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Huang Y, Ma C, Zhang Q, Ye J, Wang F, Zhang Y, Hunborg P, Varvares MA, Hoft DF, Hsueh EC, Peng G. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells have opposing roles in breast cancer progression and outcome. Oncotarget 2016; 6:17462-78. [PMID: 25968569 PMCID: PMC4627321 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cancer Immunoediting concept has provided critical insights suggesting dual functions of immune system during the cancer initiation and development. However, the dynamics and roles of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the pathogenesis of breast cancer remain unclear. Here we utilized two murine breast cancer models (4T1 and E0771) and demonstrated that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were increased and involved in immune responses, but with distinct dynamic trends in breast cancer development. In addition to cell number increases, CD4+ T cells changed their dominant subsets from Th1 in the early stages to Treg and Th17 cells in the late stages of the cancer progression. We also analyzed CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration in primary breast cancer tissues from cancer patients. We observed that CD8+ T cells are the key effector cell population mediating effective anti-tumor immunity resulting in better clinical outcomes. In contrast, intra-tumoral CD4+ T cells have negative prognostic effects on breast cancer patient outcomes. These studies indicate that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells have opposing roles in breast cancer progression and outcomes, which provides new insights relevant for the development of effective cancer immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.,Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children's Health Care Hospital of Linyi City, Linyi, P. R. China.,Molecular Biology Experimental Center, Shandong Medical College, Linyi, P. R. China
| | - Qunyuan Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jian Ye
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pamela Hunborg
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mark A Varvares
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel F Hoft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eddy C Hsueh
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Guangyong Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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Abstract
Various strategies have been used to generate cellular cancer vaccines with the expectation that they will become an effective part of the overall management of cancer patients. However, with few notable exceptions, immunization has not resulted in significant long-term therapeutic benefits. Tumor growth has continued and patient survival has been at best only modestly prolonged. One possible explanation is that as only a small proportion of the constituents of malignant cells are "tumor specific" and the vast majority are the products of nonantigenic, normal "housekeeping" genes, the immune response in patients immunized with cellular cancer vaccines is not sufficient to result in tumor rejection. Here, we review and characterize various types of cellular cancer vaccines. In addition, in a mouse breast cancer model system, we describe a unique strategy designed to enrich cellular vaccines for cells that induce tumor immunity. Numerous advantages and disadvantages of cancer immunotherapy with cellular vaccines are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Cohen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 South Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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