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Yin J, Liu G, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Pan Y, Zhang Q, Yu R, Gao S. Gender differences in gliomas: from epidemiological trends to changes at the hormonal and molecular levels. Cancer Lett 2024:217114. [PMID: 38992488 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Gender plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of cancer, as well as in the metabolism of nutrients and energy. Men and women display significant differences in the incidence, prognosis, and treatment response across various types of cancer, including certain sex-specific tumors. It has been observed that male glioma patients have a higher incidence and worse prognosis than female patients, but there is currently a limited systematic evaluation of sex differences in gliomas. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the association between fluctuations in sex hormone levels and changes in their receptor expression with the incidence, progression, treatment, and prognosis of gliomas. Estrogen may have a protective effect on glioma patients, while exposure to androgens increases the risk of glioma. We also discussed the specific genetic and molecular differences between genders in terms of the malignant nature and prognosis of gliomas. Factors such as TP53, MGMT methylation status may play a crucial role. Therefore, it is essential to consider the gender of patients while treating glioma, particularly the differences at the hormonal and molecular levels. This approach can help in the adoption of an individualized treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Yin
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China;; Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Gai Liu
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China;; Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China;; Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China;; Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Yuchun Pan
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China;; Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Qiaoshan Zhang
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China;; Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Rutong Yu
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China;; Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Shangfeng Gao
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China;; Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China;.
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Dhawale SA, Bhosle P, Mahajan S, Patil G, Gawale S, Ghodke M, Tapadiya G, Ansari A. Dual targeting in prostate cancer with phytoconstituents as a potent lead: a computational approach for novel drug discovery. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37649379 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2251059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Prostate Cancer (PCa) is an abnormal cell growth within the prostate. This condition is the second most widespread malignancy in elderly males and one of the most frequently diagnosed life-threatening conditions. The Androgen receptor signaling pathway played a crucial role in the initiation and spread to increase the risk of PCa. Hence, targeting the AR receptor signaling pathway is a key strategy for a therapeutic plan for PCa. Our study focuses on recognizing potential inhibitors for dual targeting in PCa by using the in-silico approach. In this study, we target the two enzymes that are CYP17A1 (3RUK) and 5α-reductase (3G1R) responsible for PCa, with the help of phytoconstituents. The natural plant contains various phytochemical types produced from secondary metabolites and used as a medical treatment. The in-silico investigation of phytoconstituents and enzymes was done by approaching molecular docking, ADMET analysis, and high-level molecular dynamic simulation used to assess the stability and binding affinities of the protein-ligand complex. Some phytoconstituents, such as Peonidin, Pelargonidin, Malvidin and Berberine show complex has good molecular interaction with protein. The reliability of the docking scores was examined using a molecular dynamic simulation, which revealed that the complex remained stable throughout the simulation, which ranged from 0 to 200 ns. The selected hits may be effective against CYP17A1 (3RUK) and 5α-reductase (3G1R) (PCa) using a computer-aided drug design (CADD) method, which further enables researchers for upcoming in-vivo and in-vitro research, according to our in-silico approach.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin A Dhawale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shreeyash Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Aurangabad, India
| | - Pallavi Bhosle
- Pharmacology, Shrinath College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, India
| | | | - Geetanjali Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shreeyash Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Aurangabad, India
| | - Sachin Gawale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shreeyash Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Aurangabad, India
| | - Mangesh Ghodke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shreeyash Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Aurangabad, India
| | - Ganesh Tapadiya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shreeyash Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Aurangabad, India
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Design and synthesis of novel tetrahydrofuran cyclic urea derivatives as androgen receptor antagonists. J CHEM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-020-01833-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Koga H, Negishi M, Kinoshita M, Fujii S, Mori S, Ishigami-Yuasa M, Kawachi E, Kagechika H, Tanatani A. Development of Androgen-Antagonistic Coumarinamides with a Unique Aromatic Folded Pharmacophore. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155584. [PMID: 32759847 PMCID: PMC7432827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
First-generation nonsteroidal androgen receptor (AR) antagonists, such as flutamide (2a) and bicalutamide (3), are effective for most prostate cancer patients, but resistance often appears after several years due to the mutation of AR. Second-generation AR antagonists are effective against some of these castration-resistant prostate cancers, but their structural variety is still limited. In this study, we designed and synthesized 4-methyl-7-(N-alkyl-arylcarboxamido)coumarins as AR antagonist candidates and evaluated their growth-inhibitory activity toward androgen-dependent SC-3 cells. Coumarinamides with a secondary amide bond did not show inhibitory activity, but their N-methylated derivatives exhibited AR-antagonistic activity. Especially, 19b and 31b were more potent than the lead compound 7b, which was comparable to hydroxyflutamide (2b). Conformational analysis showed that the inactive coumarinamides with a secondary amide bond have an extended structure with a trans-amide bond, while the active N-methylated coumarinamides have a folded structure with a cis-amide bond, in which the two aromatic rings are placed face-to-face. Docking study suggested that this folded structure is important for binding to AR. Selected coumarinamide derivatives showed AR-antagonistic activity toward LNCaP cells with T877A AR, and they had weak progesterone receptor (PR)-antagonistic activity. The folded coumarinamide structure appears to be a unique pharmacophore, different from those of conventional AR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Koga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan; (H.K.); (M.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Mai Negishi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan; (H.K.); (M.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Marie Kinoshita
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan; (H.K.); (M.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Shinya Fujii
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (S.F.); (S.M.); (M.I.-Y.); (E.K.)
| | - Shuichi Mori
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (S.F.); (S.M.); (M.I.-Y.); (E.K.)
| | - Mari Ishigami-Yuasa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (S.F.); (S.M.); (M.I.-Y.); (E.K.)
| | - Emiko Kawachi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (S.F.); (S.M.); (M.I.-Y.); (E.K.)
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (S.F.); (S.M.); (M.I.-Y.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (A.T.); Tel.: +81-3-5280-8032 (H.K.); +81-3-5978-2716 (A.T.)
| | - Aya Tanatani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan; (H.K.); (M.N.); (M.K.)
- Institute of Human Life Innovation, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (A.T.); Tel.: +81-3-5280-8032 (H.K.); +81-3-5978-2716 (A.T.)
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Huang SY, Huang GJ, Hsieh PF, Wu HC, Huang WC. Osajin displays potential antiprostate cancer efficacy via impairment of fatty acid synthase and androgen receptor expression. Prostate 2019; 79:1543-1552. [PMID: 31299104 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, antiprostate cancer (PCa) drugs, including androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), are initially effective; however, most patients with PCa who receive ADT eventually progress to deadly aggressiveness. There is an urgent need to seek alternative strategies to cure this lethal disease. Activation of lipogenesis has been demonstrated to lead to PCa progression. Therefore, targeting the aberrant lipogenic activity could be developed therapeutically in PCa. The aim of this study is to investigate the molecular basis and efficacy of osajin, a bioactive prenylated isoflavonoid, in PCa. METHODS PCa cells, LNCaP (androgen-sensitive) and C4-2 (androgen-insensitive/castration-resistant), were used in this study. Proliferation, migration, and invasion analyses were conducted by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method, a wound healing assay, and the transwell method. Lipogenesis was determined by a Fatty Acid Quantification Kit and oil red O staining. Apoptosis was assessed by annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining, caspase enzymatic activity, and Western blot analyses. RESULTS Osajin inhibited fatty acid synthase (FASN) expression, a key enzyme for lipogenesis, in PCa cells. By inhibiting FASN, osajin decreased the fatty-acid levels and lipid accumulation. Significantly, osajin downregulated androgen receptor (AR) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in PCa cells. Moreover, osajin suppressed PCa cell growth, migration, and invasion. Through activation of the caspase-dependent pathway, osajin induced apoptosis in PCa cells. CONCLUSIONS These data provide a novel molecular basis of osajin in PCa cells, and cotargeting lipogenesis and the AR axis via impairment of FASN and AR expression by osajin could be applied as a new and promising approach for the treatment of malignant PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yin Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Jhong Huang
- School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Fan Hsieh
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Chin Wu
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Wang J, Yuan W, Yue C, Dai F, Gao S, Mi Y, Bai Y, Zhang L, Zuo L, Wu X, Zhang W. RNASEL 1623A>C variant is associated with the risk of prostate cancer in African descendants. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11955-11964. [PMID: 30790337 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Association between ribonuclease L (RNASEL) gene 1623A>C polymorphism and prostate cancer (PCa) susceptibility has been assessed in large quantities of studies but with controversial conclusions. We undertook a pooled analysis containing 7397 PCa cases and 6088 control subjects to assess the correlation between RNASEL 1623A>C polymorphism and PCa risk. Moreover, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to test the serum RNASEL expression among patients enrolled in our centers and in-silico tools were also utilized. The overall results of our analysis indicated a positive relationship between 1623A>C variant and PCa risk (allelic contrast, odds ratio [OR] = 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02-1.12; Pheterogeneity = 0.575; CC vs AA, OR = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.03-1.26; Pheterogeneity = 0.217; CC + CA vs AA, OR = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.01-1.19; Pheterogeneity = 0.303; and CC vs CA + AA, OR = 1.08; 95% CI = 1.00-1.17; Pheterogeneity = 0.298). In ethnicity subgroup analysis, similar results were especially indicated in African descendants. In addition, serum RNASEL levels in PCa cases with CC + CA genotypes were higher than those with AA genotypes. Our present study showed evidence that RNASEL 1623A>C polymorphism is related to PCa risk, especially in African descendants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University (Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University), Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuang Yue
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Dai
- Department of Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University (Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University), Wuxi, China
| | - Shenglin Gao
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Mi
- Department of Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University (Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University), Wuxi, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Zuo
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xingyu Wu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
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Fujii S, Kagechika H. Androgen receptor modulators: a review of recent patents and reports (2012-2018). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:439-453. [PMID: 31092069 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1618831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Androgen receptor (AR) is one of the most promising targets of drug discovery because of its importance in male reproductive systems and homeostasis of bone and muscle. Various AR-modulating agents have been developed and used clinically to treat androgen-dependent disorders, including prostate cancer, and some new-generation antiandrogens have recently been approved. Intensive studies are underway to develop various AR-modulating compounds, including conventional antagonists, tissue-specific AR modulators (SARMs), degraders, and nonconventional AR-modulating compounds that target sites other than the ligand-binding domain (LBD), such as the N-terminal domain (NTD) or the DNA-binding domain (DBD). AREAS COVERED The authors provide an overview of AR-modulating agents from 2012 to 2018. EXPERT OPINION The LBD has been the primary target for AR modulation, and important AR-modulating agents, including SARMs and recently approved antiandrogens such as enzalutamide and apalutamide, have been developed as conventional LBD antagonists. Development of LBD-targeting antiandrogens to treat prostate cancer is a kind of cat-and-mouse game between clinical agents and AR mutations, and therefore next-generation antiandrogens are still required. Development of nonconventional AR-modulating agents targeting NTD and DBD, is likely to be a promising approach to develop multiple and synergistic strategies able to overcome any kind of androgen-dependent condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Fujii
- a Institute for Quantitative Biosciences , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- b Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering , Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo , Japan
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Hotte SJ, Chi KN, Joshua AM, Tu D, Macfarlane RJ, Gregg RW, Ruether JD, Basappa NS, Finch D, Salim M, Winquist EW, Torri V, North S, Kollmannsberger C, Ellard SL, Eigl BJ, Tinker A, Allan AL, Beja K, Annala M, Powers J, Wyatt AW, Seymour L. A Phase II Study of PX-866 in Patients With Recurrent or Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer: Canadian Cancer Trials Group Study IND205. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2019; 17:201-208.e1. [PMID: 31056399 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In PTEN-loss models, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and androgen receptor signaling pathways cross-regulate by reciprocal feedback whereby inhibition of one activates the other, creating a rationale for co-targeting. We studied the irreversible, pan-isoform inhibitor of Class I PI-3K PX-866 singly (part A) and with abiraterone acetate (AA) in patients on AA with rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (part B). PATIENTS AND METHODS The primary endpoint was lack of progression at 12 weeks. Exploratory endpoints included changes in circulating tumor cells (CTC), pharmacodynamic studies on platelets (part A), and archival tumor exploration of PTEN as predictor of response (part B). RESULTS A total of 43 and 25 patients accrued to parts A and B, respectively. In part A, 14 (33%) patients were progression-free at 12 weeks, with 2 partial objective responses and 1 confirmed PSA response. Favorable CTC conversion (< 5 CTC/7.5 mL) occurred in 6 (24%) of 25 evaluable patients. In part B, 11 of 25 patients had measurable disease. Six (24%) patients were progression-free at 12 weeks. No objective or PSA responses were observed. For all 68 patients, the most common toxicities were diarrhea (53 patients), nausea (36), anorexia (24), fatigue (22), and vomiting (20). Among 17 patients for whom PTEN testing was possible, 3 had PTEN homozygous deletion and 14 had no change. No correlation between PTEN status and response was seen. CONCLUSIONS PX-866 had modest single agent activity. Adding AA to PX-866 showed no evidence of resistance reversal. Strategies to combine PI3K inhibition with androgen receptor-targeted therapies could consider initiation earlier, combination with other agents, and/or recruiting a selected population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim N Chi
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Donsheng Tu
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Daygen Finch
- British Columbia Cancer Agency-Cancer Centre for the Southern Interior, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Scott North
- Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Susan L Ellard
- British Columbia Cancer Agency-Cancer Centre for the Southern Interior, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | | | - Anna Tinker
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Kevin Beja
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matti Annala
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jean Powers
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander W Wyatt
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Ganoderma tsugae Inhibits the SREBP-1/AR Axis Leading to Suppression of Cell Growth and Activation of Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102539. [PMID: 30301150 PMCID: PMC6222511 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research suggests that the activation of lipid biosynthesis (lipogenesis) is linked with prostate cancer (PCa) malignancy. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) is a key transcriptional regulator controlling lipogenesis. Moreover, androgen receptor (AR) has been well defined to play an important role in lethal PCa aggressiveness from androgen-responsive to castration-resistant status. In this study, we showed that the quality-assured Ganoderma tsugae ethanol extract (GTEE), a Chinese natural and herbal product, significantly inhibited expression of SREBP-1 and its downstream genes associated with lipogenesis in PCa cells. Through inhibiting SREBP-1, GTEE reduced the levels of intracellular fatty acids and lipids in PCa cells. Importantly, GTEE also downregulated the expression of AR and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in both androgen-responsive and castration-resistant PCa cells. By blocking the SREBP-1/AR axis, GTEE suppressed cell growth and progressive behaviors, as well as activating the caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway in PCa cells. These data provide a new molecular basis of GTEE for the development of a potential therapeutic approach to treat PCa malignancy.
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Structure-activity relationship of novel (benzoylaminophenoxy)phenol derivatives as anti-prostate cancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5118-5127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Development of novel silanol-based human pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonists with improved receptor selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4493-4501. [PMID: 30077610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that is considered to be a potential therapeutic target for multiple diseases. Herein, we report the development and structure-activity relationship studies of a new series of hPXR agonists. Focusing on our recently developed silanol-sulfonamide scaffold, we developed the potent hPXR agonist 28, which shows good selectivity over hLXRα and β, hFXR, and hRORα and γ. Examination of the structure-activity relationship suggested a possible strategy to manipulate the selectivity. Docking simulation indicated the presence of an additional binding cavity and polar contacts in the ligand-binding pocket of hPXR. This information should be helpful for the future development of more potent and selective hPXR ligands.
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Novel androgen receptor full antagonists: Design, synthesis, and a docking study of glycerol and aminoglycerol derivatives that contain p -carborane cages. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3805-3811. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Pang X, Peng L, Chen Y. Effect of N
-methyl deuteration on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enzalutamide. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 60:401-409. [PMID: 28432800 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuehai Pang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Lingling Peng
- Lab of YWChen, Cancer Center, West China Hospital; Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center; Chengdu China
| | - Yuanwei Chen
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Lab of YWChen, Cancer Center, West China Hospital; Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center; Chengdu China
- Hinova Pharmaceuticals Inc; Chengdu China
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Zhao C, Choi YH, Khadka DB, Jin Y, Lee KY, Cho WJ. Design and synthesis of novel androgen receptor antagonists via molecular modeling. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:789-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Inoue K, Urushibara K, Kanai M, Yura K, Fujii S, Ishigami-Yuasa M, Hashimoto Y, Mori S, Kawachi E, Matsumura M, Hirano T, Kagechika H, Tanatani A. Design and synthesis of 4-benzyl-1-(2H)-phthalazinone derivatives as novel androgen receptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:310-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Lotfy K. Molecular Modeling, Docking and ADMET of Dimethylthiohydantoin Derivatives for Prostate Cancer Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/jbpc.2015.64010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Kuo PC, Huang CW, Lee CI, Chang HW, Hsieh SW, Chung YP, Lee MS, Huang CS, Tsao LP, Tsao YP, Chen SL. BCAS2 promotes prostate cancer cells proliferation by enhancing AR mRNA transcription and protein stability. Br J Cancer 2014; 112:391-402. [PMID: 25461807 PMCID: PMC4453457 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We showed previously that breast carcinoma amplified sequence 2 (BCAS2) functions as a negative regulator of p53. We also found that BCAS2 is a potential AR-associated protein. AR is essential for the growth and survival of prostate carcinoma. Therefore we characterised the correlation between BCAS2 and AR. METHODS Protein interactions were examined by GST pull-down assay and co-immunoprecipitation. Clinical prostate cancer (PCa) specimens were evaluated by immunohistochemical assay. AR transcriptional activity and LNCaP cell growth were assessed by luciferase assay and MTT assay, respectively. RESULTS BCAS2 expression was significantly increased in PCa. BCAS2 stabilised AR protein through both hormone-dependent and -independent manners. There are at least two mechanisms for BCAS2-mediated AR protein upregulation: One is p53-dependent. The p53 is suppressed by BCAS2 that results in increasing AR mRNA and protein expression. The other is via p53-independent inhibition of proteasome degradation. As BCAS2 can form a complex with AR and HSP90, it may function with HSP90 to stabilise AR protein from being degraded by proteasome. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we show that BCAS2 is a novel AR-interacting protein and characterise the correlation between BCAS2 and PCa. Thus we propose that BCAS2 could be a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-C Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - C-W Huang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - C-I Lee
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - H-W Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - S-W Hsieh
- Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Y-P Chung
- Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - M-S Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - C-S Huang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwani
| | - L-P Tsao
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Y-P Tsao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - S-L Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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18
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Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is vital to the development and function of the prostate and is a key pathway in prostate cancer. AR is differentially expressed in the stroma and epithelium, with both paracrine and autocrine control throughout the prostate. Stromal-epithelial interactions within the prostate are commonly dependent on AR signaling and expression. Alterations in these pathways can promote tumorigenesis. AR is also expressed in normal and malignant mammary tissues. Emerging data indicate a role for AR in certain subtypes of breast cancer that has the potential to be exploited therapeutically. The aim of this review is to highlight the importance of these interactions in normal development and tumorigenesis, with a focus on the prostate and breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cera M Nieto
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Leah C Rider
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Scott D Cramer
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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19
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Synthesis and in vitro characterization of ionone-based compounds as dual inhibitors of the androgen receptor and NF-κB. Invest New Drugs 2013; 32:227-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-0040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Yamada A, Fujii S, Mori S, Kagechika H. Design and Synthesis of 4-(4-Benzoylaminophenoxy)phenol Derivatives As Androgen Receptor Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:937-41. [PMID: 24900588 PMCID: PMC4027134 DOI: 10.1021/ml4001744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the design and synthesis of novel 4-(4-benzoylaminophenoxy)phenol derivatives that bind to the androgen receptor (AR) ligand-binding domain and exhibit potent androgen-antagonistic activity. Compound 22 is one of the most potent of these derivatives, inhibiting the dihydrotestosterone-promoted growth of SC-3 cell line bearing wild-type AR (IC50 0.75 μM), LNCaP cell line bearing T877A-mutated AR (IC50 0.043 μM), and 22Rv1 cell line bearing H874Y-mutated AR (IC50 0.22 μM). Structure-activity relationship studies confirmed that the pharmacophore of these novel AR antagonists is distinct from the nitro- or cyano-substituted anilide substructure of other nonsteroidal AR antagonists. This novel pharmacophore is expected to provide a basis for designing new antiprostate cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Yamada
- Institute
of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and
Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Shinya Fujii
- Institute
of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and
Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Shuichi Mori
- Institute
of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and
Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Institute
of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and
Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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21
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Li X, Chen YT, Josson S, Mukhopadhyay NK, Kim J, Freeman MR, Huang WC. MicroRNA-185 and 342 inhibit tumorigenicity and induce apoptosis through blockade of the SREBP metabolic pathway in prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70987. [PMID: 23951060 PMCID: PMC3739799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA or miR) inhibition of oncogenic related pathways has been shown to be a promising therapeutic approach for cancer. Aberrant lipid and cholesterol metabolism is involved in prostate cancer development and progression to end-stage disease. We recently demonstrated that a key transcription factor for lipogenesis, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), induced fatty acid and lipid accumulation and androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity, and also promoted prostate cancer cell growth and castration resistance. SREBP-1 was overexpressed in human prostate cancer and castration-resistant patient specimens. These experimental and clinical results indicate that SREBP-1 is a potential oncogenic transcription factor in prostate cancer. In this study, we identified two miRNAs, miR-185 and 342, that control lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis in prostate cancer cells by inhibiting SREBP-1 and 2 expression and down-regulating their targeted genes, including fatty acid synthase (FASN) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGCR). Both miR-185 and 342 inhibited tumorigenicity, cell growth, migration and invasion in prostate cancer cell culture and xenograft models coincident with their blockade of lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis. Intrinsic miR-185 and 342 expression was significantly decreased in prostate cancer cells compared to non-cancerous epithelial cells. Restoration of miR-185 and 342 led to caspase-dependent apoptotic death in prostate cancer cells. The newly identified miRNAs, miR-185 and 342, represent a novel targeting mechanism for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Li
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sajni Josson
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nishit K. Mukhopadhyay
- Cancer Biology Program, Departments of Surgery, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Cancer Biology Program, Departments of Surgery, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Freeman
- Cancer Biology Program, Departments of Surgery, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Wen-Chin Huang
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Sampson N, Zenzmaier C, Heitz M, Hermann M, Plas E, Schäfer G, Klocker H, Berger P. Stromal insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) is elevated in the diseased human prostate and promotes ex vivo fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2586-99. [PMID: 23720424 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the IGF axis is implicated in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa), 2 of the most common diseases affecting elderly males. PCa is the second leading cause of male-related cancer death in Western societies. Although distinct pathologies, BPH and PCa are both characterized by extensive stromal remodeling, in particular fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation, thought to be induced by elevated local production of TGFβ1. We previously showed that TGFβ1-mediated fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation of primary human prostatic stromal cells resulted in the dsyregulation of several components of the IGF axis, including the induction of IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3). Using isoform-specific lentiviral-mediated knockdown, we demonstrate herein that IGFBP3 is essential for TGFβ1-mediated differentiation. Although recombinant human IGFBP3 alone was not sufficient to induce differentiation, IGFBP3 synergistically potentiated TGFβ1-mediated stromal remodeling predominantly via an IGF-independent mechanism. Consistent with these in vitro findings, IGFBP3 immunohistochemistry revealed elevated levels of IGFBP3 in the hyperplastic fibromuscular stroma of BPH specimens and in the tumor-adjacent stroma of high-grade PCa. Collectively these data indicate that the dysregulation of the stromal IGF axis, in particular elevated IGFBP3, plays a crucial role in fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation in the diseased prostatic stroma and indicate the therapeutic potential of inhibiting stromal remodeling and the resulting dysregulation of the stromal IGF axis as a novel strategy for the treatment of advanced PCa and BPH.
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23
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Li S, Hu MG, Sun Y, Yoshioka N, Ibaragi S, Sheng J, Sun G, Kishimoto K, Hu GF. Angiogenin mediates androgen-stimulated prostate cancer growth and enables castration resistance. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:1203-14. [PMID: 23851444 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The androgen receptor (AR) is a critical effector of prostate cancer development and progression. Androgen-dependent prostate cancer is reliant on the function of AR for growth and progression. Most castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains dependent on AR signaling for survival and growth. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is essential for both androgen-dependent and castration-resistant growth of prostate cancer cells. During androgen-dependent growth of prostate cells, androgen-AR signaling leads to the accumulation of rRNA. However, the mechanism by which AR regulates rRNA transcription is unknown. Here, investigation revealed that angiogenin (ANG), a member of the secreted ribonuclease superfamily, is upregulated in prostate cancer and mediates androgen-stimulated rRNA transcription in prostate cancer cells. Upon androgen stimulation, ANG undergoes nuclear translocation in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells, where it binds to the rDNA promoter and stimulates rRNA transcription. ANG antagonists inhibit androgen-induced rRNA transcription and cell proliferation in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells. Interestingly, ANG also mediates androgen-independent rRNA transcription through a mechanism that involves its constitutive nuclear translocation in androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cells, resulting in a constant rRNA overproduction and thereby stimulating cell proliferation. Critically, ANG overexpression in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells enables castration-resistant growth of otherwise androgen-dependent cells. Thus, ANG-stimulated rRNA transcription is not only an essential component for androgen-dependent growth of prostate cancer but also contributes to the transition of prostate cancer from androgen-dependent to castration-resistant growth status. IMPLICATIONS The ability of angiogenin to regulate rRNA transcription and prostate cancer growth makes it a viable target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Li
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111.
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24
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Discovery of AZD3514, a small-molecule androgen receptor downregulator for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1945-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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25
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Huang SP, Bao BY, Wu MT, Choueiri TK, Goggins WB, Liu CC, Huang CY, Pu YS, Yu CC, Wu TT, Huang CN, Huang CH, Wu WJ. Significant associations of prostate-specific antigen nadir and time to prostate-specific antigen nadir with survival in prostate cancer patients treated with androgen-deprivation therapy. Aging Male 2012; 15:34-41. [PMID: 21615239 DOI: 10.3109/13685538.2011.580398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The influence of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) kinetics on the outcome of metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) after androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) remains poorly characterised. We evaluated the prognostic significance of PSA nadir and time to PSA nadir as well as their interactive effect on prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) and all-cause mortality (ACM) after ADT. METHODS A total of 650 men with advanced or metastatic PCa treated with ADT were studied. The prognostic significance of PSA nadir and time to PSA nadir on PCSM and ACM were analysed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and the Cox regression model. RESULTS On multivariate analysis, clinical M1 stage, Gleason Score 8-10, PSA nadir ≥ 0.2 ng/ml and time to PSA nadir < 10 months were independent predictors of PCSM and ACM. The combined analysis showed that patient with higher PSA nadir and shorter time to PSA nadir had significantly higher risk of PCSM and ACM compared to those with lower PSA nadir and longer time to PSA nadir (hazard ratios = 6.30 and 4.79, respectively, all P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that higher PSA nadir level and faster time to reach PSA nadir after ADT were associated with shorter survival for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Pin Huang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan.
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26
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Liu B, Geng G, Lin R, Ren C, Wu JH. Learning from estrogen receptor antagonism: structure-based identification of novel antiandrogens effective against multiple clinically relevant androgen receptor mutants. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 79:300-12. [PMID: 22151347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment strategy for advanced prostate cancer is to suppress androgen receptor (AR) by castration and antiandrogens. However, several clinically relevant AR mutations cause insensitivity to current antiandrogens and convert them into agonists. We aim to identify full AR antagonists even for AR mutants. As crystal structure of AR ligand-binding domain (LBD) at antagonistic form is not available, we decided to learn from estrogen receptor (ER) antagonism: (i) We built a structural model of wild-type AR-LBD complexed with antiandrogen bicalutamide (wild type/bicalutamide) using ERα-LBD/hydroxytamoxifen structure as the template for helix-12. (ii) By comparative structural analysis of 24 ERα-LBD complexes, we found residues D351 and L354 at helix-3 adopt unique conformations, and distance between them is a marker of ERα-LBD/antagonist complexes. The AR residues corresponding to D351 and L354 are E709 and L712, respectively. We found distance between E709 and L712 of the wild type/bicalutamide model is substantially different from that of AR-LBD/agonist complexes, suggesting this distance could be a marker of antagonistic AR-LBD, which was supported by molecular dynamics simulations. Based on the wild type/bicalutamide model, we discovered compound 3 is a novel antiandrogen effective against the wild type and T877A-, W741C-, and H874Y-mutated androgen receptors. We found compound 3 has dual functions, inhibiting androgen receptor and IKK(β) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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27
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Liu W, Zhou J, Geng G, Shi Q, Sauriol F, Wu JH. Antiandrogenic, maspin induction, and antiprostate cancer activities of tanshinone IIA and its novel derivatives with modification in ring A. J Med Chem 2012; 55:971-5. [PMID: 22175694 DOI: 10.1021/jm2015292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Expression of metastatic suppressor maspin is lost in advanced prostate cancer. Clinically relevant mutations in androgen receptor (AR) convert antiandrogens into AR agonists, promoting prostate tumor growth. We discovered tanshinone IIA (TS-IIA) is a potent antagonist of mutated ARs and induces maspin expression through AR. TS-IIA suppressed AR expression and induced apoptosis in LNCaP cells. Syntheses of TS-IIA derivatives (1-9) revealed that the 4,4-dimethyl group at ring A is important for TS-IIA's antiandrogenic and maspin induction activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Liu
- Segal Cancer Center and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine, Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
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28
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Fujii S, Ohta K, Goto T, Oda A, Masuno H, Endo Y, Kagechika H. Development of androgen receptor ligands by application of ten-vertex para-carborane as a novel hydrophobic core structure. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md00294a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most commonly diagnosed nonskin malignancy and the second most common cause of cancer death among men in the United States. Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequences. Two common epigenetic mechanisms, DNA methylation and histone modification, have demonstrated critical roles in prostate cancer growth and metastasis. DNA hypermethylation of cytosine-guanine (CpG) rich sequence islands within gene promoter regions is widespread during neoplastic transformation of prostate cells, suggesting that treatment-induced restoration of a “normal” epigenome could be clinically beneficial. Histone modification leads to altered tumor gene function by changing chromosome structure and the level of gene transcription. The reversibility of epigenetic aberrations and restoration of tumor suppression gene function have made them attractive targets for prostate cancer treatment with modulators that demethylate DNA and inhibit histone deacetylases.
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30
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Frezza M, Yang H, Dou QP. Modulation of the tumor cell death pathway by androgen receptor in response to cytotoxic stimuli. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2731-9. [PMID: 21448923 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite an initial response from androgen deprivation therapy, most prostate cancer patients relapse to a hormone-refractory state where tumors still remain dependent on androgen receptor (AR) function. We have previously shown that AR breakdown correlates with the induction of cancer cell apoptosis by proteasome inhibition. However, the involvement of AR in modulating the cell death pathway has remained elusive. To investigate this, we used an experimental model consisting of parental PC-3 prostate cancer cells that lack AR expression and PC-3 cells stably overexpressing wild type AR gene. Here, we report that both chemotherapeutic drugs (cisplatin) and proteasome inhibitors induced caspase-3-associated cell death in parental PC-3 cells whereas non-caspase-3 associated cell death in PC3-AR cells. The involvement of AR in modulating tumor cell death was further confirmed in PC-3 cells transiently expressing AR. Consistently, treatment with the clinically used proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib (Velcade/PS-341) of (AR+) LNCaP prostate cancer cells caused AR cleavage and cell death with low levels of caspase activation. However, co-treatment with Bortezomib and the AR antagonist Bicalutamide (Casodex) caused significant decrease in AR expression associated with an increase in caspase-3 activity in both LNCaP and PC3-AR cells. Thus our results provide compelling evidence for involvement of AR in deciding types of tumor cell death upon cytotoxic stimuli, and specifically, blockade of AR activities could change necrosis to apoptosis in tumor cells. Our findings may help guide clinicians based on AR status in the design of favorable treatment strategies for prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frezza
- Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, The Developmental Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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31
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Batist G, Wu JH, Spatz A, Miller WH, Cocolakis E, Rousseau C, Diaz Z, Ferrario C, Basik M. Resistance to cancer treatment: the role of somatic genetic events and the challenges for targeted therapies. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:59. [PMID: 22007174 PMCID: PMC3186943 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic resistance remains a major cause of cancer-related deaths. Resistance can occur from the outset of treatment or as an acquired phenomenon after an initial clinical response. Therapeutic resistance is an almost universal phenomenon in the treatment of metastatic cancers. The advent of molecularly targeted treatments brought greater efficacy in patients whose tumors express a particular target or molecular signature. However, resistance remains a predictable challenge. This article provides an overview of somatic genomic events that confer resistance to cancer therapies. Some examples, including BCR–Abl, EML4–ALK, and the androgen receptor, contain mutations in the target itself, which hamper binding and inhibitory functions of therapeutic agents. There are also examples of somatic genetic changes in other genes or pathways that result in resistance by circumventing the inhibitor, as in resistance to trastuzumab and BRAF inhibitors. Yet other examples results in activation of cytoprotective genes. The fact that all of these mechanisms of resistance are due to somatic changes in the tumor’s genome makes targeting them selectively a feasible goal. To identify and validate these changes, it is important to obtain biopsies of clinically resistant tumors. A rational consequence of this evolving knowledge is the growing appreciation that combinations of inhibitors will be needed to anticipate and overcome therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Batist
- Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital Montreal, QC, Canada
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32
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Bradbury RH, Hales NJ, Rabow AA, Walker GE, Acton DG, Andrews DM, Ballard P, Brooks NA, Colclough N, Girdwood A, Hancox UJ, Jones O, Jude D, Loddick SA, Mortlock AA. Small-molecule androgen receptor downregulators as an approach to treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5442-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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33
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Tombal B. What is the pathophysiology of a hormone-resistant prostate tumour? Eur J Cancer 2011; 47 Suppl 3:S179-88. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(11)70163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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34
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Huang SP, Bao BY, Wu MT, Choueiri TK, Goggins WB, Huang CY, Pu YS, Yu CC, Huang CH. Impact of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) nadir and time to PSA nadir on disease progression in prostate cancer treated with androgen-deprivation therapy. Prostate 2011; 71:1189-97. [PMID: 21656829 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of PSA kinetics on the outcome of metastatic prostate cancer after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is not well understood. We evaluated the prognostic significance of PSA nadir and time to PSA nadir as well as their potential interactive effect on the progression of disease after ADT. METHODS A total of 650 men with advanced or metastatic prostate cancer treated with ADT were studied. The prognostic significance of PSA nadir and time to PSA nadir on disease progression were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and the Cox regression model. RESULTS We found that both PSA nadir and time to PSA nadir were independent and significant predictors of disease progression. Patients with higher PSA nadir (≥0.2 ng/ml) and shorter time to PSA nadir (<10 months) had significant shorter time to disease progression after adjusting for other covariates. The combined analyses showed a potential synergistic effect of these two variables on disease progression. Patient with higher PSA nadir and shorter time to PSA nadir had significantly higher risk for disease progression compared to those with lower PSA nadir and longer time to PSA nadir (Hazard Ratios (HR) = 3.11, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We concluded that both PSA nadir and time to PSA nadir are significant predictors of disease progression for prostate cancer patients receiving ADT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Pin Huang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Crystal structure, docking study and structure–activity relationship of carborane-containing androgen receptor antagonist 3-(12-hydroxymethyl-1,12-dicarba-closo-dodecaboran-1-yl)benzonitrile. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:3540-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Li S, Ibaragi S, Hu GF. Angiogenin as a molecular target for the treatment of prostate cancer. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2011; 7:83-90. [PMID: 21743803 DOI: 10.2174/1573394711107020083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenin (ANG), a 14 kDa angiogenic ribonuclease, is upregulated in human prostate cancers, especially in hormone refractory diseases, and is the highest upregulated gene in Akt-driven prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) in mice. ANG has been shown to undergo nuclear translocation in both prostate cancer cells and cancer-associated endothelial cells where it binds to the promoter region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and stimulates ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription. ANG thus plays an essential role in prostate cancer progression by stimulating both cancer cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. A variety of ANG antagonists, including its antisense oligonucleotide, siRNA, soluble binding proteins, monoclonal antibody, enzymatic inhibitors, and nuclear translocation blockers, have all been shown to inhibit prostate cancer in various animal models. Accumulating evidence indicates that ANG is a molecular target for prostate cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Li
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Sampson N, Koziel R, Zenzmaier C, Bubendorf L, Plas E, Jansen-Dürr P, Berger P. ROS signaling by NOX4 drives fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation in the diseased prostatic stroma. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:503-15. [PMID: 21273445 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal remodeling, in particular fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation, is a hallmark of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and solid tumors, including prostate cancer (PCa). Increased local production of TGFβ1 is considered the inducing stimulus. Given that stromal remodeling actively promotes BPH/PCa development, there is considerable interest in developing stromal-targeted therapies. Microarray and quantitative PCR analysis of primary human prostatic stromal cells induced to undergo fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation with TGFβ1 revealed up-regulation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) producer reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (NOX4) and down-regulation of the selenium-containing ROS-scavenging enzymes glutathione peroxidase 3, thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1), and the selenium transporter selenoprotein P plasma 1. Consistently, NOX4 expression correlated specifically with the myofibroblast phenotype in vivo, and loss of selenoprotein P plasma 1 was observed in tumor-associated stroma of human PCa biopsies. Using lentiviral NOX4 short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown, pharmacological inhibitors, antioxidants, and selenium, we demonstrate that TGFβ1 induction of NOX4-derived ROS is required for TGFβ1-mediated phosphorylation of c-jun N-terminal kinase, which in turn is essential for subsequent downstream cytoskeletal remodeling. Significantly, selenium supplementation inhibited differentiation by increasing ROS-scavenging selenoenzyme biosynthesis because glutathione peroxidase 3 and TXNRD1 expression and TXNRD1 enzyme activity were restored. Consistently, selenium depleted ROS levels downstream of NOX4 induction. Collectively, this work demonstrates that dysregulated redox homeostasis driven by elevated NOX4-derived ROS signaling underlies fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation in the diseased prostatic stroma. Further, these data indicate the potential clinical value of selenium and/or NOX4 inhibitors in preventing the functional pathogenic changes of stromal cells in BPH and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Sampson
- Institute of Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Science, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
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Fujii S, Yamada A, Tomita K, Nagano M, Goto T, Ohta K, Harayama T, Endo Y, Kagechika H. p-Carborane-based androgen antagonists active in LNCaP cells with a mutated androgen receptor. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00001b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ciocca DR, Fanelli MA, Cuello-Carrion FD, Castro GN. Heat shock proteins in prostate cancer: from tumorigenesis to the clinic. Int J Hyperthermia 2010; 26:737-47. [PMID: 20858068 DOI: 10.3109/02656731003776968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The heat shock proteins (HSP) constitute a superfamily of chaperone proteins present in all cells and in all cell compartments, operating in a complex interplay with synergistic/overlapping multiplicity of functions, even though the common effect is cell protection. Several reasons explain the need for investigating HSP in prostate cancer: (1) these molecules function as chaperones of tumorigenesis accompanying the emergence of prostate cancer cells, (2) they appear as useful molecular markers associated with disease aggressiveness and with resistance to anticancer therapies including hormone therapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hyperthermia, and (3) they can be used as targets for therapies. The latter can be accomplished by: (i) interrupting the interaction of HSP (mainly HSPC1) with various client proteins that are protected from degradation when chaperoned by the HSP; (ii) using the chaperone and adjuvant capabilities of certain HSP to present antigenic peptides to the immune system, so this system can recognise the prostate tumour cells as foreign to mount an effective antitumoral response; and (iii) using treatment planning models taking into account the HSP expression levels to obtain more effective therapies. In summary, the study of the HSP during tumorigenesis as well as during cancer progression, and the inclusion of treatment designs targeting HSP combined with other treatment modalities, should improve prostate cancer survival in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Ciocca
- Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Experimental Medicine and Biology of Cuyo, Scientific and Technological Centre of Mendoza, National Research Council (CONICET) and Argentina Foundation for Cancer Research, Mendoza, Argentina.
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Treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer: updates on therapeutics targeting the androgen receptor signaling pathway. Am J Ther 2010; 17:176-81. [PMID: 20019584 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0b013e3181c6c0b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Androgens play a critical role in the progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer through androgen receptor (AR)-regulated signaling pathways. Progress has been made in the development of potent agents designed to suppress androgen function by blocking the AR, inhibiting the synthesis of androgens, or targeting downstream AR signaling pathways. This review summarizes the development of novel therapies based on current insights into AR signaling pathways in castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Goto T, Ohta K, Fujii S, Ohta S, Endo Y. Design and Synthesis of Androgen Receptor Full Antagonists Bearing a p-Carborane Cage: Promising Ligands for Anti-Androgen Withdrawal Syndrome. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4917-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100316f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tokuhito Goto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1, Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Kiminori Ohta
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1, Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Shinya Fujii
- School of Medical Science, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Endo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1, Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
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Sharma H, Sissung TM, Pressler H, Figg WD. Stromal-epithelial interactions are responsible for prostate tumor progression through an androgen-related mechanism. Cancer Biol Ther 2010; 9:163-5. [PMID: 20087060 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.9.3.11143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While several hypotheses have been put forward to explain how prostate tumors become resistant to androgen deprivation therapy, the mechanism by which prostate tumors have increased androgen concentrations as compared to the serum has been poorly explored. Using a stromal/epithelial cell co-culture model, Mizokami et al. have demonstrated how prostate-, bone- and prostate tumor-derived stromal cells participate with tumor-derived epithelial cells (i.e., LNCaP cells) to produce active androgens from a readily available substrate during androgen deprivation therapy, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Although these experiments are conducted in vitro, they provide a basis for the possibility of intratumoral DHEA-mediated androgen synthesis mechanisms that may underlie androgen receptor reactivation during androgen deprivation in many prostate tumors. Moreover, Mizokami et al. have shown that dutasteride, previously considered an SRD5A inhibitor, also inhibits the interplay between stromal and epithelial cells in the synthesis of testosterone. Herein, we summarize this study and comment on therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haveesh Sharma
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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43
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Huang WC, Zhau HE, Chung LWK. Androgen receptor survival signaling is blocked by anti-beta2-microglobulin monoclonal antibody via a MAPK/lipogenic pathway in human prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:7947-56. [PMID: 20071336 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.092759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A new cis-acting element, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) binding site, within the 5'-flanking human androgen receptor (AR) promoter region and its binding transcription factor, SREBP-1, was identified to regulate AR transcription in AR-positive human prostate cancer cells. We further characterized the molecular mechanism by which a novel anti-beta2-microglobulin monoclonal antibody (beta2M mAb), shown to induce massive cell death in a number of human and mouse cancer cell lines, interrupted multiple cell signaling pathways in human prostate cancer cells. beta2M mAb decreased AR expression through inactivation of MAPK and SREBP-1. By inactivation of MAPK, beta2M mAb decreased prostate cancer cell proliferation and survival. By inhibition of SREBP-1, beta2M mAb reduced fatty acid and lipid levels, an integral component of cell membrane, cell signaling mediators, and energy metabolism. These results provide for the first time a molecular link between the beta2M intracellular signaling axis mediated by MAPK and SREBP-1 and involving lipid signaling, which collectively regulates AR expression and function. Antagonizing beta2M by beta2M mAb may be an effective therapeutic approach simultaneously targeting multiple downstream signaling pathways converging with MAPK, SREBP-1, and AR, important for controlling prostate cancer cell growth, survival, and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chin Huang
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
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Nakabayashi M, Oh WK, Jacobus S, Regan MM, Taplin ME, Kantoff PW, Rosenberg JE. Activity of ketoconazole after taxane-based chemotherapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer. BJU Int 2009; 105:1392-6. [PMID: 19863532 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of the androgen-synthesis inhibitor ketoconazole as a secondary hormonal therapy in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) previously treated with chemotherapy, as persistent androgens appear to play a role in the development and maintenance of CRPC. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively identified 34 patients with CRPC who were treated with ketoconazole as a secondary hormonal therapy after paclitaxel- or docetaxel-based chemotherapy for CRPC. They were treated with ketoconazole 200-400 mg three times daily with or without hydrocortisone. Patients with previous use of ketoconazole were excluded. Half the patients had received estramustine as part of their chemotherapy regimen. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with a decline of > or =50% in their prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level. PSA progression was defined by the PSA Working Group 1 Criteria. RESULTS Eight of the 32 evaluable patients (25%) had a PSA decline of > or =50%. The median time to progression (TTP) was 3 months (95% confidence interval, 1.2-5.4). A history of previous response to taxane-based chemotherapy was not associated with the response to ketoconazole. However, previous use of oestrogens for CRPC was significantly associated with a shorter TTP on ketoconazole (1.5 vs 10.2 months; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Ketoconazole has moderate activity as secondary hormonal therapy in patients with CRPC previously treated with taxane-based chemotherapy, although the TTP was short. Previous treatment with oestrogenic therapy is associated with a shorter TTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Nakabayashi
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Zhou J, Geng G, Shi Q, Sauriol F, Wu JH. Design and synthesis of androgen receptor antagonists with bulky side chains for overcoming antiandrogen resistance. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5546-50. [PMID: 19725582 DOI: 10.1021/jm801218k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of curcumin and beta-ionone into one chemical entity led to identification of a novel antiandrogen with two bulky side chains, 6, which is a pure antagonist of the wild-type and the T877A, W741C, and H874Y mutated androgen receptors (AR), showing no cross-reactivity with progesterone receptor and low micromolar cytotoxicity in LNCaP, PCa-2b, 22Rv1, and C4-2B prostate cancer cells. Molecular modeling indicates 6 adopts a "Y"-shape conformation and forms multiple hydrogen bonds with AR backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Zhou
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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46
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Itman C, Small C, Griswold M, Nagaraja AK, Matzuk MM, Brown CW, Jans DA, Loveland KL. Developmentally regulated SMAD2 and SMAD3 utilization directs activin signaling outcomes. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:1688-700. [PMID: 19517569 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Activin is required for testis development. Activin signals via phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of SMAD2 and SMAD3. We present novel findings of developmentally regulated activin signaling leading to specific transcriptional outcomes in testicular Sertoli cells. In immature, proliferating, Sertoli cells, activin A induces nuclear accumulation of SMAD3, but not SMAD2, although both proteins become phosphorylated. In postmitotic differentiating cells, both SMAD proteins accumulate in the nucleus. Furthermore, immature Sertoli cells are sensitive to activin dosage; higher concentrations induce maximal SMAD3 nuclear accumulation and a small increase in nuclear SMAD2. Microarray analysis identified distinct transcriptional outcomes correlating with differential SMAD utilization and new activin target genes, including Gja1 and Serpina5, which are essential for Sertoli cell development and male fertility. In transgenic mice with altered activin bioactivity that display fertility phenotypes, Gja1 and Serpina5 are significantly altered. Thus, differential SMAD utilization in response to activin features during Sertoli cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Itman
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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47
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Sarker D, Reid AHM, Yap TA, de Bono JS. Targeting the PI3K/AKT pathway for the treatment of prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:4799-805. [PMID: 19638457 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in our understanding of the biological basis of prostate cancer, the management of the disease, especially in the castration-resistant phase, remains a significant challenge. Deregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway is increasingly implicated in prostate carcinogenesis. In this review, we detail the role of this pathway in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and the rapidly evolving therapeutic implications of targeting it. In particular, we highlight the importance of the appropriate selection of agents and combinations, and the critical role of predictive and pharmocodynamic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Sarker
- Section of Medicine and Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, United Kingdom
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48
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Locke JA, Nelson CC, Adomat HH, Hendy SC, Gleave ME, Guns EST. Steroidogenesis inhibitors alter but do not eliminate androgen synthesis mechanisms during progression to castration-resistance in LNCaP prostate xenografts. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 115:126-36. [PMID: 19442514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) many androgen-regulated genes become re-expressed and tissue androgen levels increase despite low serum levels. We and others have recently reported that CRPC tumor cells can de novo synthesize androgens from adrenal steroid precursors or cholesterol and that high levels of progesterone exist in LNCaP tumors after castration serving perhaps as an intermediate in androgen synthesis. Herein, we compare androgen synthesis from [(3)H-progesterone] in the presence of specific steroidogenesis inhibitors and anti-androgens in steroid starved LNCaP cells and CRPC tumors. Similarly, we compare steroid profiles in LNCaP tumors at different stages of CRPC progression. Steroidogenesis inhibitors targeting CYP17A1 and SRD5A2 significantly altered but did not eliminate androgen synthesis from progesterone in steroid starved LNCaP cells and CRPC tumors. Upon exposure to inhibitors of steroidogenesis prostate cancer cells adapt gradually during CRPC progression to synthesize DHT in a compensatory manner through alternative feed-forward mechanisms. Furthermore, tumors obtained immediately after castration are significantly less efficient at metabolizing progesterone ( approximately 36%) and produce a different steroid profile to CRPC tumors. Optimal targeting of the androgen axis may be most effective when tumors are least efficient at synthesizing androgens. Confirmatory studies in humans are required to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Locke
- The Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
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49
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Mellado B, Codony J, Ribal MJ, Visa L, Gascón P. Molecular biology of androgen-independent prostate cancer: the role of the androgen receptor pathway. Clin Transl Oncol 2009; 11:5-10. [PMID: 19155198 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-009-0304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) cells express the androgen receptor (AR) and need the presence of androgens to survive. Androgen suppression is the gold standard first-line therapy for metastatic disease. Almost all PC patients initially respond to hormonal therapy, but most of them gradually develop resistance to castration. There is evidence that these tumours that are considered castration-resistant continue to depend on AR signalling. Several mechanisms that enhance AR signalling in an androgen-depleted environment have been elucidated: (1) AR mutations that allow activation by low androgen levels or by other endogenous steroids, (2) AR amplification and/or overexpression, (3) increased local intracrine synthesis of androgens, (4) changes in AR cofactors and (5) cross-talk with cytokines and growth factors. Today, there are a number of novel agents targeting the AR signalling pathway under development, including more effective antiandrogens; inhibitors of CYP17, inhibitors of HSP90, inhibitors of histone deacetylases and inhibitors of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mellado
- Medical Oncology Department, ICMHO, Laboratory of Translational Oncology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
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50
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Synthesis and in vitro characterization of ionone-based chalcones as novel antiandrogens effective against multiple clinically relevant androgen receptor mutants. Invest New Drugs 2009; 28:291-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-009-9251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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