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Design and synthesis of a new series of highly potent RAF kinase-inhibiting triarylpyrazole derivatives possessing antiproliferative activity against melanoma cells. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:2197-2211. [PMID: 27845592 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of V600E-B-RAF kinase represents a potential avenue for melanoma treatment. Herein, a series of 1,3,4-triarylpyrazoles possessing amide linker were designed, synthesized and evaluated for RAF kinase inhibition. RESULTS Compounds 1d and 1f were more potent than sorafenib against A375 cell line, and their selectivity indexes toward A375 than HS27 fibroblasts were 25.43 and 45.83, respectively. Compound 1f was more potent against the melanoma cell lines with B-RAF V600E mutation than melanoma cells with NRAS mutation and normal skin epithelial cells. Compounds 1d and 1f showed strong potency and selectivity against V600E-B-RAF kinase with IC50 values of 3.80 and 2.98 nM, respectively. Molecular docking studies revealed their binding mode. CONCLUSION Potent and selective V600E-B-RAF antimelanoma agents were discovered. [Formula: see text].
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2
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Lee JA, Roh EJ, Oh CH, Lee SH, Sim T, Kim JS, Yoo KH. Synthesis of quinolinylaminopyrimidines and quinazolinylmethylaminopyrimidines with antiproliferative activity against melanoma cell line. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:607-14. [PMID: 25431146 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.958082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of a new series of quinolinylaminopyrimidines 1a-k and quinazolinylmethylaminopyrimidines 2a-i containing aminoquinoline and aminoquinazoline as hinge regions is described. Their in vitro antiproliferative activities against A375P human melanoma cell line were tested. Among them, compounds 1h and 1k exhibited the highest antiproliferative activities against A375P cell line with IC50 values in sub-micromolar scale. Compounds 1i, 2b and 2g showed similar potency against A375P to Sorafenib as a reference compound. The representative compound 1h showed high, dose-dependent inhibition of MEK and ERK kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun A Lee
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Cheongryang, Seoul , Republic of Korea
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3
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Meng P, Ghosh R. Transcription addiction: can we garner the Yin and Yang functions of E2F1 for cancer therapy? Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1360. [PMID: 25101673 PMCID: PMC4454301 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Classically, as a transcription factor family, the E2Fs are known to regulate the expression of various genes whose products are involved in a multitude of biological functions, many of which are deregulated in diseases including cancers. E2F is deregulated and hyperactive in most human cancers with context dependent, dichotomous and contradictory roles in almost all cancers. Cancer cells have an insatiable demand for transcription to ensure that gene products are available to sustain various biological processes that support their rapid growth and survival. In this context, cutting-off hyperactivity of transcription factors that support transcription dependence could be a valuable therapeutic strategy. However, one of the greatest challenges of targeting a transcription factor is the global effects on non-cancerous cells given that they control cellular functions in general. Recently, there is growing realization regarding the possibility to target the oncogenic activation of transcription factors to modulate transcription addiction without affecting the normal activity required for cell functions. In this review, we used E2F1 as a prototype transcription factor to address transcription factor activity in cancer cell functions. We focused on melanoma considering that E2F1 executes critical functions in response to UV, an etiological factor of cutaneous melanoma and lies immediately downstream of the CDKN2A/pRb axis, which is frequently deregulated in melanoma. Further, activation of E2F1 in melanomas can also occur independent of loss of CDKN2A. Given its activated status and the ability to transcriptionally control a plethora of genes involved in regulating melanoma development and progression, we review the current literature on its differential role in controlling signaling pathways involved in melanoma as well as therapeutic resistance, and discuss the practical value of weaning melanoma cells from E2F1-mediated transcription dependence for melanoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Meng
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - R Ghosh
- 1] Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA [2] Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA [3] Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA [4] Cancer Therapy and Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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4
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New diarylamides and diarylureas possessing 8-amino(acetamido)quinoline scaffold: Synthesis, antiproliferative activities against melanoma cell lines, kinase inhibition, and in silico studies. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 70:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Juhász K, Thuenauer R, Spachinger A, Duda E, Horváth I, Vígh L, Sonnleitner A, Balogi Z. Lysosomal rerouting of Hsp70 trafficking as a potential immune activating tool for targeting melanoma. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:430-40. [PMID: 22920897 PMCID: PMC3531874 DOI: 10.2174/138161213804143644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor specific cell surface localization and release of the stress inducible heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) stimulate the immune
system against cancer cells. A key immune stimulatory function of tumor-derived Hsp70 has been exemplified with the murine melanoma
cell model, B16 overexpressing exogenous Hsp70. Despite the therapeutic potential mechanism of Hsp70 transport to the surface
and release remained poorly understood. We investigated principles of Hsp70 trafficking in B16 melanoma cells with low and high level
of Hsp70. In cells with low level of Hsp70 apparent trafficking of Hsp70 was mediated by endosomes. Excess Hsp70 triggered a series of
changes such as a switch of Hsp70 trafficking from endosomes to lysosomes and a concomitant accumulation of Hsp70 in lysosomes.
Moreover, lysosomal rerouting resulted in an elevated concentration of surface Hsp70 and enabled active release of Hsp70. In fact, hyperthermia,
a clinically applicable approach triggered immediate active lysosomal release of soluble Hsp70 from cells with excess Hsp70.
Furthermore, excess Hsp70 enabled targeting of internalized surface Hsp70 to lysosomes, allowing in turn heat-induced secretion of surface
Hsp70. Altogether, we show that excess Hsp70 expressed in B16 melanoma cells diverts Hsp70 trafficking from endosomes to
lysosomes, thereby supporting its surface localization and lysosomal release. Controlled excess-induced lysosomal rerouting and secretion
of Hsp70 is proposed as a promising tool to stimulate anti-tumor immunity targeting melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Juhász
- Center for Advanced Bioanalysis GmbH, Gruberstr. 40-42, A-4020 Linz, Austria
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6
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Kim HJ, Oh CH, Yoo KH. Synthesis of New Pyrimidinylaminobenzene Derivatives and Their Antiproliferative Activities against Melanoma Cell Line. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.8.2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Cho HJ, El-Gamal MI, Oh CH, Lee SH, Kim G, Hong JH, Choi HS, Yoo KH. Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of New Aminoisoquinolinylurea Derivatives against Melanoma Cell Line. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.11.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Blair LP, Yan Q. Epigenetic mechanisms in commonly occurring cancers. DNA Cell Biol 2012; 31 Suppl 1:S49-61. [PMID: 22519822 PMCID: PMC3460614 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2012.1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a collection of very complex diseases that share many traits while differing in many ways as well. This makes a universal cure difficult to attain, and it highlights the importance of understanding each type of cancer at a molecular level. Although many strides have been made in identifying the genetic causes for some cancers, we now understand that simple changes in the primary DNA sequence cannot explain the many steps that are necessary to turn a normal cell into a rouge cancer cell. In recent years, some research has shifted to focusing on detailing epigenetic contributions to the development and progression of cancer. These changes occur apart from primary genomic sequences and include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNA expression. Since these epigenetic modifications are reversible, drugs targeting epigenetic changes are becoming more common in clinical settings. Daily discoveries elucidating these complex epigenetic processes are leading to advances in the field of cancer research. These advances, however, come at a rapid and often overwhelming pace. This review specifically summarizes the main epigenetic mechanisms currently documented in solid tumors common in the United States and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren P Blair
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8023, USA.
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9
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Jung MH, El-Gamal MI, Abdel-Maksoud MS, Sim T, Yoo KH, Oh CH. Design, synthesis, and antiproliferative activity of new 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine derivatives against melanoma cell lines. Part 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4362-7. [PMID: 22647720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A new series of diarylureas and diarylamides possessing 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine scaffold was designed and synthesized. Their in vitro antiproliferative activities against A375P human melanoma cell line and NCI-9 human melanoma cell line panel were tested. All the target compounds, except three amino derivatives 8g, h and 9h, demonstrated superior potencies against A375P to Sorafenib. In addition, compounds 8a and 9b-f demonstrated higher potencies than Vemurafenib against A375P. Compounds 8c and 9b were 7.50 and 454.90 times, respectively, more selective towards A375P melanoma cells over NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Furthermore, compounds 8d, e and 9a-d, f demonstrated very high potencies against the nine tested melanoma cell lines at the NCI. The bisamide derivatives 9a-c, f showed 2-digit nanomolar IC(50) values over different cell lines of the NCI-9 melanoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Ho Jung
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, PO Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Republic of Korea
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10
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Kim HJ, Cho HJ, Kim H, El-Gamal MI, Oh CH, Lee SH, Sim T, Hah JM, Yoo KH. New diarylureas and diarylamides possessing acet(benz)amidophenyl scaffold: design, synthesis, and antiproliferative activity against melanoma cell line. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3269-73. [PMID: 22460030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of new diarylurea and diarylamide derivatives possessing acet(benz)amidophenyl scaffold was synthesized. Their in vitro antiproliferative activity was tested against A375P human melanoma cell line. Compounds 1c,d and 2c,d showed the highest potencies with IC(50) values in sub-micromolar scale. In addition, compounds 1b,e,l and 2e,l were more potent than Sorafenib but with IC(50) values in micromolar range. Moreover, compound 2c was equipotent to Vemurafenib, and 2d showed higher potency than Vemurafenib against A375P. Molar refractometry calculation and ADME profiling of the highest potent four derivatives 1c,d and 2c,d are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Kim
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, PO Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Republic of Korea
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11
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Park JH, El-Gamal MI, Lee YS, Oh CH. New imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole derivatives: Synthesis, in vitro anticancer evaluation, and in silico studies. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5769-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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New diarylureas and diarylamides containing 1,3,4-triarylpyrazole scaffold: Synthesis, antiproliferative evaluation against melanoma cell lines, ERK kinase inhibition, and molecular docking studies. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5754-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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El-Gamal MI, Choi HS, Cho HG, Hong JH, Yoo KH, Oh CH. Design, synthesis, and antiproliferative activity of 3,4-diarylpyrazole-1-carboxamide derivatives against melanoma cell line. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2011; 344:745-54. [PMID: 21954060 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of a new series of 3,4-diarylpyrazole-1-carboxamide derivatives is described. Their antiproliferative activity against A375P human melanoma cell line was tested and the effect of substituents on the diarylpyrazole scaffold was investigated. The biological results indicated that five synthesized compounds (Ig, Ii, IIc, IIg, and IIh) exhibited similar activity to Sorafenib. In addition, three compounds (IIa, IIb, and IIi) were more potent than Sorafenib. Among all of these derivatives, compound IIa which has dimethylamino and phenolic moieties showed the most potent antiproliferative activity against A375P human melanoma cell line. Virtual screening was carried out through docking of the most potent compound IIa into the domain of V600E-b-Raf and the binding mode was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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14
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El-Gamal MI, Jung MH, Lee WS, Sim T, Yoo KH, Oh CH. Design, synthesis, and antiproliferative activity of new 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine derivatives against melanoma cell lines. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3218-26. [PMID: 21592628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of a new series of diarylureas and diarylamides having 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine scaffold is described. Their in vitro antiproliferative activity against A375P human melanoma cell line was tested and the effect of substituents on pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine nucleus was investigated. The newly synthesized compounds, except three N-tolyl derivatives (8f, 9f, and 9h), generally showed superior activity against A375P to Sorafenib. Among all of these derivatives, compounds 8b, 8g, and 9a-e showed the highest potency against A375P with IC(50) in nanomolar range. In addition, compounds 8d, 8e, 8h, 9g, 9i, and 9j were more potent than Sorafenib but with IC(50) in micromolar range. Compounds 8b, 8g, 9b-d, and 9i demonstrated higher selectivity towards A375P compared with NIH3T3 fibroblasts. The most potent diarylurea 8g and diarylamide 9d were further tested and showed high potency over nine melanoma cell lines at the NCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Biomaterials Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Republic of Korea
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15
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El-Gamal MI, Oh CH. Design and Synthesis of 3-(3-Chloro-4-substituted phenyl)-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-1Hpyrazole- 1-carboxamide Derivatives and Their Antiproliferative Activity Against Melanoma Cell Line. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.3.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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El-Gamal MI, Sim TB, Hong JH, Cho JH, Yoo KH, Oh CH. Synthesis of 1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide derivatives and their antiproliferative activity against melanoma cell line. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2010; 344:197-204. [PMID: 21384419 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of a new series of 1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide derivatives is described. Their antiproliferative activity against A375 human melanoma cell line was tested and the effect of substituents on the diarylpyrazole scaffold was investigated. The pharmacological results indicated that most of the newly synthesized compounds showed moderate activity against A375, compared with sorafenib. Among all of these derivatives, compound IIe which has N-methylpiperazinyl and phenolic moieties showed the most potent antiproliferative activity against A375 human melanoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Biomaterials Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Park JH, Oh CH. Synthesis of New 6-(4-Fluorophenyl)-5-(2-substituted pyrimidin-4-yl)imidazo[2,1-b] thiazole Derivatives and their Antiproliferative Activity against Melanoma Cell Line. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.10.2854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine derivatives against melanoma. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:413-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Jung MH, Kim H, Choi WK, El-Gamal MI, Park JH, Yoo KH, Sim TB, Lee SH, Baek D, Hah JM, Cho JH, Oh CH. Synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives and their antiproliferative activity against melanoma cell line. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6538-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activities of 1-Substituted-3-(3-chloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-4-pyridinylpyrazole Derivatives Against Melanoma Cell Line. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.9.2027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zigler M, Villares GJ, Lev DC, Melnikova VO, Bar-Eli M. Tumor immunotherapy in melanoma: strategies for overcoming mechanisms of resistance and escape. Am J Clin Dermatol 2009; 9:307-11. [PMID: 18717605 DOI: 10.2165/00128071-200809050-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of melanoma has been steadily increasing over the last 3 decades. Currently, there are several approved treatments for metastatic melanoma, including chemotherapy and biologic therapy as both single treatments and in combination, but none is associated with a significant increase in survival. The chemotherapeutic agent dacarbazine is the standard treatment for metastatic melanoma, with a response rate of 15-20%, although most responses are not sustained. One of the main problems with melanoma treatment is chemotherapeutic resistance. The mechanisms of resistance of melanoma cells to chemotherapy have yet to be elucidated. Following treatment with dacarbazine, melanoma cells activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway, which results in over-expression and secretion of interleukin (IL)-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor. Melanoma cells utilize this mechanism to escape from the cytotoxic effect of the drug. We have previously reported on the development of fully human neutralizing antibodies against IL-8 (anti-IL-8-monoclonal-antibody [ABX-IL8]). In preclinical studies, ABX-IL8 inhibited tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis of human melanoma in vivo. We propose that combination treatment with dacarbazine and IL-8 will potentiate the cytotoxic effect of the drug. Furthermore, formation of metastasis is a multistep process that includes melanoma cell adhesion to endothelial cells. Melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MUC18) mediates these processes in melanoma and is therefore a good target for eliminating metastasis. We have developed a fully human antibody against MUC18 that has shown promising results in preclinical studies. Since resistance is one of the major obstacles in the treatment of melanoma, we propose that utilization of antibodies against IL-8 or MUC18 alone, or as part of a 'cocktail' in combination with dacarbazine, may be a new treatment modality for metastatic melanoma that overcomes resistance of the disease to chemotherapy and significantly improves survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Zigler
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Mazorra Z, Mesa C, Fernández A, Fernández LE. Immunization with a GM3 ganglioside nanoparticulated vaccine confers an effector CD8(+) T cells-mediated protection against melanoma B16 challenge. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1771-80. [PMID: 18351335 PMCID: PMC11029898 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Preventive immunotherapy is an attractive strategy for patients at a high risk of having cancer. The success of prophylactic cancer vaccines would depend on the selection of target antigens that are essential for tumour growth and progression. The overexpression of GM3 ganglioside in murine and human melanomas and its important role in tumour progression makes this self antigen a potential target for preventive immunotherapy of this neoplasm. We have previously shown that preventive administration of a GM3-based vaccine to C57BL/6 mice elicited the rejection of the GM3 positive-B16 melanoma cells in most of the animals. Despite the crucial role of cellular immune response in tumour protection, the involvement of T cells in anti-tumour immunity of ganglioside vaccines is not described. Here, we examined the mechanisms by which this immunogen confers tumour protection. We have found that induction of anti-GM3 IgG antibodies correlated with tumour protection. Surprisingly, CD8(+) T cells, but not NK1.1(+) cells, are required in the effector phase of the antitumour immune response. The depletion of CD4(+) T cells during immunization phase did not affect the anti-tumour activity. In addition, T cells from surviving-immunized animals secreted IFNgamma when were co-cultured with IFNalpha-treated B16 melanoma cells or DCs pulsed with melanoma extract. Paradoxically, in spite of the glycolipidic nature of this antigen, these findings demonstrate the direct involvement of the cellular immune response in the anti-tumour protection induced by a ganglioside-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaima Mazorra
- Department of Vaccines, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba.
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23
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Daud AI, DeConti RC, Andrews S, Urbas P, Riker AI, Sondak VK, Munster PN, Sullivan DM, Ugen KE, Messina JL, Heller R. Phase I trial of interleukin-12 plasmid electroporation in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:5896-903. [PMID: 19029422 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.15.6794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Gene-based immunotherapy for cancer is limited by the lack of safe, efficient, reproducible, and titratable delivery methods. Direct injection of DNA into tissue, although safer than viral vectors, suffers from low gene transfer efficiency. In vivo electroporation, in preclinical models, significantly enhances gene transfer efficiency while retaining the safety advantages of plasmid DNA. PATIENTS AND METHODS A phase I dose escalation trial of plasmid interleukin (IL)-12 electroporation was carried out in patients with metastatic melanoma. Patients received electroporation on days 1, 5, and 8 during a single 39-day cycle, into metastatic melanoma lesions with six 100-mus pulses at a 1,300-V/cm electric field through a penetrating six-electrode array immediately after DNA injection. Pre- and post-treatment biopsies were obtained at defined time points for detailed histologic evaluation and determination of IL-12 protein levels. RESULTS Twenty-four patients were treated at seven dose levels, with minimal systemic toxicity. Transient pain after electroporation was the major adverse effect. Post-treatment biopsies showed plasmid dose proportional increases in IL-12 protein levels as well as marked tumor necrosis and lymphocytic infiltrate. Two (10%) of 19 patients with nonelectroporated distant lesions and no other systemic therapy showed complete regression of all metastases, whereas eight additional patients (42%) showed disease stabilization or partial response. CONCLUSION This report describes the first human trial, to our knowledge, of gene transfer utilizing in vivo DNA electroporation. The results indicated this modality to be safe, effective, reproducible, and titratable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil I Daud
- Cutaneous Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics Programs, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activities of Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine Derivatives for Melanoma Cell. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2008. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2008.29.11.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Schön M, Wienrich BG, Kneitz S, Sennefelder H, Amschler K, Vöhringer V, Weber O, Stiewe T, Ziegelbauer K, Schön MP. KINK-1, a Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitor of IKKβ, and the Susceptibility of Melanoma Cells to Antitumoral Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 100:862-75. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djn174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Chen J, Wang Z, Lu Y, Dalton JT, Miller DD, Li W. Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of imidazole and imidazoline analogs for melanoma. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3183-7. [PMID: 18477505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported substituted 2-aryl-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid amides as potent and selective antiproliferative agents for melanoma. To understand the importance of the thiazolidine ring and to reduce potential complications associated with the two chiral centers, we designed and synthesized sets of new analogs by modifying this ring. These new analogs were tested in two melanoma cell lines and fibroblast cells (negative controls). Compared with the older analogs containing the thiazolidine ring, these new analogs have lower potency in general, but some of these analogs still have very good selectivity. These structure-activity studies indicated that the thiazolidine ring is very critical for the activity for these series of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Krämer OH, Knauer SK, Zimmermann D, Stauber RH, Heinzel T. Histone deacetylase inhibitors and hydroxyurea modulate the cell cycle and cooperatively induce apoptosis. Oncogene 2007; 27:732-40. [PMID: 17653085 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Therapy resistance represents a major problem for disease management in oncology. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have been shown to modulate the cell cycle, to induce apoptosis and to sensitize cancer cells for other chemotherapeutics. Our study shows that the HDACi valproic acid (VPA) and the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor hydroxyurea (HU) potentiate the pro-apoptotic effects of each other towards several cancer cell lines. This correlates with the HU-induced degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKI) p21 and p27, mediated by the proteasome or caspase-3. Moreover, we found that caspase-3 activation is required for VPA-induced apoptosis. Remarkably, p21 and p27 can confer resistance against VPA and HU. Both CDKI interact with caspase-3 and compete with other caspase-3 substrates. Hence, p21 and p27 may contribute to chemotherapy resistance as apoptosis inhibitors. Since the biological effects of VPA and HU could be achieved at concentrations used in current treatment protocols, the combined application of these compounds might be considered as a potential strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- O H Krämer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Zhang Q, Chen Y, Wang BD, He P, Su YA. Differences in apoptosis and cell cycle distribution between human melanoma cell lines UACC903 and UACC903(+6), before and after UV irradiation. Int J Biol Sci 2007; 3:342-8. [PMID: 17657283 PMCID: PMC1925258 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.3.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction of human chromosome 6 into malignant melanoma cell line UACC903 resulted in generation of the chromosome 6-mediated suppressed cell subline UACC903(+6) that displays attenuated growth rate, anchorage-dependency, and reduced tumorigenicity. We have showed that overexpression of a chromosome 6-encoded tumor suppressor gene led to partial suppression to UACC903 cell growth. We now describe the differences in apoptosis and cell cycle between UACC903 and UACC903(+6) before and after UV irradiation. MTT assay revealed 86.92±8.24% of UACC903 cells viable, significantly (p<0.01) higher than 48.76±5.31% of UACC903(+6), at 24 hr after 254-nm UV irradiation (40 J/M2). Before UV treatment, flow cytometry analysis revealed 6.06±0.20% apoptosis in UACC903, significantly (p=0.01) lower than 6.67±0.15% in UACC903(+6). The G0/G1, S and G2/M phase cells of UACC903 were, respectively, 54.10±0.59%, 22.31±0.50% and 16.85±0.25%, all significantly (p<0.01) different from the corresponding percentages (58.82±0.35%, 20.48±0.05%, and 13.17±0.45%) of UACC903(+6). After the UV treatment, UACC903 cells in apoptosis, G0/G1, S, and G2/M became 12.59±0.17%, 38.90±0.67%, 19.74±0.70%, and 27.01±0.66%, respectively, while UACC903(+6) cells were 24.16±0.48%, 37.97±0.62%, 19.20±0.52%, and 15.69±0.14%. TUNEL assay revealed 2.31±0.62% apoptosis in UACC903, significantly (p<0.01) lower than 9.60±1.14% of UACC903(+6), and a linear and exponential increase of apoptosis, respectively, in response to the UV treatment. These results indicate that UACC903(+6) cells have a greater tendency to undergo apoptosis and are thus much more sensitive to UV irradiation. Our findings further suggest a novel mechanism for chromosome 6-mediated suppression of tumorigenesis and metastasis, i.e., through increased cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyang Zhang
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yuanbin Chen
- 2. Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Bi-Dar Wang
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ping He
- 3. Division of Hematology, Center for Biological Evaluation and Research, FDA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yan A. Su
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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