Endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management of cancer

Endoscopic ultrasound in oncology: An update of clinical applications in the gastrointestinal tract

An accurate staging is necessary to select the best treatment and evaluate prognosis in oncology. Staging usually begins with noninvasive imaging such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography. In the absence of distant metastases, endoscopic ultrasound plays an important role in the diagnosis and staging of gastrointestinal tumors, being the most accurate modality for local-regional staging. Its use for tumor and nodal involvement in pre-surgical evaluation has proven to reduce unnecessary surgeries. The aim of this article is to review the current role of endoscopic ultrasound in the diagnosis and staging of esophageal, gastric and colorectal cancer.

A noninvasive method for early detection of MNNG-induced gastric cancer of male Wistar rat: ultrasonic study

Gastric cancer is often diagnosed at advanced stages and there is no accurate method for its screening and diagnosis, especially in small animals. Here, we explain the application of B-mode ultrasound imaging (BMUI) for screening of gastric changes in the rat. Thus, male Albino Wistar rats, weighing 100-120 grams were randomly divided into two groups. The control group rats (n=10) were given water as routine; the remaining (n=90), were given N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG, 100 μg/mL) in drinking water ad libitum for 40 weeks. Fifteen rats were killed at different time intervals and the others were sacrificed after 55 weeks. The BMUI of the stomach of animals after MNNG administration show some changes compared with the normal groups. Pathologic investigations of the stomach indicate cancer induction at different levels. The sensitivity and specificity of BMUI is 96.6% and 78.78%, respectively. Thus, it is a useful method of diagnosis of gastric cancer in rats.