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Karshima SN, Ahmed MI, Mohammed KM, Pam VA. Global status of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in human population: A 50-year (1970-2020) meta-analysis. J Vector Borne Dis 2023; 60:265-278. [PMID: 37843237 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.364756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis; a febrile tick-borne bacterial zoonosis of increasing public health importance in many parts of the world which is life threatening in undiagnosed, misdiagnosed and untreated cases. In this study we determined and reported the global status of the pathogen in man. METHODS The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was used to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of data published in six electronic databases between 1970 and 2020. We pooled data using the random-effects model, performed sensitivity analysis by the single study deletion method and assess across study bias by the funnel plot and its statistical significance by the Egger's regression test. RESULTS A total of 7018 cases of A. phagocytophilum were reported from 48,619 individuals examined across 22 countries in three continents. Overall pooled estimate was 8.13% (95% CI: 5.70 - 11.47) with a range of 4.64 (95% CI: 1.78 - 11.54) to 12.18% (95% CI: 7.66 - 18.83) across sub-groups. Regional prevalence was highest in North America 11.07% (95% CI: 3.13 - 32.38), while that in relation to study population was highest among occupationally exposed population 11.41% (95% CI: 5.69 - 21.56). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION The study revealed a significant variation in the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum across Asia, Europe and North America, with the highest prevalence in North America and among occupationally exposed population. To curtail the menace of this growing public health crisis, we recommend integrated control programmes involving tick control, the use of appropriate clothing by occupationally exposed population and health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Ngutor Karshima
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Zuru, Nigeria
| | - Musa Isiyaku Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Federal University of Agriculture Zuru, Nigeria
| | - Kaltume Mamman Mohammed
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Zuru, Nigeria
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2
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Bargul JL, Kidambasi KO, Getahun MN, Villinger J, Copeland RS, Muema JM, Carrington M, Masiga DK. Transmission of 'Candidatus Anaplasma camelii' to mice and rabbits by camel-specific keds, Hippobosca camelina. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009671. [PMID: 34398891 PMCID: PMC8389426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasmosis, caused by infection with bacteria of the genus Anaplasma, is an important veterinary and zoonotic disease. Transmission by ticks has been characterized but little is known about non-tick vectors of livestock anaplasmosis. This study investigated the presence of Anaplasma spp. in camels in northern Kenya and whether the hematophagous camel ked, Hippobosca camelina, acts as a vector. Camels (n = 976) and > 10,000 keds were sampled over a three-year study period and the presence of Anaplasma species was determined by PCR-based assays targeting the Anaplasmataceae 16S rRNA gene. Camels were infected by a single species of Anaplasma, 'Candidatus Anaplasma camelii', with infection rates ranging from 63-78% during the dry (September 2017), wet (June-July 2018), and late wet seasons (July-August 2019). 10-29% of camel keds harbored 'Ca. Anaplasma camelii' acquired from infected camels during blood feeding. We determined that Anaplasma-positive camel keds could transmit 'Ca. Anaplasma camelii' to mice and rabbits via blood-feeding. We show competence in pathogen transmission and subsequent infection in mice and rabbits by microscopic observation in blood smears and by PCR. Transmission of 'Ca. Anaplasma camelii' to mice (8-47%) and rabbits (25%) occurred readily after ked bites. Hence, we demonstrate, for the first time, the potential of H. camelina as a vector of anaplasmosis. This key finding provides the rationale for establishing ked control programmes for improvement of livestock and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel L. Bargul
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kevin O. Kidambasi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Merid N. Getahun
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jandouwe Villinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Robert S. Copeland
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jackson M. Muema
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mark Carrington
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel K. Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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3
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Human granulocytic anaplasmosis in a Single University Hospital in the Republic of Korea. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10860. [PMID: 34035378 PMCID: PMC8149831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90327-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, only a few studies have analyzed the clinical characteristics and genetic features of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) in South Korea. Thus, in this study, we investigated the clinical characteristics of HGA and methods used for clinical diagnosis. The clinical characteristics of patients with HGA were studied retrospectively. We reviewed the medical charts of 21 confirmed patients with HGA admitted to the Chosun University Hospital, located in Gwangju, South Korea. Twenty-one HGA patients visited the hospital 2-30 days (median 7 days) after the onset of symptoms. Fourteen patients (66.7%) had fever, which was alleviated 2 h (range 0-12.75 h) after starting treatment with doxycycline. Of the 18 patients who underwent peripheral blood (PB) smear test, only one (5.6%) had morulae. Additionally, only 4/17 patients (23.5%) had morulae in the PB smear reconducted after the confirmation of anaplasmosis. All 21 patients recovered without significant complications. As per results of the blood tests conducted at the time of admission, 7/21 (33.3%) and 5/21 (23.8%) patients showed at least 1:16 and 1:80 of IgM and IgG titers, respectively. Most HGA patients in Korea recovered without significant complications. The indirect immunofluorescence antibody diagnosis or morulae identification for HGA in this study had low sensitivity in the early stage of the disease.
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Turbett SE, Anahtar MN, Pattanayak V, Azar MM, Coffey KC, Eng G, Rudolf JW, Lewandrowski KB, Baron J, Rosenberg ES, Branda JA. Use of Routine Complete Blood Count Results to Rule Out Anaplasmosis Without the Need for Specific Diagnostic Testing. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:1215-1221. [PMID: 31044232 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplasmosis presents with fever, headache, and laboratory abnormalities including leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the preferred diagnostic but is overutilized. We determined if routine laboratory tests could exclude anaplasmosis, improving PCR utilization. METHODS Anaplasma PCR results from a 3-year period, with associated complete blood count (CBC) and liver function test results, were retrospectively reviewed. PCR rejection criteria, based on white blood cell (WBC) and platelet (PLT) counts, were developed and prospectively applied in a mock stewardship program. If rejection criteria were met, a committee mock-refused PCR unless the patient was clinically unstable or immunocompromised. RESULTS WBC and PLT counts were the most actionable routine tests for excluding anaplasmosis. Retrospective review demonstrated that rejection criteria of WBC ≥11 000 cells/µL or PLT ≥300 000 cells/µL would have led to PCR refusal in 428 of 1685 true-negative cases (25%) and 3 of 66 true-positive cases (5%) involving clinically unstable or immunocompromised patients. In the prospective phase, 155 of 663 PCR requests (23%) met rejection criteria and were reviewed by committee, which endorsed refusal in 110 of 155 cases (71%) and approval in 45 (29%), based on clinical criteria. PCR was negative in all 45 committee-approved cases. Only 1 of 110 mock-refused requests yielded a positive PCR result; this patient was already receiving doxycycline at the time of testing. CONCLUSIONS A CBC-based stewardship algorithm would reduce unnecessary Anaplasma PCR testing, without missing active cases. Although the prospectively evaluated screening approach involved medical record review, this was unnecessary to prevent errors and could be replaced by a rejection comment specifying clinical situations that might warrant overriding the algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Turbett
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Melis N Anahtar
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Vikram Pattanayak
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Marwan M Azar
- Department of Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - K C Coffey
- Department of Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - George Eng
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Joseph W Rudolf
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis
| | - Kent B Lewandrowski
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Jason Baron
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Eric S Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - John A Branda
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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5
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Shabana II, Alhadlag NM, Zaraket H. Diagnostic tools of caprine and ovine anaplasmosis: a direct comparative study. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:165. [PMID: 29788965 PMCID: PMC5964659 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnosis of anaplasmosis is rather conflicting with other haemoprotozoans. Hence, the study aimed to compare and evaluate the efficiency of competitive ELISA (cELISA), indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA), and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for precise diagnosis of Anaplasma spp. and to assess their concordance with microscopic examination (ME). Results A total of 312 blood samples (189 sheep and 123 goats) were examined for Anaplasma infection during a 1 year period. Giemsa-stained blood smears were examined under the microscope. IFA and cELISA were used for the detection of Anaplasma spp. antibodies. PCR was used as a standard of truth and for the identification of Anaplasma species. Using cELISA assay, 47.4% (148) were positive (93 sheep and 55 goats) with a sensitivity and specificity of 91.9, and 86.9%, respectively. Using IFA, it was found that 57.4% (179)were positive (113 sheep and 66 goats) with a sensitivity and specificity of 100, and 93.3%, respectively. PCR assay identified A. ovis in 49 (25.3%) sheep and 30 (15.5%) goats, and A. phagocytophilumin 74 (38.1%) sheep and 41 (20.8%) goats. Conclusions High sensitivity and specificity values of IFA and ELISA tests compared to microscopic examination strongly support their utility in the diagnosis of Anaplasma infection. PCR was a more specific diagnostic tool that allows to discriminate between Anaplasma subspecies, which makes it the method of choice for anaplasmosis diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Shabana
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al- madinah Al-munawarah, Saudi Arabia. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
| | - N M Alhadlag
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al- madinah Al-munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - H Zaraket
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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6
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang X, Cui Y, Yan Y, Wang R, Jian F, Zhang L, Ning C. A Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay Targeting 16S rRNA Gene for Rapid Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infection in Sheep and Goats. J Parasitol 2017; 103:187-192. [PMID: 28118097 DOI: 10.1645/16-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a zoonotic pathogen and the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans and tick-borne fever in various kinds of animals. In the present study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid detection of A. phagocytophilum was developed using primers specific to 16S rRNA gene of this organism. The LAMP assay was performed at 65 C for 60 min and terminated at 80 C for 10 min. The optimal reaction conditions under which no cross-reaction was observed with other closely related tick-borne parasites ( Anaplasma bovis , Anaplasma ovis , Theileria luwenshuni, Babesia motasi, and Schistosoma japonicum ) were established. The assay exhibited much higher sensitivity compared with conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (1 copy vs. 1,000 copies). To evaluate the applicability of the LAMP assay, 94 field samples of sheep blood were analyzed for A. phagocytophilum infection by using LAMP, nested PCR, and conventional PCR assays at the same time. A positive LAMP result was obtained from 53 (56.4%) of the 94 samples, whereas only 12 (12.8%) and 3 (3.2%) tested positive by nested and conventional PCR, respectively. In conclusion, this LAMP assay is a specific, sensitive, and rapid method for the detection of A. phagocytophilum in sheep/goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiaoxing Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yanyan Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yaqun Yan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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7
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Yang J, Liu Z, Niu Q, Liu J, Xie J, Chen Q, Chen Z, Guan G, Liu G, Luo J, Yin H. Evaluation of different nested PCRs for detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ruminants and ticks. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:35. [PMID: 26911835 PMCID: PMC4765105 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0663-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a causative agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis in mammals, which has a broad geographical distribution and a high degree of clinical diversity. Currently, numerous PCR assays have been developed and used for the detection of A. phagocytophilum in various specimens. However, their performance varies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of five nested PCR assays by detection of 363 ruminant and tick samples, and to select the most appropriate methods for the sensitive detection of A. phagocytophilum in environmental or clinical samples. RESULTS Positive PCR results for A. phagocytophilum were obtained in 75 (20.7%), 42 (11.6%) and 19 (5.2%) specimens with primer sets EC (EC9/EC12a and SSAP2f/SSAP2r), EE (EE1/EE2 and EE3/EE4) and ge (ge3a/ge10r, ge9f/ge2), respectively. The amplification of template DNA with the primer set MSP (MAP4AP5/MSP4AP3, msp4f/msp4r) could not be obtained in both ruminants and ticks, and a low specificity of the EL primers [EL(569)F/EL(1193)R, EL(569)F/EL(1142)R] in tick samples was observed. Our results revealed that the nested PCR with primer set EC complementary to the 16S rRNA gene was the most sensitive assay for detection of A. phagocytophilum in ruminant and tick specimens. A. phagocytophilum was detected in 47 (35.1%) sheep, 12 (10.4%) cattle, and 17 (14.9%) ticks. Two A. phagocytophilum genotypes were identified, that varied between sheep and cattle in sample collection sites. CONCLUSIONS This report provides more valuable information for the diagnosis and management of granulocytic anaplasmosis in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Qingli Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Junlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Jingying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Qiuyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Ze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China.
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Ait Lbacha H, Alali S, Zouagui Z, El Mamoun L, Rhalem A, Petit E, Haddad N, Gandoin C, Boulouis HJ, Maillard R. High Prevalence of Anaplasma spp. in Small Ruminants in Morocco. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:250-263. [PMID: 25916245 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of infection by Anaplasma spp. (including Anaplasma phagocytophilum) was determined using blood smear microscopy and PCR through screening of small ruminant blood samples collected from seven regions of Morocco. Co-infections of Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp, Theileria spp. and Mycoplasma spp. were investigated and risk factors for Anaplasma spp. infection assessed. A total of 422 small ruminant blood samples were randomly collected from 70 flocks. Individual animal (breed, age, tick burden and previous treatment) and flock data (GPS coordinate of farm, size of flock and livestock production system) were collected. Upon examination of blood smears, 375 blood samples (88.9%) were found to contain Anaplasma-like erythrocytic inclusion bodies. Upon screening with a large spectrum PCR targeting the Anaplasma 16S rRNA region, 303 (71%) samples were found to be positive. All 303 samples screened with the A. phagocytophilum-specific PCR, which targets the msp2 region, were found to be negative. Differences in prevalence were found to be statistically significant with regard to region, altitude, flock size, livestock production system, grazing system, presence of clinical cases and application of tick and tick-borne diseases prophylactic measures. Kappa analysis revealed a poor concordance between microscopy and PCR (k = 0.14). Agreement with PCR is improved by considering microscopy and packed cell volume (PCV) in parallel. The prevalence of double infections was found to be 1.7, 2.5 and 24% for Anaplasma-Babesia, Anaplasma-Mycoplasma and Anaplasma-Theileria, respectively. Co-infection with three or more haemoparasites was found in 1.6% of animals examined. In conclusion, we demonstrate the high burden of anaplasmosis in small ruminants in Morocco and the high prevalence of co-infections of tick-borne diseases. There is an urgent need to improve the control of this neglected group of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ait Lbacha
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - S Alali
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Z Zouagui
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - L El Mamoun
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - A Rhalem
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - E Petit
- Anses, ENVA, INRA, BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - N Haddad
- Anses, ENVA, INRA, BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Gandoin
- Anses, ENVA, INRA, BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - H-J Boulouis
- Anses, ENVA, INRA, BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - R Maillard
- Anses, ENVA, INRA, BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort, France.,INP-ENVT, Toulouse, France
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9
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Dahlgren FS, Heitman KN, Drexler NA, Massung RF, Behravesh CB. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis in the United States from 2008 to 2012: a summary of national surveillance data. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:66-72. [PMID: 25870428 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis is an acute, febrile illness transmitted by the ticks Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus in the United States. We present a summary of passive surveillance data for cases of anaplasmosis with onset during 2008-2012. The overall reported incidence rate (IR) was 6.3 cases per million person-years. Cases were reported from 38 states and from New York City, with the highest incidence in Minnesota (IR = 97), Wisconsin (IR = 79), and Rhode Island (IR = 51). Thirty-seven percent of cases were classified as confirmed, almost exclusively by polymerase chain reaction. The reported case fatality rate was 0.3% and the reported hospitalization rate was 31%. IRs, hospitalization rates, life-threatening complications, and case fatality rates increased with age group. The IR increased from 2008 to 2012 and the geographic range of reported cases of anaplasmosis appears to have increased since 2000-2007. Our findings are consistent with previous case series and recent reports of the expanding range of the tick vector I. scapularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Scott Dahlgren
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Kristen Nichols Heitman
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Naomi A Drexler
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Robert F Massung
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Casey Barton Behravesh
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
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10
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Proctor MC, Leiby DA. Do leukoreduction filters passively reduce the transmission risk of human granulocytic anaplasmosis? Transfusion 2014; 55:1242-8. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie C. Proctor
- Transmissible Diseases Department; American Red Cross Holland Laboratory; Rockville Maryland
| | - David A. Leiby
- Transmissible Diseases Department; American Red Cross Holland Laboratory; Rockville Maryland
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11
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Chi Q, Liu Z, Li Y, Yang J, Chen Z, Yue C, Luo J, Yin H. Development of a Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection and Quantification ofAnaplasma ovisInfection. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 60 Suppl 2:119-24. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Q. Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases MOA; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Lanzhou China
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Xinjiang Agricultural University; Urumqi China
| | - Z. Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases MOA; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Lanzhou China
| | - Y. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases MOA; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Lanzhou China
| | - J. Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases MOA; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Lanzhou China
| | - Z. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases MOA; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Lanzhou China
| | - C. Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Xinjiang Agricultural University; Urumqi China
| | - J. Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases MOA; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Lanzhou China
| | - H. Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; Key Laboratory of Grazing Animal Diseases MOA; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Lanzhou China
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Comparison of a real-time PCR method with serology and blood smear analysis for diagnosis of human anaplasmosis: importance of infection time course for optimal test utilization. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:2147-53. [PMID: 23637292 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00347-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis are emerging tick-borne diseases with clinically similar presentations caused by closely related pathogens. Currently, laboratories rely predominantly on blood smear analysis (for the detection of intracellular morulae) and on serologic tests, both of which have recognized limitations, for diagnostic purposes. We compared the performance of a published real-time PCR assay that incorporates melt curve analysis to differentiate Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species with blood smear and serologic methods in an upper Midwest population. Overall, 38.5% of the specimens selected for evaluation had one or more tests that were positive for anaplasmosis. The PCR positivity for all specimens was maximal (21.2%; 29/137) during the early acute phase of illness (0 to 4 days since illness onset) and significantly less frequent (11.5%; 20/174) during later phases (>4 days since illness onset). All positive specimens were Anaplasma phagocytophilum; no Ehrlichia species were identified. The real-time PCR detected 100% of infections that were detected by blood smear analysis (14/14) and broadened the detection window from a maximum of 14 days for smear positivity to 30 days for PCR. Additional infections were detected by real-time PCR in 12.9% (11/85) of smear-negative patients. There was poor agreement between the real-time PCR assay and serologic test results: 19.8% (19/96) and 13.7% (29/212) of seropositive and -negative patients, respectively, were PCR positive. Seropositivity increased with increasing days of illness, demonstrating that serologic detection methods are best utilized during presumed convalescence. Our results indicate that the optimal performance and utilization of laboratory tests for the diagnosis of anaplasmosis require knowledge regarding time of symptom onset or days of illness.
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Koebel C, Kern A, Edouard S, Hoang AT, Celestin N, Hansmann Y, Jaulhac B, Brouqui P, De Martino SJ. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis in eastern France: clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 72:214-8. [PMID: 22321996 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is a tick-borne infection characterised by an acute, nonspecific febrile illness. To date, few clinical cases have been supported by both a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and subsequent seroconversion against Anaplasma phagocytophilum antigen all over Europe. We report here 3 consecutive cases of HGA that occurred during the summer of 2009 which fulfilled the epidemiologic, clinical, and biological criteria for HGA. These data highlight PCR assay on ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood rather than serology as the diagnostic test of choice during the acute phase of the disease. In endemic areas, HGA should be investigated in patients presenting an undifferentiated febrile illness with cytopenia, elevated rates of liver enzymes, and increased C-reactive protein values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Koebel
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1, rue Koeberlé, Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Jin H, Wei F, Liu Q, Qian J. Epidemiology and Control of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis: A Systematic Review. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012; 12:269-74. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wei
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
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Weil AA, Baron EL, Brown CM, Drapkin MS. Clinical findings and diagnosis in human granulocytic anaplasmosis: a case series from Massachusetts. Mayo Clin Proc 2012; 87:233-9. [PMID: 22386178 PMCID: PMC3498394 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe clinical findings and the use of a tick-associated pathogen panel in a series of patients with human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) at a suburban Boston hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS Medical records were reviewed for inpatients and outpatients at Newton-Wellesley Hospital with a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result for Anaplasma phagocytophilum during the study period March 1 through November 30, 2009. A PCR panel was used to test for tick-borne pathogens. Postal ZIP code data from the patients' areas of residence were used to estimate the area of disease transmission. RESULTS Thirty-three cases were confirmed during the 2009 transmission season, and 14 of these patients (42%) required hospitalization. Thrombocytopenia and/or leukopenia were observed at the time of presentation in 25 of 30 patients (86%) in whom both white blood cell and platelet counts were determined, and 28 of 33 patients (85%) reported fever. Rash occurred in only 2 of the 33 patients (6%), and 25 (76%) reported one or more respiratory or gastrointestinal symptom. Cases were geographically distributed diffusely throughout the hospital catchment area, with one possible focus of infection identified in Weston, MA. Due to a lack of clinical data reporting to the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, only 20 of 32 HGA cases (63%) fulfilled the case confirmation criteria. CONCLUSION Diagnosis of HGA requires a high suspicion for infection even in endemic areas. Use of a tick-associated pathogen panel that includes PCR assays for several organisms could improve detection of underrecognized tick-borne diseases in endemic areas. Lack of epidemiological follow-up to confirm corroborating clinical findings prevents accurate case reporting and assessment of the true HGA burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Weil
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman St., Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Ybañez AP, Matsumoto K, Kishimoto T, Inokuma H. Molecular analyses of a potentially novel Anaplasma species closely related to Anaplasma phagocytophilum detected in sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) in Japan. Vet Microbiol 2011; 157:232-6. [PMID: 22204789 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An Anaplasma species closely related to Anaplasma phagocytophilum detected in sika deer in Hokkaido, Japan was molecularly analyzed using 16S rRNA, citrate synthase (gltA), and heat-shock operon (groEL) gene sequences. Genome walking was performed to determine its complete gltA and groEL sequences (1233 bp and 1650 bp, respectively). Percent identities to the closest A. phagocytophilum sequences from the US and European strains were 98.6-98.8%, 76.5%, and 80.3-80.8% for 16S rRNA, gltA, and groEL genes, respectively. For deduced amino acid sequences, percent identities to the closest A. phagocytophilum sequences were 66.7% and 97.6% for gltA and groEL genes, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses revealed divergence from any known A. phagocytophilum strain. The lower identities and the divergent phylogenetic position of the Anaplasma sp. detected from sika deer in Japan with established A. phagocytophilum strains provide evidence of its potential novelty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P Ybañez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 080-8555 Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
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Carlyon JA. Laboratory Maintenance of Anaplasma phagocytophilum. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2005; Chapter 3:Unit 3A.2. [PMID: 18770564 DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc03a02s00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is the etiologic agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (formerly human granulocytic ehrlichiosis), an emerging and potentially deadly disease in the United States, Europe, and Asia. A. phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium that displays a unique tropism for neutrophils. Studying this fascinating organism not only provides insight into microbial invasion and intracellular survival strategies, but also offers a unique approach to understanding neutrophil biology and host defense mechanisms. This unit describes the inoculation and maintenance of A. phagocytophilum from an infected blood sample into eukaryotic cell culture or laboratory mice. Cytological staining and immunofluorescent methods for assessing A. phagocytophilum infection are also presented. In addition, this unit describes isolation of viable, host cell-free bacterial preparations from infected cells, as well as the cryopreservation of infected cultures. Lastly, fluorescent labeling of live A. phagocytophilum for the purpose of tracking infection is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Carlyon
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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