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Prexler C, Knape MS, Erlewein-Schweizer J, Roll W, Specht K, Woertler K, Weichert W, von Luettichau I, Rossig C, Hauer J, Richter GHS, Weber W, Burdach S. Correlation of Transcriptomics and FDG-PET SUVmax Indicates Reciprocal Expression of Stemness-Related Transcription Factor and Neuropeptide Signaling Pathways in Glucose Metabolism of Ewing Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235999. [PMID: 36497479 PMCID: PMC9735504 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Ewing sarcoma (EwS), long-term treatment effects and poor survival rates for relapsed or metastatic cases require individualization of therapy and the discovery of new treatment methods. Tumor glucose metabolic activity varies significantly between patients, and FDG-PET signals have been proposed as prognostic factors. However, the biological basis for the generally elevated but variable glucose metabolism in EwS is not well understood. METHODS We retrospectively included 19 EwS samples (17 patients). Affymetrix gene expression was correlated with maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax) using machine learning, linear regression modelling, and gene set enrichment analyses for functional annotation. RESULTS Expression of five genes correlated (MYBL2, ELOVL2, NETO2) or anticorrelated (FAXDC2, PLSCR4) significantly with SUVmax (adjusted p-value ≤ 0.05). Additionally, we identified 23 genes with large SUVmax effect size, which were significantly enriched for "neuropeptide Y receptor activity (GO:0004983)" (adjusted p-value = 0.0007). The expression of the members of this signaling pathway (NPY, NPY1R, NPY5R) anticorrelated with SUVmax. In contrast, three transcription factors associated with maintaining stemness displayed enrichment of their target genes with higher SUVmax: RNF2, E2F family, and TCF3. CONCLUSION Our large-scale analysis examined comprehensively the correlations between transcriptomics and tumor glucose utilization. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that stemness may be associated with increased glucose uptake, whereas neuroectodermal differentiation may anticorrelate with glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Prexler
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Marie Sophie Knape
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Roll
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 A1, 48149 Munster, Germany
| | - Katja Specht
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Woertler
- Musculoskeletal Radiology Section, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Irene von Luettichau
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, 80804 Munich, Germany
- ERN PaedCan, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Rossig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Julia Hauer
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Guenther H. S. Richter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Charite–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weber
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Burdach
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Academy of Translational Medicine and Department of Molecular Oncology–British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Ye C, Wei W, Tang X, Li F, Xin B, Chen Q, Wei H, He S, Xiao J. Sacral Ewing sarcoma with rib, lung, and multifocal skull metastases: A rare case report and review of treatments. Front Oncol 2022; 12:933579. [PMID: 36172156 PMCID: PMC9511402 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.933579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) rarely derives from the sacrum or mobile spine. The discovery of primary ES with multimetastatic involvements is exceedingly less frequent in clinical practice. A 23-year-old man with initial primary sacral ES developed metastases of rib, lung, and multifocal skull after receiving surgical intervention and series of adjuvant therapies. We provide this very rare case consisting of its clinical features, imaging findings, treatments, and outcomes. Therapeutic modalities of ES are also reviewed in previous published articles. The prognosis of metastatic ES remains dismal; effective therapeutic modalities for ES require multidisciplinary collaboration, with more high-quality clinical trials to promote the optimal protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ye
- School of Health Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Health Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuebin Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, the 943rd Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of People's Liberation Army, Wuwei, China
| | - Baoquan Xin
- School of Health Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- School of Health Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Wei
- School of Health Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, No.905 Hospital of People's Liberation Army Navy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Haifeng Wei, ; Shaohui He, ; Jianru Xiao,
| | - Shaohui He
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, No.905 Hospital of People's Liberation Army Navy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Haifeng Wei, ; Shaohui He, ; Jianru Xiao,
| | - Jianru Xiao
- School of Health Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, No.905 Hospital of People's Liberation Army Navy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Haifeng Wei, ; Shaohui He, ; Jianru Xiao,
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Identification of EWSR1 rearrangements in patients with immature hematopoietic neoplasms: A case series and review of literature. Ann Diagn Pathol 2022; 58:151942. [PMID: 35344861 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2022.151942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rearrangement of the EWSR1 gene (22q12.2) is a well-recognized genetic lesion in bone and soft tissue tumors. However, few reports have suggested that EWSR1 rearrangements may also occur in the setting of hematopoietic tumors. We herein describe two cases of immature hematopoietic neoplasms presenting with EWSR1 rearrangements. The first occurred in a 41-year-old female diagnosed with mixed-phenotype acute leukemia, B/T/myeloid, in which conventional chromosome analysis revealed a t(2;22)(q35;q12). Further analysis with whole genome sequencing revealed that this rearrangement led to an EWSR1::FEV gene fusion. The second case was identified in an 18-year-old male with a high-grade B-cell lineage malignant neoplasm with immature features in which conventional chromosome analysis revealed a t(17;22)(q25;q12). Mate-pair sequencing, a next generation sequencing-based assay, was performed and revealed three in-frame chimeric gene fusions involving the EWSR1, TEF and STRADA gene regions. This report further expands the repertoire of hematopoietic neoplasms with EWSR1 fusions and partner genes involved in these rearrangements.
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Successful pregnancy after limb-sparing hemipelvectomy for Ewing sarcoma: Case report and literature review. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 60:787-790. [PMID: 34247828 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2021.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present a case of successful pregnancy in a patient who underwent limb-sparing hemipelvectomy combined with multi-agent chemotherapy and radiotherapy for Ewing sarcoma. CASE REPORT A 17-year-old girl was diagnosed with Ewing sarcoma of the left pelvis at the age of 17 and received limb-sparing hemipelvectomy combined with multi-agent chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The patient received oral contraceptives as hormone replacement therapy after completion of treatment. A normal menstruation cycle restored after the withdrawal of oral contraceptives. The patient spontaneously conceived at the age of 25. The patient complained of difficulty walking due to pelvic distortion during pregnancy and delivered a healthy neonate at term by cesarean section. CONCLUSION Successful pregnancy and delivery can be achieved after limb-sparing hemipelvectomy combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy for Ewing sarcoma. Our report provides important information on perinatal management, given the low incidence of pregnancy following treatment of Ewing sarcoma in the pelvis.
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Fernandez KS, Turski ML, Shah AT, Bastian BC, Horvai A, Hardee S, Sweet-Cordero EA. Ewing sarcoma in a child with neurofibromatosis type 1. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2019; 5:mcs.a004580. [PMID: 31645347 PMCID: PMC6824249 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a004580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here on a case of Ewing sarcoma (ES) occurring in a child with neurofibromatosis type 1. The sarcoma had an EWSR1-ERG translocation as well as loss of the remaining wild-type allele of NF1. Loss of the NF1 wild-type allele in the tumor suggests that activation of the Ras pathway contributed to its evolution. Review of available public data suggests that secondary mutations in the Ras pathway are found in ∼3% of ESs. This case suggests that Ras pathway activation may play a role in tumor progression in a subset of ESs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Fernandez
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Valley Children's Hospital, Madera, California 93636, USA
| | - Michelle L Turski
- Molecular Oncology Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Avanthi Tayi Shah
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Boris C Bastian
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Andrew Horvai
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Steven Hardee
- Division of Pathology, Valley Children's Hospital, Madera, California 93636, USA
| | - E Alejandro Sweet-Cordero
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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Lu VM, Goyal A, Alvi MA, Kerezoudis P, Haddock MG, Bydon M. Primary intradural Ewing’s sarcoma of the spine: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2019; 177:12-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wang Y, Min L, Zhou Y, Luo Y, Duan H, Tu C. The efficacy and safety of apatinib in Ewing's sarcoma: a retrospective analysis in one institution. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:6835-6842. [PMID: 30588089 PMCID: PMC6294078 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s181087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is a highly aggressive and metastatic neoplasm occurring mainly in children and young adults. The standard treatment of localized ES requires a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Although the 5-year survival rate for local ES has improved, the survival rate and prognosis are still very poor for metastatic or recurrent ES patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of apatinib, a specific vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor, in ES patients. METHODS This retrospective analysis involved eleven patients with ES not amenable to curative treatment. All patients suffered poor responses to two cycles of chemotherapy (vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide). Apatinib 500 mg (or 250 mg) was given daily. Tumor responses were assessed according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.1. Survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan-Meier test. The safety profile was also recorded. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 18 (range, 10-31) years. The 12-month overall survival and progression-free survival rates were 90% and 72%, respectively. Four patients achieved partial response, and four patients achieved stable disease, with objective response rate of 40%. The median follow-up in our study was 16 months (range, 3-26 months). The most common adverse events included hand-foot skin reaction (n=5; 45%), oral ulcers (n=4; 36%), and gastrointestinal discomfort (n=4; 36%). CONCLUSION Apatinib may provide as second- or first-line treatment options for ES patients, particularly in chemoresistant cases. Further studies with more cases and longer follow-up will be necessary to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of apatinib in ES patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China,
| | - Li Min
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China,
| | - Hong Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China,
| | - Chongqi Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China,
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8
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Yan B, Wang P, Wang J, Boheler KR. Discovery of Surface Target Proteins Linking Drugs, Molecular Markers, Gene Regulation, Protein Networks, and Disease by Using a Web-Based Platform Targets-search. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1722:331-344. [PMID: 29264813 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7553-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Integration and analysis of high content omics data have been critical to the investigation of molecule interactions (e.g., DNA-protein, protein-protein, chemical-protein) in biological systems. Human proteomic strategies that provide enriched information on cell surface proteins can be utilized for repurposing of drug targets and discovery of disease biomarkers. Although several published resources have proved useful to the analysis of these interactions, our newly developed web-based platform Targets-search has the capability of integrating multiple types of omics data to unravel their association with diverse molecule interactions and disease. Here, we describe how to use Targets-search, for the integrated and systemic exploitation of surface proteins to identify potential drug targets, which can further be used to analyze gene regulation, protein networks, and possible biomarkers for diseases and cancers. To illustrate this process, we have taken data from Ewing's sarcoma to identify surface proteins differentially expressed in Ewing's sarcoma cells. These surface proteins were then analyzed to determine which ones were known drug targets. The information suggested putative targets for drug repurposing and subsequent analyses illustrated their regulation by the transcription factor EWSR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Centre of Genomics Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Panwen Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Junwen Wang
- Centre of Genomics Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Department of Health Sciences Research, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
| | - Kenneth R Boheler
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium and School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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9
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EWSR1 rearrangement is a frequent event in papillary thyroid carcinoma and in carcinoma of the thyroid with Ewing family tumor elements (CEFTE). Virchows Arch 2017; 470:517-525. [PMID: 28236059 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Carcinomas of the thyroid with Ewing family tumor element (CEFTEs) are small-cell thyroid tumors with epithelial differentiation that disclose p63 expression and EWSR1-FLI1 rearrangement, carry a favorable prognosis and may co-exist with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) foci. Two histogenetic hypotheses have been advanced regarding the origin of CEFTEs: arising in PTCs or in solid cell nests (SCN). A total of 3 CEFTEs, 54 PTCs, and 10 SCNs were reviewed, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique was performed in all cases to search for the presence of EWSR1 rearrangements. The three CEFTEs disclosed the EWSR1-FLI1 rearrangement both in the small cell and in the PTC component. Out of the 54 PTC cases, 28 (51.9%) were positive, 20 (37.0%) were negative, and 6 (11.1%) were inconclusive for EWSR1 rearrangement; in two of the positive PTC cases, the EWSR1-FLI1 rearrangement was detected. Classic PTC disclosed more often the EWSR1 rearrangement than other PTC variants (p = 0.031). PTCs with EWSR1 rearrangement disclosed a lower percentage of nuclei with EWSR1 polysomy than those without EWSR1 rearrangement (p = 0.001). Out of the 10 SCNs, 7 (70.0%) were negative and 3 (30.0%) were inconclusive for the EWSR1 rearrangement. Monosomic nuclei were more frequent (mean of 44.3%) in SCNs than in PTCs (p < 0.001). The presence of the EWSR1-FLI1 rearrangement in PTC component of all studied CEFTEs and the existence of the EWSR1 rearrangement in some PTCs favor the origin of CEFTE from PTC. The high frequency of EWSR1 rearrangements in PTC may represent a new diagnostic marker of these tumors.
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10
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Jiang Y, Ludwig J, Janku F. Targeted therapies for advanced Ewing sarcoma family of tumors. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:391-400. [PMID: 25869102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of adolescent and young adult patients battling metastatic Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) remains less than 30% despite the development of systemic therapies. In the era of personalized medicine, novel molecular targets have been tested in preclinical or clinical settings in ESFT. In this review, we focus on early clinical and translational research that identified multiple molecular targets, including IGF-1R; mTOR; tyrosine kinase inhibitors; EWS-FLI1-related targets, and others. Overall, novel targeted therapies demonstrated modest efficacy; however pronounced and durable antineoplastic responses have been observed in small subsets of treated patients, for example with IGF-1R antibodies. Identifying outcome-predicting biomarkers and overcoming treatment resistance remain major challenges. Due to the rarity of ESFT, multi-institutional collaboration efforts of clinicians, basic and translational scientists are needed in order to understand biology of therapeutic response or resistance, which can lead to development of novel therapeutic methods and improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Jiang
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Ludwig
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Filip Janku
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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11
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van der Ent W, Jochemsen AG, Teunisse AFAS, Krens SFG, Szuhai K, Spaink HP, Hogendoorn PCW, Snaar-Jagalska BE. Ewing sarcoma inhibition by disruption of EWSR1-FLI1 transcriptional activity and reactivation of p53. J Pathol 2014; 233:415-24. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wietske van der Ent
- Institute of Biology; Leiden University; The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology; Leiden University Medical Center; The Netherlands
| | - Aart G Jochemsen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Leiden University Medical Center; The Netherlands
| | - Amina FAS Teunisse
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Leiden University Medical Center; The Netherlands
| | | | - Karoly Szuhai
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Leiden University Medical Center; The Netherlands
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12
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Jiang Y, Janku F, Subbiah V, Angelo LS, Naing A, Anderson PM, Herzog CE, Fu S, Benjamin RS, Kurzrock R. Germline PTPRD mutations in Ewing sarcoma: biologic and clinical implications. Oncotarget 2014; 4:884-9. [PMID: 23800680 PMCID: PMC3757245 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma occurs in children, adolescents and young adults. High STAT3 levels have been reported in approximately 50% of patients with Ewing sarcoma, and may be important in tumorigenesis. Protein tyrosine phosphatase delta (PTPRD) is a tumor suppressor that inhibits STAT3 activation. To date, while somatic mutations in PTPRD have been reported in diverse tumors, germline mutations of PTPRD have not been investigated in Ewing sarcoma or other cancers. We identified a novel germline mutation in the PTPRD gene in three of eight patients (37.5%) with metastatic Ewing sarcoma. Although the functional impact in two of the patients is unclear, in one of them the aberration was annotated as a W775stop germline mutation, and would be expected to lead to gene truncation and, hence, loss of the STAT3 dephosphorylation function of PTPRD. Since STAT3 is phosphorylated after being recruited to the insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R), suppression of IGF-1R could attenuate the enhanced STAT3 activation expected in the presence of PTPRD mutations. Of interest, two of three patients with germline PTPRD mutations achieved durable complete responses following treatment with IGF-1R monoclonal antibody-based therapies. Our pilot data suggest that PTPRD germline mutations may play a role in the development of Ewing sarcoma, a disease of young people, and their presence may have implications for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Jiang
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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13
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Pancucci G, Simal-Julian JA, Plaza-Ramirez E, García-Marcos R, Mayordomo-Aranda E, Botella-Asunción C. Primary extraosseous intradural spinal Ewing's sarcoma: report of two cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013; 155:1229-34. [PMID: 23686630 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-013-1739-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Two cases of primary extraosseous intradural spinal Ewing's sarcoma are reported with a review of the current literature. This rare neoplasm shares features with cerebral primitive neuroectodermal tumors, complicating a correct diagnosis. Gross total resection seems to be the main treatment, although adjuvant therapies could improve the prognosis. In case 1, a 56-year-old man presented with cauda equina syndrome. MRI showed an intradural tumor from L4 to S2. An emergency laminectomy was performed with gross total resection of a hemorrhagic tumor, followed by adjuvant treatment. In the second case, a 25-year-old female developed leg and lumbar pain. MRI study identified a homogeneously enhancing intradural mass at the L2-L3 level. A laminoplasty was performed, followed by tumor resection; no adjuvant treatment was administered afterwards. Immunohistochemical workup confirmed the diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pancucci
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Área Administrativa 5E, c/Bulevar Sur, s/n, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
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14
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Potential of herpesvirus saimiri-based vectors to reprogram a somatic Ewing's sarcoma family tumor cell line. J Virol 2013; 87:7127-39. [PMID: 23596304 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03147-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) infects a range of human cell types with high efficiency. Upon infection, the viral genome can persist as high-copy-number, circular, nonintegrated episomes that segregate to progeny cells upon division. This allows HVS-based vectors to stably transduce a dividing cell population and provide sustained transgene expression in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the HVS episome is able to persist and provide prolonged transgene expression during in vitro differentiation of mouse and human hemopoietic progenitor cells. Together, these properties are advantageous for induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, whereby stem cell-like cells are generated from adult somatic cells by exogenous expression of specific reprogramming factors. Here we assess the potential of HVS-based vectors for the generation of induced pluripotent cancer stem-like cells (iPCs). We demonstrate that HVS-based exogenous delivery of Oct4, Nanog, and Lin28 can reprogram the Ewing's sarcoma family tumor cell line A673 to produce stem cell-like colonies that can grow under feeder-free stem cell culture conditions. Further analysis of the HVS-derived putative iPCs showed some degree of reprogramming into a stem cell-like state. Specifically, the putative iPCs had a number of embryonic stem cell characteristics, staining positive for alkaline phosphatase and SSEA4, in addition to expressing elevated levels of pluripotent marker genes involved in proliferation and self-renewal. However, differentiation trials suggest that although the HVS-derived putative iPCs are capable of differentiation toward the ectodermal lineage, they do not exhibit pluripotency. Therefore, they are hereby termed induced multipotent cancer cells.
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Karikari IO, Mehta AI, Nimjee S, Hodges TR, Tibaleka J, Montgomery C, Simpson L, Cummings TJ, Bagley CA. Primary intradural extraosseous Ewing sarcoma of the spine: case report and literature review. Neurosurgery 2011; 69:E995-9. [PMID: 21572359 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e318223b7c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE To report a rare case of spinal intradural extraosseous Ewing sarcoma in an adult and review current literature. Although Ewing sarcoma belongs to the family, the treatment modalities are different, and thus the correct diagnosis is very important despite its rare occurrence. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 56-year-old woman presented with nocturnal bilateral buttock and leg pain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an enhancing intradural extramedullary extraosseous tumor at L1. INTERVENTION A T12-L2 laminectomy was performed to resect the tumor. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma. A thorough diagnostic workup did not reveal any bony origin of the tumor. Primary intradural central nervous system Ewing sarcoma is infrequently encountered and shares imaging and histopathological features with central primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Establishment of the right diagnosis is crucial because it mandates a distinct workup and treatment modality different from that for central primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Although osseous Ewing sarcoma predominantly occurs in children and young adults, extraosseous central nervous system Ewing sarcoma is not uncommon in adults and should therefore be considered in the differential diagnosis of extraosseous small blue cell tumors in adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac O Karikari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Heterogeneous role of the glutathione antioxidant system in modulating the response of ESFT to fenretinide in normoxia and hypoxia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28558. [PMID: 22174837 PMCID: PMC3234283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is implicated in drug resistance mechanisms of several cancers and is a key regulator of cell death pathways within cells. We studied Ewing's sarcoma family of tumours (ESFT) cell lines and three mechanistically distinct anticancer agents (fenretinide, doxorubicin, and vincristine) to investigate whether the GSH antioxidant system is involved in the reduced sensitivity to these chemotherapeutic agents in hypoxia. Cell viability and death were assessed by the trypan blue exclusion assay and annexin V-PI staining, respectively. Hypoxia significantly decreased the sensitivity of all ESFT cell lines to fenretinide-induced death, whereas the effect of doxorubicin or vincristine was marginal and cell-line-specific. The response of the GSH antioxidant system in ESFT cell lines to hypoxia was variable and also cell-line-specific, although the level of GSH appeared to be most dependent on de novo biosynthesis rather than recycling. RNAi-mediated knockdown of key GSH regulatory enzymes γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase or glutathione disulfide reductase partially reversed the hypoxia-induced resistance to fenretinide, and increasing GSH levels using N-acetylcysteine augmented the hypoxia-induced resistance in a cell line-specific manner. These observations are consistent with the conclusion that the role of the GSH antioxidant system in modulating the sensitivity of ESFT cells to fenretinide is heterogeneous depending on environment and cell type. This is likely to limit the value of targeting GSH as a therapeutic strategy to overcome hypoxia-induced drug resistance in ESFT. Whether targeting the GSH antioxidant system in conjunction with other therapeutics may benefit some patients with ESFT remains to be seen.
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Huang HJ, Angelo LS, Rodon J, Sun M, Kuenkele KP, Parsons HA, Trent JC, Kurzrock R. R1507, an anti-insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) antibody, and EWS/FLI-1 siRNA in Ewing's sarcoma: convergence at the IGF/IGFR/Akt axis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26060. [PMID: 22022506 PMCID: PMC3191161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A subset of patients with Ewing's sarcoma responds to anti-insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) antibodies. Mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance are unknown. We investigated whether an anti-IGF-1R antibody acts via a pathway that could also be suppressed by small interfering (si) RNA against the EWS/FLI-1 fusion protein, the hallmark of Ewing's sarcoma. The growth of two Ewing's sarcoma cell lines (TC-32 and TC-71) was inhibited by the fully human anti-IGF-1R antibody, R1507 (clonogenic and MTT assays). TC-32 and TC-71 cells express high levels of IGF-2, while RD-ES and A4573 Ewing's cell lines, which were less responsive to R1507 in our assays, express low or undetectable IGF-2, respectively. TC-71 cells also expressed high levels of IGF-1R, and R1507 decreased steady-state levels of this receptor by internalization/degradation, an effect which was associated with a decrease in p-IGF-1R, p-IRS-1, and p-Akt. EWS/FLI-1 siRNA also decreased p-Akt, due to its ability to increase IGF-BP3 levels and subsequently decrease IGF-1 and IGF-2 levels, thus inhibiting signaling through p-IGF-1R. This inhibition correlated with growth suppression and apoptosis. The attenuation of Akt activation was confirmed in TC-71 and HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney) cells by transfecting them with IGF-1R siRNA. We conclude that antibodies and siRNA to IGF-1R, as well as siRNA to EWS/FLI-1, act via intersecting IGF/IGF-1R signals that suppress a common point in this pathway, namely the phosphorylation of Akt.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Colony-Forming Units Assay
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Protein EWS/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/chemistry
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/genetics
- Reproducibility of Results
- Sarcoma, Ewing/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Somatomedins/metabolism
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J. Huang
- Phase I Program, Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laura S. Angelo
- Phase I Program, Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jordi Rodon
- Phase I Program, Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Servei d'Oncologia Medica, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Sun
- Phase I Program, Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Henrique A. Parsons
- Phase I Program, Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jonathan C. Trent
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Phase I Program, Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Smith DG, Magwere T, Burchill SA. Oxidative stress and therapeutic opportunities: focus on the Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 11:229-49. [PMID: 21342042 DOI: 10.1586/era.10.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive by-products of energy production that can have detrimental as well as beneficial effects. Unchecked, high levels of ROS result in an imbalance of cellular redox state and oxidative stress. High levels of ROS have been detected in most cancers, where they promote tumor development and progression. Many anticancer agents work by further increasing cellular levels of ROS, to overcome the antioxidant detoxification capacity of the cancer cell and induce cell death. However, adaptation of the level of cellular antioxidants can lead to drug resistance. The challenge for the design of effective cancer therapeutics exploiting oxidative stress is to tip the cellular redox balance to induce ROS-dependent cell death but without increasing the antioxidant activity of the cancer cell or inducing toxicity in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle G Smith
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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19
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Jinawath N, Morsberger L, Norris-Kirby A, Williams LM, Yonescu R, Argani P, Griffin CA, Murphy KM. Complex rearrangement of chromosomes 1, 7, 21, 22 in Ewing sarcoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 201:42-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2010.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Scheble VJ, Braun M, Beroukhim R, Mermel CH, Ruiz C, Wilbertz T, Stiedl AC, Petersen K, Reischl M, Kuefer R, Schilling D, Fend F, Kristiansen G, Meyerson M, Rubin MA, Bubendorf L, Perner S. ERG rearrangement is specific to prostate cancer and does not occur in any other common tumor. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:1061-7. [PMID: 20473283 PMCID: PMC3606550 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Identification of specific somatic gene alterations is crucial for the insight into the development, progression, and clinical behavior of individual cancer types. The recently discovered recurrent ERG rearrangement in prostate cancer might represent a prostate cancer-specific alteration that has not been systematically assessed in tumors other than prostate cancer. Aim of this study was to assess, whether the ERG rearrangement and the distinct deletion site between TMPRSS2 and ERG, both predominantly resulting in a TMPRSS2-ERG fusion, occur in tumors other than prostate cancer. We assessed 54 different tumor types (2942 samples in total) for their ERG rearrangement status by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). To calibrate, we analyzed 285 prostate cancer samples for the ERG rearrangement frequency. Additionally, we interrogated a high-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data set across 3131 cancer specimens (26 tumor types) for copy number alterations. None of the 54 different tumor types assessed by FISH harbored an ERG rearrangement, whereas the prostate cancer samples revealed an ERG rearrangement in 49.5% of cases. Furthermore, within the 26 tumor types assessed for copy number alterations by SNP, the distinct deletion site between TMPRSS2 and ERG (21q22.2-3) was detectable exclusively in prostate cancer. Although Ewing's sarcoma and AML have known rearrangements rarely involving ERG, we hypothesize that the ERG rearrangement as well as the distinct deletion site on 21q22.2-3 between TMPRSS2 and ERG are prostate-cancer-specific genomic alterations. These observations provide further insight into the oncogenesis of prostate cancer and might be critical for the development of ERG rearrangement assessment as a clinical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit J. Scheble
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin Braun
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Craig H. Mermel
- Cancer Program, Medical and Population Genetics Group, The Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Christian Ruiz
- Department of Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Theresia Wilbertz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Cathrin Stiedl
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Karen Petersen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Markus Reischl
- Institute for Applied Informatics, Research Center Karlsruhe
| | - Rainer Kuefer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - David Schilling
- Department of Urology Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Glen Kristiansen
- Institute of Surgical Pathology University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Cancer Program, Medical and Population Genetics Group, The Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mark A. Rubin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Lukas Bubendorf
- Department of Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sven Perner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Sohn EJ, Li H, Reidy K, Beers LF, Christensen BL, Lee SB. EWS/FLI1 oncogene activates caspase 3 transcription and triggers apoptosis in vivo. Cancer Res 2010; 70:1154-63. [PMID: 20103643 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
EWS/FLI1 is a fusion gene product generated by a chromosomal translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12) found in Ewing sarcoma. EWS/FLI1 encodes an aberrant transcription factor with oncogenic properties in vitro. Paradoxically, expression of EWS/FLI1 in nontransformed primary cells results in apoptosis, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. In primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from conditional EWS/FLI1 knock-in embryos, expression of EWS/FLI1 resulted in apoptosis with concomitant increase in the endogenous Caspase 3 (Casp3) mRNA. EWS/FLI1 directly bound and activated the CASP3 promoter, whereas small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of EWS/FLI1 led to a marked decrease in CASP3 transcripts in Ewing sarcoma cell lines. Ectopic expression of EWS/FLI1 resulted in an increased expression of CASP3 protein in heterologous cell lines. Importantly, expression of EWS/FLI1 in the mouse triggered an early onset of apoptosis in kidneys and acute lethality. These findings suggest that EWS/FLI1 induces apoptosis, at least partially, through the activation of CASP3 and show the cell context-dependent roles of EWS/FLI1 in apoptosis and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Sohn
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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22
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Abstract
Bone tumors are fortunately rare, but small cell tumors of bone are a relatively common subset of these lesions. They comprise of a diverse group of primary and metastatic neoplasms in both children and adults. The most common small cell tumors of bone include Ewing sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor, small cell osteosarcoma, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, leukemia, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Although each entity has its distinctive features, the differential diagnosis of this group of tumors is still challenging because they are all "small, blue, and round cell tumors", histologically. The correct diagnosis of small cell tumors of bone depends on an evaluation of clinical, radiologic, pathologic, and genetic features. Patients' age and sex are very important, as are the signs and symptoms at presentation. Radiologically, which bone is involved, the specific portion of the bone (epiphysis, metaphysis, or diaphysis; cortex vs. medulla) involved, and the radiographic manifestations (lytic, blastic, or mixed lytic and blastic) are also often critical parameters for the diagnosis. In recent years, with a better understanding of the molecular and cytogenetic background of several small cell tumors, more accurate diagnoses have been supported by the clinicopathologic criteria and by a panel of immunohistochemical studies. In this review we will provide an overview of the clinical, radiologic, pathologic, and genetic characteristics of these tumors.
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Singh M, Pandey A, Karikari CA, Singh G, Rakheja D. Cell cycle inhibition and apoptosis induced by curcumin in Ewing sarcoma cell line SK-NEP-1. Med Oncol 2009; 27:1096-101. [PMID: 19859844 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-009-9341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound found in the turmeric, which is used as food additive in Indian cooking and as a therapeutic agent in traditional Indian medicine. Curcumin is currently under investigation as a chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agent in adult cancer models at both pre-clinical and clinical levels. In this preliminary study, we show that curcumin is effective in causing cell cycle arrest, inducing apoptosis, and suppressing colony formation in the Ewing sarcoma cell line SK-NEP-1. Curcumin causes upregulation of cleaved caspase 3 and downregulation of phospho-Akt, producing apoptosis in Ewing sarcoma cells at an inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of approximately 4 μM. Our findings indicate a need for further evaluation of curcumin in chemotherapy and chemoprevention of Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansher Singh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Proctor A, Brownhill SC, Burchill SA. The promise of telomere length, telomerase activity and its regulation in the translocation-dependent cancer ESFT; clinical challenges and utility. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:260-74. [PMID: 19264125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Ewing's sarcoma family of tumours (ESFT) are diagnosed by EWS-ETS gene translocations. The resulting fusion proteins play a role in both the initiation and maintenance of these solid aggressive malignant tumours, suppressing cellular senescence and increasing cell proliferation and survival. EWS-ETS fusion proteins have altered transcriptional activity, inducing expression of a number of different target genes including telomerase. Up-regulation of hTERT is most likely responsible for the high levels of telomerase activity in primary ESFT, although telomerase activity and expression of hTERT are not predictive of outcome. However levels of telomerase activity in peripheral blood may be useful to monitor response to some therapeutics. Despite high levels of telomerase activity, telomeres in ESFT are frequently shorter than those of matched normal cells. Uncertainty about the role that telomerase and regulators of its activity play in the maintenance of telomere length in normal and cancer cells, and lack of studies examining the relationship between telomerase activity, regulators of its activity and their clinical significance in patient samples have limited their introduction into clinical practice. Studies in clinical samples using standardised assays are critical to establish how telomerase and regulators of its activity might best be exploited for patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Proctor
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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