropism of MHV. This is the first demonstration of oncolytic activity of a coronavirus in vivo. It suggests that nonhuman coronaviruses may be attractive new therapeutic agents against human tumors.
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14
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An acute toxicology study with INGN 007, an oncolytic adenovirus vector, in mice and permissive Syrian hamsters; comparisons with wild-type Ad5 and a replication-defective adenovirus vector. Cancer Gene Ther 2009; 16:644-54. [PMID: 19197324 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2009.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic (replication-competent) adenoviruses as anticancer agents provide new, promising tools to fight cancer. In support of a Phase I clinical trial, here we report safety data with INGN 007 (VRX-007), an oncolytic adenovirus with increased anti-tumor efficacy due to overexpression of the adenovirus-encoded ADP protein. Wild-type adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) and a replication-defective version of Ad5 were also studied as controls. A parallel study investigating the biodistribution of these viruses is described elsewhere in this issue. The toxicology experiments were conducted in two species, the Syrian hamster, which is permissive for INGN 007 and Ad5 replication and the poorly permissive mouse. The studies demonstrated that the safety profile of INGN 007 is similar to Ad5. Both viruses caused transient liver damage upon intravenous injection that resolved by 28 days post-infection. The No-Observable-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) for INGN 007 in hamsters was 3 x 10(10) viral particles per kg. In hamsters, the replication-defective vector caused less toxicity, indicating that replication of Ad vectors in the host is an important factor in pathogenesis. With mice, INGN 007 and Ad5 caused toxicity comparable to the replication-defective adenovirus vector. Partially based on these results, the FDA granted permission to enter into a Phase I clinical trial with INGN 007.
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15
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Sonabend AM, Ulasov IV, Han Y, Rolle CE, Nandi S, Cao D, Tyler MA, Lesniak MS. Biodistribution of an oncolytic adenovirus after intracranial injection in permissive animals: a comparative study of Syrian hamsters and cotton rats. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 16:362-72. [PMID: 19011597 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Conditionally replicative adenoviruses (CRAds) are often evaluated in mice; however, normal and cancerous mouse tissues are poorly permissive for human CRAds. As the cotton rat (CR) is a semipermissive animal and the Syrian hamster (SH) is a fully permissive model for adenoviral replication, we compared them in a single study following intracranial (i.c.) injection of a novel glioma-targeting CRAd. Viral genomic copies were quantified by real-time PCR in brain, blood, liver and lung. The studies were corroborated by immunohistochemical, serological and immunological assays. CR had a multiple log higher susceptibility for adenoviral infection than SH. A similar amount of genomic copies of CRAd-Survivin-pk7 and human adenovirus serotype 5 (AdWT) was found in the brain of CR and in all organs from SH. In blood and lung of CR, AdWT had more genomic copies than CRAd-Survivin-pk7 in some of the time points studied. Viral antigens were confirmed in brain slices, an elevation of serum transaminases was observed in both models, and an increase in anti-adenoviral antibodies was detected in SH sera. In conclusion, CR represents a sensitive model for studying biodistribution of CRAds after i.c. delivery, allowing for the detection of differences in the replication of CRAd-Survivin-pk7 and AdWT that were not evident in SH.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sonabend
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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16
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Piao Y, Jiang H, Alemany R, Krasnykh V, Marini FC, Xu J, Alonso MM, Conrad CA, Aldape KD, Gomez-Manzano C, Fueyo J. Oncolytic adenovirus retargeted to Delta-EGFR induces selective antiglioma activity. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 16:256-65. [PMID: 18927600 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The fact that glioblastomas, which are one of the most devastating cancers, frequently express the Delta-EGFR (epithelial growth factor receptor) also called mutant variant III of EGFR (EGFRvIII) suggests that this cancer cell-specific receptor might serve as an ideal target for cancer therapy. To assess its potential as such a target, we constructed an oncolytic adenovirus with Retargeted Infectivity Via EGFR (Delta-24-RIVER) on the backbone of Delta-24. This new oncolytic adenovirus targets, as Delta-24 does, the disrupted Rb pathway in cancer cells; in addition, this adenovirus has also been retargeted through the abrogation of CAR binding (Y477A mutation in adenoviral fiber protein) and insertion of an EGFRvIII-specific binding peptide in the HI loop of the fiber protein. As compared with Delta-24, Delta-24-RIVER induced EGFRvIII-selective cytotoxicity in U-87 MG isogenic cell lines and in tetracycline-inducible EGFRVIII expressing U-251 MG cells. Accordingly, by tittering the viral progeny and examining fiber protein expression in the above cells, we showed that the replication of this new construct also correlated with EGFRvIII expression. Consistently, immunohistochemistry staining of the adenoviral capsid protein hexon in the virus-treated tumors revealed that the virus replicated more efficiently in EGFRvIII-expressing U-87 MG.DeltaEGFR xenografts than in the tumors grown from U-87 MG cells. Importantly, treatment with Delta-24-RIVER prolonged the survival of animals with intracranial xenografts derived from U-87 MG.DeltaEGFR cells. Therefore, our results constitute the first proof of the direct targeting of a cancer-specific receptor using an oncolytic adenovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Piao
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Thomas MA, Spencer JF, Toth K, Sagartz JE, Phillips NJ, Wold WSM. Immunosuppression enhances oncolytic adenovirus replication and antitumor efficacy in the Syrian hamster model. Mol Ther 2008; 16:1665-73. [PMID: 18665155 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently described an immunocompetent Syrian hamster model for oncolytic adenoviruses (Ads) that permits virus replication in tumor cells as well as some normal tissues. This model allows exploration of interactions between the virus, tumor, normal organs, and host immune system that could not be examined in the immunodeficient or nonpermissive animal models previously used in the oncolytic Ad field. Here we asked whether the immune response to oncolytic Ad enhances or limits antitumor efficacy. We first determined that cyclophosphamide (CP) is a potent immunosuppressive agent in the Syrian hamster and that CP alone had no effect on tumor growth. Importantly, we found that the antitumor efficacy of oncolytic Ads was significantly enhanced in immunosuppressed animals. In animals that received virus therapy plus immunosuppression, significant differences were observed in tumor histology, and in many cases little viable tumor remained. Notably, we also determined that immunosuppression allowed intratumoral virus levels to remain elevated for prolonged periods. Although favorable tumor responses can be achieved in immunocompetent animals, the rate of virus clearance from the tumor may lead to varied antitumor efficacy. Immunosuppression, therefore, allows sustained Ad replication and oncolysis, which leads to substantially improved suppression of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Thomas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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Nettelbeck DM. Cellular genetic tools to control oncolytic adenoviruses for virotherapy of cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 86:363-77. [PMID: 18214411 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Key challenges facing cancer therapy are the development of tumor-specific drugs and the implementation of potent multimodal treatment regimens. Oncolytic adenoviruses, featuring cancer-selective viral cell lysis and spread, constitute a particularly interesting drug platform towards both goals. First, as complex biological agents, adenoviruses allow for rational drug development by genetic incorporation of targeting mechanisms that exert their function at different stages of the viral replication cycle. Secondly, therapeutic genes implementing diverse cancer cell-killing activities can be inserted into the oncolytic adenovirus genome without loss of replication potential, thus deriving a "one-agent combination therapy". This article reviews an intriguing approach to derive oncolytic adenoviruses, which is to insert cellular genetic regulatory elements into adenovirus genomes for control of virus replication and therapeutic gene expression. This approach has been thoroughly investigated and optimized during the last decade for transcriptional targeting of adenovirus replication and gene expression to a wide panel of tumor types. More recently, further cellular regulatory mechanisms, such as mRNA stability and translation regulation, have been reported as tools for virus control. Consequently, oncolytic adenoviruses with a remarkable specificity profile for prostate cancer, gastrointestinal cancers, liver cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, and other cancers were derived. Such specificity profiles allow for the engineering of new generations of oncolytic adenoviruses with improved potency by enhancing viral cell binding and entry or by expressing therapeutic genes. Clearly, genetic engineering of viruses has great potential for the development of innovative antitumor drugs--towards targeted and multimodal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Nettelbeck
- Helmholtz-University Group Oncolytic Adenoviruses, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Vähä-Koskela MJ, Heikkilä JE, Hinkkanen AE. Oncolytic viruses in cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2007; 254:178-216. [PMID: 17383089 PMCID: PMC7126325 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising form of gene therapy for cancer, employing nature’s own agents to find and destroy malignant cells. The purpose of this review is to provide an introduction to this very topical field of research and to point out some of the current observations, insights and ideas circulating in the literature. We have strived to acknowledge as many different oncolytic viruses as possible to give a broader picture of targeting cancer using viruses. Some of the newest additions to the panel of oncolytic viruses include the avian adenovirus, foamy virus, myxoma virus, yaba-like disease virus, echovirus type 1, bovine herpesvirus 4, Saimiri virus, feline panleukopenia virus, Sendai virus and the non-human coronaviruses. Although promising, virotherapy still faces many obstacles that need to be addressed, including the emergence of virus-resistant tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus J.V. Vähä-Koskela
- Åbo Akademi University, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy and Turku Immunology Centre, Turku, Finland
- Turku Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Turku, Finland
- Corresponding author. Address: Åbo Akademi University, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy and Turku Immunology Centre, Turku, Finland. Tel.: +358 2 215 4018; fax: +358 2 215 4745.
| | - Jari E. Heikkilä
- Åbo Akademi University, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy and Turku Immunology Centre, Turku, Finland
| | - Ari E. Hinkkanen
- Åbo Akademi University, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy and Turku Immunology Centre, Turku, Finland
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Jiang H, Alonso MM, Gomez-Manzano C, Piao Y, Fueyo J. Oncolytic viruses and DNA-repair machinery: overcoming chemoresistance of gliomas. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2007; 6:1585-92. [PMID: 17134363 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.11.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The current standard of care for malignant gliomas is surgical resection and radiotherapy followed by extended adjuvant treatment with the alkylating agent temozolomide. Temozolomide causes DNA damage, which induces cell death. Through changes in the DNA-repair machinery, glioma cells develop resistance to temozolomide, compromising the therapeutic effect of the drug. Oncolytic viruses, such as herpes simplex viruses and adenoviruses, are being introduced into clinical trials as a new treatment for this malignancy. Biological studies have revealed that these viruses use mechanisms to either inactivate (adenovirus) or take advantage of (herpes simplex virus) the cellular DNA-repair machinery to achieve productive replication. Adenoviruses express proteins from the early genes to either downregulate the damage-repair enzyme, O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, or degrade poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase or the Mre11-Rad50-NBS1 complex, which detects DNA strand breaks. Temozolomide enhances herpes simplex virus oncolysis by upregulating the DNA repair-related genes growth arrest DNA damage 34 and ribonucleotide reductase. The interactions between viruses and the DNA-repair machinery suggest that a combined temozolomide and viral therapy will overcome the limitations of a single therapy by diminishing chemoresistance or enhancing oncolysis. This hypothesis has been supported by promising findings from preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Neuro-Oncology, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Box 1002, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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