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Gao Z, Liu X, Lei Y, Shao J, Zhang G, Hou Z, Zhou G, Wu J, Guo H, Chang H, Liu W. Dendritic cell-based biomimetic nanoparticles for foot-and-mouth disease induce robust cellular immunity. Antiviral Res 2024; 231:106011. [PMID: 39332536 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.106011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically devastating viral disease of ruminants and swine, badly affecting the livestock industry worldwide. In clinical practice, vaccination is a frequently employed strategy to prevent foot-and-mouth disease (FMDV). However, commercial inactivated vaccines for FMD mainly rely on humoral immunity, exhibiting poor cellular immune responses and causing adverse reactions. Here, we use the double emulsion method to prepare poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA-NP) encapsulated with IL-2 cytokines, wrap the dendritic cell (DC) membrane carrying FMDV antigen information on the surface of the nanoparticles, obtaining a biomimetic nanoparticle vaccine Biom@DC with uniform size. This vaccine can effortlessly move through lymph nodes due to its nanoscale size advantage. It also possesses DC ability to present antigens, and antigen presentation can be made more effective with high biocompatibility. The sustained release of IL-2 encapsulated in the core of PLGA-NP in vivo can effectively promote the body's cellular immune response. Immune tests on mice have shown that Biom@DC may greatly increase T cell activation and proliferation both in vivo and in vitro, while also significantly reducing the fraction of inhibitory Treg cells. Furthermore, in the micro serum neutralization assay for FMDV, it has been demonstrated that the group vaccinated with Biom@DC exhibits a clear neutralizing effect. Given its strong immunogenicity, Biom@DC has the potential to develop into a novel, potent anti-FMDV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymer Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yao Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Junjun Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Guanglei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zhuo Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Guangqing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Jin'en Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.
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Asadbeigi A, Bakhtiarizadeh MR, Saffari M, Modarressi MH, Sadri N, Kafi ZZ, Fazilaty H, Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Esmaeili H. Protection of animals against devastating RNA viruses using CRISPR-Cas13s. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102235. [PMID: 39021763 PMCID: PMC11253668 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The intrinsic nature of CRISPR-Cas in conferring immunity to bacteria and archaea has been repurposed to combat pathogenic agents in mammalian and plant cells. In this regard, CRISPR-Cas13 systems have proved their remarkable potential for single-strand RNA viruses targeting. Here, different types of Cas13 orthologs were applied to knockdown foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a highly contagious disease of a wide variety of species with genetically diverse strains and is widely geographically distributed. Using programmable CRISPR RNAs capable of targeting conserved regions of the viral genome, all Cas13s from CRISPR system type VI (subtype A/B/D) could comprehensively target and repress different serotypes of FMDV virus. This approach has the potential to destroy all strains of a virus as targets the ultra-conserved regions of genome. We experimentally compared the silencing efficiency of CRISPR and RNAi by designing the most effective short hairpin RNAs according to our developed scoring system and observed comparable results. This study showed successful usage of various Cas13 enzymes for suppression of FMDV, which provides a flexible strategy to battle with other animal infectious RNA viruses, an underdeveloped field in the biotechnology scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Asadbeigi
- Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | | | - Mojtaba Saffari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Modarressi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Naser Sadri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1419963111, Iran
| | - Zahra Ziafati Kafi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1419963111, Iran
| | - Hassan Fazilaty
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arash Ghalyanchilangeroudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1419963111, Iran
| | - Hossein Esmaeili
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1419963111, Iran
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Kashem MA, Sroga P, Salazar V, Amjad H, Hole K, Koziuk J, Yang M, Nfon C, Babiuk S. Development and Validation of Serotype-Specific Blocking ELISA for the Detection of Anti-FMDV O/A/Asia1/SAT2 Antibodies. Viruses 2024; 16:1438. [PMID: 39339914 PMCID: PMC11437413 DOI: 10.3390/v16091438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most infectious viral transboundary diseases of livestock, which causes devastating global economic losses. Different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are used for sero-surveillance of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). However, more sensitive, accurate, and convenient ELISAs are still required to detect antibodies against FMDV serotypes. The primary goal of this study was to establish serotype-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based blocking ELISAs (mAb-bELISAs) that would provide better performance characteristics or be equivalent in performance characteristics compared with a conventional polyclonal antibody (pAb)-based competitive ELISA (pAb-cELISA). Four mAb-bELISAs were developed using FMDV serotype-specific mAbs for the detection of anti-FMDV/O/A/Asia1/SAT2 antibodies. Using a 50% cut-off, all four mAb-bELISAs exhibited species-independent 99.74%, 98.01%, 96.59%, and 98.55% diagnostic specificity (DSp) and 98.93%, 98.25%, 100%, and 87.50% diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) for FMDV serotypes O, A, Asia1, and SAT2, respectively. In addition, a 100% DSe of serotypes O- and SAT2-specific mAb-bELISAs was observed for porcine sera when the cut-off was 30%. All mAb-bELISAs developed in this study displayed high repeatability/reproducibility without cross-reactivity. Finally, the diagnostic performance of mAb-bELISAs was found to be better than or equivalent to compared with pAb-cELISAs, suggesting that mAb-bELISAs can be used to replace existing pAb-ELISAs for the detection of antibodies against these four FMDV serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Kashem
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Patrycja Sroga
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Vivien Salazar
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Hamza Amjad
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Kate Hole
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Janice Koziuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Ming Yang
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Charles Nfon
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
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Zhong K, Chen X, Zhang J, Jiang X, Zhang J, Huang M, Bi S, Ju C, Luo Y. Recent Advances in Oral Vaccines for Animals. Vet Sci 2024; 11:353. [PMID: 39195807 PMCID: PMC11360704 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11080353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Compared to traditional injected vaccines, oral vaccines offer significant advantages for the immunization of livestock and wildlife due to their ease of use, high compliance, improved safety, and potential to stimulate mucosal immune responses and induce systemic immunity against pathogens. This review provides an overview of the delivery methods for oral vaccines, and the factors that influence their immunogenicity. We also highlight the global progress and achievements in the development and use of oral vaccines for animals, shedding light on potential future applications in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaining Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Xinting Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Junhao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Junhui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Minyi Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Shuilian Bi
- School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China;
| | - Chunmei Ju
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yongwen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Shao J, Liu W, Gao S, Chang H, Guo H. A recombinant multi-epitope trivalent vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in pigs. Virology 2024; 596:110103. [PMID: 38781710 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In order to develop a safe and effective broad-spectrum vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease (FMDV), here, we developed a recombinant FMD multiple-epitope trivalent vaccine based on three distinct topotypes of FMDV. Potency of the vaccine was evaluated by immune efficacy in pigs. The results showed that the vaccine with no less than 25 μg of antigen elicited FMDV serotype O specific antibodies and neutralization antibodies by primary-booster regime, and offered immune protection to pigs. More importantly, the vaccine elicited not only the same level of neutralization antibodies against the three distinct topotypes of FMDV, but also provided complete protection in pigs from the three corresponding virus challenge. None of the fully protected pigs were able to generate anti-3ABC antibodies throughout the experiment, which implied the vaccine can offer sterilizing immunity. The vaccine elicited lasting-long high-level antibodies and effectively protected pigs from virulent challenge within six months of immunization. Therefore, we consider that this vaccine may be used in the future for the prevention and control of FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China.
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China
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6
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Biswal JK, Das S, Mohapatra JK, Rout M, Ranjan R, Singh RP. A species-independent indirect-ELISA for detection of antibodies to the non-structural protein 2B of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Biologicals 2024; 87:101785. [PMID: 39121525 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2024.101785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic assays that are able to detect foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus infection in the vaccinated population are essential tools in the progressive control pathway for the FMD. However, testing of serum samples using a single diagnostic assay may not completely substantiate freedom from the virus infection. Therefore, viral non-structural proteins (NSPs)-based various serological assays have been developed for the detection of FMD infection. Nevertheless, the NSPs-based ELISAs have been developed in the indirect-ELISA format, thereby necessitating the use of species-specific conjugated secondary-antibodies for the detection of anti-NSP antibodies in various FMD-susceptible species. Therefore, this study presents a novel recombinant 2B-NSP-based indirect ELISA, employing HRP-conjugated protein-A/G detection system which can detect anti-NSPs antibodies from multiple FMD-susceptible species in a single ELISA platform. Recombinant 2B (r2B) protein was expressed as His-SUMO tagged protein in the E. Coli cells and purified using NI-NTA affinity column chromatography. Using the r2B protein and HRP-conjugated protein A/G, an indirect ELISA was developed and validated for the detection of anti-2B antibodies in serum samples collected from multiple FMD-susceptible animal species with known FMD status. Further, a resampling based statistical technique has been reported for determination of optimal cut-off value for the diagnostic assay. Through this technique, the optimal cut-off of 44 percentage of positivity value was determined for the assay. At this optimal cut-off value, the developed diagnostic assay provided diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of 92.35 %, 98.41 %, 95.21 %, 98.58 %, and 91.67 %, respectively. The assay was validated further by analyzing random serum samples collected across multi-locations in India. The assay can be used as a single platform for testing serum samples from different species of FMDV-susceptible animals and will be useful for NSP-based serosurveillance of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra K Biswal
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot-and-mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India.
| | - Samarendra Das
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot-and-mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Jajati K Mohapatra
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot-and-mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Manoranjan Rout
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot-and-mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot-and-mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot-and-mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
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Rasmussen P, Shaw AP, Jemberu WT, Knight-Jones T, Conrady B, Apenteng OO, Cheng Y, Muñoz V, Rushton J, Torgerson PR. Economic losses due to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Ethiopian cattle. Prev Vet Med 2024; 230:106276. [PMID: 38991426 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Ethiopia's cattle population is among the largest in Africa and is burdened by frequent foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks. FMD is caused by several distinct and highly contagious viral strains that can result in acute disease in cattle, causing losses in productivity and impeding international trade. This economic simulation study considered four main sources of losses due to FMD in cattle: reduced milk yield, draft power yield, fertility, and increased mortality. Economic losses were estimated per case across age-sex strata in 89 Ethiopian administrative zones for the years 2010-2021 using a wide range of data to estimate distributions for 30 input variables in a series of Monte Carlo simulations. It was estimated that an average case of FMD in Ethiopian cattle results in losses (mean values reported followed 95 % confidence intervals in brackets) of US dollars (USD) 11 (USD 7-USD 16) per case. Losses resulting from an average outbreak were estimated to be USD 2300 (USD 1400-USD 3300), while national annual losses were estimated to be USD 0.9 Mil. (USD 0.2 Mil.-USD 2.3 Mil.). Per cow-year, based on a national cow population of approximately 39 Mil. head, these estimated annual losses are equivalent to losses of only USD 0.02 (USD 0.01-USD 0.06). Nationally, these losses were significantly less than previously estimated in the literature, with currently estimated losses more accurately reflecting the economic burden of FMD in Ethiopian cattle over the past decade. The relatively small estimated losses suggest that control efforts based on widespread vaccination in countries with primarily extensive cattle production systems, such as Ethiopia, are unlikely to be economically sound. Sensitivity analyses suggested losses would be far greater in intensive systems, and that certainty surrounding incidence rates is paramount to the formulation of economically sound animal healthpolicy in regions with endemic FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rasmussen
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs), UK.
| | - A P Shaw
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Infection Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - W T Jemberu
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs), UK; University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - T Knight-Jones
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs), UK; International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - B Conrady
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - O O Apenteng
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Y Cheng
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - V Muñoz
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs), UK
| | - J Rushton
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs), UK; Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - P R Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs), UK
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8
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Moura P, Kihm U, Schudel A, Bergmann I, Buholzer P. Why Foot-and-Mouth Disease-Free with Vaccination Should Be Equivalent to Foot-and-Mouth Disease-Free without Vaccination. Vet Sci 2024; 11:281. [PMID: 38922028 PMCID: PMC11209047 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) is still one of the most relevant animal diseases and remains of global concern. The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) has specified two sanitary statuses that assure freedom from FMD: a country or zone can be free from FMD either with or without vaccination. To obtain either of the two statuses, absence of virus circulation must be shown. The standards set by WOAH are used for trade negotiations. During recent decades, different tools and approaches were developed to control FMD, including vaccines, diagnostics, and the Progressive Control Pathway for FMD. These tools improved over time, and nowadays high-quality, reliable vaccines and specific diagnostics are available to efficiently control and detect the infection, even in vaccinated populations. Due to these improvements, it is no longer justifiable to treat the two FMD-free statuses differently. The distinction between the statuses provides wrong incentives and tempts countries to take increased risks by stopping vaccination to improve their trade conditions, which can have potentially devastating consequences. The decision to stop vaccination should only be made on the basis of a careful and comprehensive analysis of the local and regional epidemiological situation. This paper presents the perspective that member countries and WOAH should recognize the two FMD-free statuses as equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrich Kihm
- SAFOSO AG, CH-3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland
- TAFS Forum, CH-3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | | | - Ingrid Bergmann
- Centro de Virología Humana y Animal (CEVHAN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Abierta Interamericana (UAI), Buenos Aires C1287, Argentina
| | - Patrik Buholzer
- SAFOSO AG, CH-3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland
- TAFS Forum, CH-3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland
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9
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Li Y, Yang R, Yin F, Zhang H, Zhai G, Sun S, Tian B, Zeng Q. Correlation between 146S Antigen Content in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Inactivated Vaccines and Immunogenicity Level and Vaccine Potency Alternative Test Methods. Vet Sci 2024; 11:168. [PMID: 38668435 PMCID: PMC11053669 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate the association between 146S antigen contents in FMD inactivated vaccines and levels of antiviral immunity, this study vaccinated 30 kg pigs with three batches of FMD types O and A bivalent inactivated vaccines. Antibody titers and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secretion levels were measured on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 after primary immunization and on days 14 and 28 following booster immunization to assess associations between 146S contents and both antibody titers and IFN-γ secretion levels. Furthermore, 30 kg pigs were vaccinated with 46 batches of FMD type O inactivated vaccines and challenged on day 28, after which PD50 values were determined to evaluate the association between 146S content and PD50. The findings suggested that antibody titers and IFN-γ secretion levels at specific time points after immunization were positively associated with 146S contents. Additionally, 146S content showed a positive correlation with PD50, with greater PD50 values recorded for 146S contents ranging from 4.72 to 16.55 µg/dose. This investigation established a significant association between the 146S content in FMD inactivated vaccines and induced immune response against FMDV, thereby emphasizing its critical role in vaccine quality control. The determination of 146S content could serve as a new method for potency testing, offering an alternative to animal challenge tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
- China Agricultural Veterinary Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Ruai Yang
- China Agricultural Veterinary Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Fu Yin
- China Agricultural Veterinary Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Haisheng Zhang
- China Agricultural Veterinary Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Guoyuan Zhai
- China Agricultural Veterinary Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Shiqi Sun
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Bo Tian
- China Agricultural Veterinary Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Qiaoying Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
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10
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İnce ÖB, Şevik M, Şener R, Türk T. Spatiotemporal analysis of foot and mouth disease outbreaks in cattle and small ruminants in Türkiye between 2010 and 2019. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:923-939. [PMID: 38015325 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10269-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Determining the dynamics associated with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks is important for being able to develop effective strategic plans against the disease. In this direction, spatiotemporal analysis of FMD virus (FMDV) epidemic data that occurred in Türkiye between 2010 and 2019 was carried out. Spatiotemporal analysis was performed by the space-time scan statistic using data from a total of 7,796 FMD outbreaks. Standard deviational ellipse analysis (SDE) was performed to analyse the directional trend of FMD. Five, six, and three significant and high-risk clusters were identified by the space-time cluster analysis for serotypes A, O, and Asia-1, respectively. The SDE analysis indicated that direction of FMD transmission was northeast to southwest. A significant decrease in the number of outbreaks and cases were observed between 2014 and 2019 compared to 2010-2013 (p = 0.010). Most of the serotype A, serotype O, and serotype Asia-1 associated FMD outbreaks were observed during the dry season (April to September). Among FMD cases, cattle and small ruminants accounted for 80.75% (180,932 cases) and 19.25% (43,116 cases), respectively. Among the serotypes detected in the cases, the most frequently detected serotype was serotype O (50.84%), followed by serotypes A (35.67%) and Asia-1 (13.49%). The results obtained in this study may contribute to when and where control programs could be implemented more efficiently for the prevention and control of FMD. Developing risk-defined regional control plans by taking into account the current livestock production including uncontrolled animal movements in border regions, rural livestock, livestock trade between provinces are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Barış İnce
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Ereğli, Konya, 42310, Türkiye
| | - Murat Şevik
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Ereğli, Konya, 42310, Türkiye.
| | - Rümeysa Şener
- Department of Geomatics Engineering, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, 58140, Türkiye
| | - Tarık Türk
- Department of Geomatics Engineering, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, 58140, Türkiye
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11
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Mu S, Chen L, Dong H, Li S, Zhang Y, Yin S, Tian Y, Ding Y, Sun S, Shang S, Guo H. Enhanced antigen-specific CD8 T cells contribute to early protection against FMDV through swine DC vaccination. J Virol 2024; 98:e0200223. [PMID: 38289108 PMCID: PMC10878267 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02002-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) remains a challenge for cloven-hooved animals. The currently licensed FMDV vaccines induce neutralizing antibody (NAb)-mediated protection but show defects in the early protection. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have shown great potency in inducing rapid T-cell immunity in humans and mice. Whether DC vaccination could enhance early protection against FMDV has not been elaborately explored in domestic pigs. In this study, we employed DC vaccination as an experimental approach to study the roles of cellular immunity in the early protection against FMDV in pigs. Autologous DCs were differentiated from the periphery blood mononuclear cells of each pig, pulsed with inactivated FMDV (iFMDV-DC) and treated with LPS, and then injected into the original pigs. The cellular immune responses and protective efficacy elicited by the iFMDV-DC were examined by multicolor flow cytometry and tested by FMDV challenge. The results showed that autologous iFMDV-DC immunization induced predominantly FMDV-specific IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTLs), high NAb titers, compared to the inactivated FMDV vaccine, and accelerated the development of memory CD4 and CD8 T cells, which was concomitantly associated with early protection against FMDV virulent strain in pigs. Such early protection was associated with the rapid proliferation of secondary T-cell response after challenge and significantly contributed by secondary CD8 effector memory T cells. These results demonstrated that rapid induction of cellular immunity through DC immunization is important for improving early protection against FMDV. Enhancing cytotoxic CD8+ T cells may facilitate the development of more effective FMDV vaccines.IMPORTANCEAlthough the currently licensed FMDV vaccines provide NAb-mediated protection, they have defects in early immune protection, especially in pigs. In this study, we demonstrated that autologous swine DC immunization augmented the cellular immune response and induced an early protective response against FMDV in pigs. This approach induced predominantly FMDV-specific IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, high NAb titers, and rapid development of memory CD4 and CD8 T cells. Importantly, the early protection conferred by this DC immunization is more associated with secondary CD8+ T response rather than NAbs. Our findings highlighted the importance of enhancing cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in early protection to FMDV in addition to Th1 response and identifying a strategy or adjuvant comparable to the DC vaccine might be a future direction for improving the current FMDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyu Mu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lingbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hu Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuanghui Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yaozhong Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shaobin Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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12
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Chen C, Zhang N, Li M, Guo A, Zheng Y, Humak F, Qian P, Tao P. Recombinant bacteriophage T4 displaying key epitopes of the foot-and-mouth disease virus as a novel nanoparticle vaccine. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128837. [PMID: 38128800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious pathogen that has caused significant economic losses in the livestock industry. Peptide vaccines engineered with the protective epitopes of FMDV have provided a safer alternative for disease prevention than the traditional inactivated vaccines. However, the immunogenicity of the peptide is usually poor and therefore an adjuvant is required. Here, we showed that recombinant T4 phages displaying the B-cell epitope of the FMDV VP1 protein (VP1130-158), without additional adjuvants, induced similar levels of antigen-specific IgG1 but higher levels of IgG2a compared to the peptide vaccine. Incorporation of a CD4+ T cell epitope, either 3A21-35 of FMDV 3A protein or P2830-844 of tetanus toxoid, further enhanced the immunogenicity of VP1-T4 phage nanoparticles. Interestingly, the extrinsic adjuvant cannot enhance the immunogenicity of the nanoparticles, indicating the intrinsic adjuvant activities of T4 phage. Furthermore, the recombinant T4 phage can be produced on a large scale within a short period of time at a relatively low-cost using Escherichia coli, heralding its potential in the development of a safe and effective FMDV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Mengling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Aili Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yifei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Farwa Humak
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Lab, Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Pan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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13
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Miao S, Jing Q, Wang X, Zheng W, Liu H, Tang L, Wang X, Ren F. Immuno-Enhancing Effect of Ginsenoside Rh2 Liposomes on Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:183-193. [PMID: 38015447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The adjuvant is essential for vaccines because it can enhance or directly induce a strong immune response associated with vaccine antigens. Ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) had immunomodulatory effects but was limited by poor solubility and hemolysis. In this study, Rh2 liposomes (Rh2-L) were prepared by ethanol injection methods. The Rh2-L effectively dispersed in a double emulsion adjuvant system to form a Water-in-Oil-in-Water (W/O/W) emulsion and had no hemolysis. The physicochemical properties of the adjuvants were tested, and the immune activity and auxiliary effects indicated by the Foot-and-Mouth disease (FMDV) antigen were evaluated. Compared with the mice vaccinated with the FMD vaccine prepared with the double emulsion adjuvant alone, those with the FMD vaccine prepared with the double emulsion adjuvant containing Rh2-L had significantly higher neutralizing antibody titer and splenocyte proliferation rates and showed higher cellular and humoral immune responses. The results demonstrated that Rh2-L could further enhance the immune effect of the double emulsion adjuvant against Foot-and-Mouth Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiya Miao
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qiufang Jing
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuanyu Wang
- Shanghai Baoshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 201901, China
| | - Wenyun Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liusiqi Tang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xinzhu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Fuzheng Ren
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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14
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Senawi J, Wilsden G, Browning CFJ, Ludi AB, Ismail MM, Senin H, Gubbins S, King DP, Paton DJ. Maternally Derived Antibodies to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Modulate the Antigenic Specificity of Humoral Responses in Vaccinated Cattle. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1844. [PMID: 38140247 PMCID: PMC10747493 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is widely used to control foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), but maternal antibodies may interfere with the response to vaccination in calves. This study, conducted on a regularly vaccinated Malaysian dairy farm, aimed to optimise the vaccination regime by measuring the in vitro neutralising virus antibody responses of 51 calves before and after vaccination with a one or two dose vaccination regime starting at 2-7 months old. The presence of maternal antibodies was associated with poor post-vaccination antibody responses after a single dose of vaccine in calves less than 6 months old. However, a second dose of vaccine given three weeks later, improved the antibody responses in all ages of calves. This confirms the view that in regularly vaccinated farms, some combination of delay and revaccination is needed to achieve effective immunization of calves. Sera from cows and pre-vaccinated calves neutralised homologous serotype A vaccine virus more strongly than a heterologous serotype A field virus, but this pattern was reversed in some calves after vaccination. The strength of heterologous responses in calves 49 days after first vaccination correlated to the amount of transferred maternal antibody, suggesting that pre-existing antibodies could have modulated the specificity of these active antibody responses. If confirmed, such an effect by pre-existing antibodies could have wider implications for broadening the coverage of FMD vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamaliah Senawi
- Department of Veterinary Services, Putrajaya 62630, Malaysia
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK (S.G.); (D.P.K.)
| | - Ginette Wilsden
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK (S.G.); (D.P.K.)
| | | | - Anna B. Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK (S.G.); (D.P.K.)
| | | | - Halimah Senin
- Department of Veterinary Services, Putrajaya 62630, Malaysia
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK (S.G.); (D.P.K.)
| | - Donald P. King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK (S.G.); (D.P.K.)
| | - David J. Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK (S.G.); (D.P.K.)
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15
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Han JH, Yoo DS, Lee CM. Effect of a Mismatched Vaccine against the Outbreak of a Novel FMD Strain in a Pig Population. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3082. [PMID: 37835688 PMCID: PMC10571925 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2014, a novel foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus was introduced to a pig farm in South Korea, despite the animals being vaccinated. A marginal antigenic matching between the novel and vaccine strains potentially led to the infection of the vaccinated animals. To understand the impact of using an FMD vaccine on the transmission dynamics of an unmatched field strain, simulation models were employed using daily reported data on clinical cases from the farm. The results of this study indicated that immunisation with the FMD vaccine reduced the shedding of the novel FMD virus in pigs. However, there was no evidence to suggest that the immunisation had a significant effect in reducing the development of clinical signs. These findings highlight that the use of an unmatched FMD vaccine can confound the outbreak by altering the disease dynamics of the novel virus. Based on this study, we emphasise the importance of continuous testing to ensure antigenic matching between the circulating strains and the vaccine pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hee Han
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Dae-Sung Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chang-Min Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
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16
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Medina GN, Spinard E, Azzinaro PA, Rodriguez-Calzada M, Gutkoska J, Kloc A, Rieder EA, Taillon BE, Mueller S, de Los Santos T, Segundo FDS. Deoptimization of FMDV P1 Region Results in Robust Serotype-Independent Viral Attenuation. Viruses 2023; 15:1332. [PMID: 37376631 DOI: 10.3390/v15061332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), caused by the FMD virus (FMDV), is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed livestock that can have severe economic impacts. Control and prevention strategies, including the development of improved vaccines, are urgently needed to effectively control FMD outbreaks in endemic settings. Previously, we employed two distinct strategies (codon pair bias deoptimization (CPD) and codon bias deoptimization (CD)) to deoptimize various regions of the FMDV serotype A subtype A12 genome, which resulted in the development of an attenuated virus in vitro and in vivo, inducing varying levels of humoral responses. In the current study, we examined the versatility of the system by using CPD applied to the P1 capsid coding region of FMDV serotype A subtype, A24, and another serotype, Asia1. Viruses carrying recoded P1 (A24-P1Deopt or Asia1-P1Deopt) exhibited different degrees of attenuation (i.e., delayed viral growth kinetics and replication) in cultured cells. Studies in vivo using a mouse model of FMD demonstrated that inoculation with the A24-P1Deopt and Asia1-P1Deopt strains elicited a strong humoral immune response capable of offering protection against challenge with homologous wildtype (WT) viruses. However, different results were obtained in pigs. While clear attenuation was detected for both the A24-P1Deopt and Asia1-P1Deopt strains, only a limited induction of adaptive immunity and protection against challenge was detected, depending on the inoculated dose and serotype deoptimized. Our work demonstrates that while CPD of the P1 coding region attenuates viral strains of multiple FMDV serotypes/subtypes, a thorough assessment of virulence and induction of adaptive immunity in the natural host is required in each case in order to finely adjust the degree of deoptimization required for attenuation without affecting the induction of protective adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisselle N Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), ARS, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Edward Spinard
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Paul A Azzinaro
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Monica Rodriguez-Calzada
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- ORISE-PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Joseph Gutkoska
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Anna Kloc
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Rieder
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | | | | | | | - Fayna Diaz-San Segundo
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- National Institute of Health, NIAID, DMID, OBRRTR, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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17
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Ullah M, Li Y, Munib K, Rahman HU, Zhang Z. Sero-Epidemiology and Associated Risk Factors of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) in the Northern Border Regions of Pakistan. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050356. [PMID: 37235439 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present cross-sectional survey was carried out to investigate the distribution and risk factors of FMD in Pakistan's northern border regions. About 385 serum samples were compiled from small ruminants (239) and large ruminants (146) and tested using 3ABC-Mab-bELISA. An overall apparent seroprevalence of 67.0% was documented. The highest seroprevalence of 81.1% was reported in the Swat, followed by 76.6% in Mohmand, 72.7% in Gilgit, 65.6% in Shangla, 63.4% in Bajaur, 46.6% in Chitral and lowest 46.5% in Khyber region. Statistically significant variations in seroprevalence of 51.5%, 71.8%, 58.3%, and 74.4% were recorded in sheep, goats, cattle, and buffaloes, respectively. From the different risk factors investigated, age, sex, species of animal, seasons, flock/herd size, farming methods, outbreak location, and nomadic animal movement were found to be significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the seroprevalence of FMD. It was concluded that proper epidemiological study, risk-based FMD surveillance in small ruminants, vaccination strategy, control measures for transboundary animal movement, collaborations, and awareness programs need to be practiced in the study regions to investigate the newly circulating virus strains in large and small ruminants and associated factors for the wide seroprevalence to plan proper control policies to bound the consequence of FMD in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munib Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 10370, Pakistan
| | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kainat Munib
- Department of Sociology, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Islamabad 44310, Pakistan
| | - Hanif Ur Rahman
- Virology Section, Centre of Microbiology and Biotechnology (CMB), Veterinary Research Institute Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
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18
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Li S, Zhao R, Song H, Pan S, Zhang Y, Dong H, Bai M, Sun S, Guo H, Yin S. Local and systemic immune responses induced by intranasal immunization with biomineralized foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1112641. [PMID: 36819011 PMCID: PMC9937024 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1112641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infects the host by invading mucosal epithelial cells of the respiratory or digestive tract. Therefore, establishing a specific antiviral mucosal immune barrier can effectively block viral invasion. Methods We evaluated local mucosal and systemic immune responses elicited by intranasal immunization of mice with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) calcium phosphate mineralized virus-like particles (CaP-VLPs) and tested whether three commercial mucosal adjuvants enhanced the immunogenicity of the antigen. The biosafety of the vaccine was verified through gross observation and pathological analysis of the lungs. Results CaP-VLPs effectively induced secretion of IgA (sIgA) from multiple sites in mouse mucosa and produced anti-FMD-specific IgG in the serum. Splenic lymphocytes specifically proliferated and secreted IFN-γ following antigen stimulation, indicating the vaccine can induce a certain level of cellular immune response. Finally, the pathological examination confirmed that CaP-VLPs did not cause substantial damage to the lungs of animals after immunization via mucosal administration. Notably, the vaccine mixed with S adjuvant increased the content of sIgA and serum IgG, and the high level of IgG in serum was maintained at least 7 weeks. Discussion Overall, this study reveals that FMD CaP-VLPs can induce good local mucosal immune and systemic immune response through intranasal immunization, and the immune response was specifically enhanced by S adjuvant. These data support that CaP-VLPs-S as a candidate mucosal vaccine for the prevention of FMD vaccine infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ruichong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hetao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Songjia Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Manyuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shiqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China,Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan, China,*Correspondence: Huichen Guo, ; Shuanghui Yin,
| | - Shuanghui Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,*Correspondence: Huichen Guo, ; Shuanghui Yin,
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19
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Lee SH, Kim HH, Moon SY, Kim MY, Kim SW, Park JH, Kim J. Establishment and validation of a liquid-phase blocking ELISA for the detection of antibodies elicited by the foot-and-mouth disease virus A/ASIA/Sea-97 lineage. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2022.2092485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Heon Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon City, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Hyun Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon City, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Moon
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon City, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon City, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Woo Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon City, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon City, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejo Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon City, Republic of Korea
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20
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Yang J, Wang X, Li K. Temporal-spatial analysis of a foot-and-mouth disease model with spatial diffusion and vaccination. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:952382. [PMID: 36544556 PMCID: PMC9760958 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.952382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease is an acute, highly infectious, and economically significant transboundary animal disease. Vaccination is an efficient and cost-effective measure to prevent the transmission of this disease. The primary way that foot-and-mouth disease spreads is through direct contact with infected animals, although it can also spread through contact with contaminated environments. This paper uses a diffuse foot-and-mouth disease model to account for the efficacy of vaccination in managing the disease. First, we transform an age-space structured foot-and-mouth disease into a diffusive epidemic model with nonlocal infection coupling the latent period and the latent diffusive rate. The basic reproduction number, which determines the outbreak of the disease, is then explicitly formulated. Finally, numerical simulations demonstrate that increasing vaccine efficacy has a remarkable effect than increasing vaccine coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyuan Yang
- Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Mathematical Techniques and Big Data Analysis on Disease Control and Prevention, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China,*Correspondence: Junyuan Yang
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- School of Information, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan, China
| | - Kelu Li
- School of Mathematics and Information Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
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21
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Gubbins S, Paton DJ, Dekker A, Ludi AB, Wilsden G, Browning CFJ, Eschbaumer M, Barnabei J, Duque H, Pauszek LL, King DP. Predicting cross-protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus strains by serology after vaccination. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1027006. [PMID: 36532344 PMCID: PMC9751447 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1027006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Serology is widely used to predict whether vaccinated individuals and populations will be protected against infectious diseases, including foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which affects cloven-hoofed animals. Neutralising antibody titres to FMD challenge viruses correlate to protection against FMD, for vaccinated cattle that are infected with the same strain as in the vaccine (homologous protection). Similar relationships exist for cross-strain protection between different vaccine and challenge viruses, although much less data are available for these heterologous studies. Poor inter-laboratory reproducibility of the virus neutralisation test (VNT) also hampers comparisons between studies. Therefore, day-of-challenge sera (n = 180) were assembled from 13 previous FMD cross-protection experiments for serotypes O (n = 2), A (n = 10), and SAT 2 (n = 1). These were tested by VNT against the challenge viruses at the FMD FAO World Reference Laboratory (WRLFMD) and the titres were compared to challenge outcomes (protected or not). This dataset was combined with equivalent serology and protection data for 61 sera from four cross-protection experiments carried out at WRLFMD for serotypes O (n = 2), A (n = 1), and Asia 1 (n = 1). VNT results and protection outcomes were also analysed for a serotype O cross-protection experiment involving 39 cattle, where the sera were not available for retesting at WRLFMD. Three categories of association between heterologous neutralising antibody titre and heterologous protection were found (Group 1-3). The log10 reciprocal titres associated on average with 75% protection (with 95% credible limits) were: Group 1: 2.46 (2.11-2.97); Group 2: 1.67 (1.49-1.92); Group 3: 1.17 (1.06-1.30). Further cross-protection data are needed to understand the factors that underpin this variability and to develop more robust antibody thresholds. Establishing cut-off serological titres that can be used to score the adequacy of vaccine-induced immunity will facilitate the monitoring and thereby the performance of FMD vaccination in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aldo Dekker
- Laboratory Vesicular Diseases, Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Anna B. Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jamie Barnabei
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Hernando Duque
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Lisa L. Pauszek
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
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22
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Biswal JK, Sreenivasa BP, Mohapatra JK, Subramaniam S, Jumanal V, Basagoudanavar SH, Dhanesh VV, Hosamani M, Tamil Selvan RP, Krishnaswamy N, Ranjan R, Pattnaik B, Singh RK, Mishra BP, Sanyal A. A single amino acid substitution in the VP2 protein of Indian foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O vaccine strain confers thermostability and protective immunity in cattle. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3651-3663. [PMID: 36219528 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a significant threat to animal health globally. Prophylactic vaccination using inactivated FMD virus (FMDV) antigen is being practised for the control in endemic countries. A major limitation of the current vaccine is its susceptibility to high environmental temperature causing loss of immunogenicity, thus necessitating the cold chain for maintenance of its efficacy. Hence, the FMD vaccine with thermostable virus particles will be highly useful in sustaining the integrity of whole virus particle (146S) during storage at 4°C. In this study, 12 recombinant mutants of Indian vaccine strain of FMDV serotype O (O/IND/R2/1975) were generated through reverse genetics approach and evaluated for thermostability. One of the mutant viruses, VP2_Y98F was more thermostable than other mutants and the parent FMDV. The oil-adjuvanted vaccine formulated with the inactivated VP2_Y98F mutant FMDV was stable up to 8 months when stored at 4°C and induced protective antibody response till dpv 180 after primary vaccination. It is concluded that the VP2_Y98F mutant FMDV was thermostable and has the potential to replace the parent vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Veena Jumanal
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rajeev Ranjan
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-mouth Disease, Mukteswar, India
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- Institute of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, SOA University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-mouth Disease, Mukteswar, India.,ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Bishnu Prasad Mishra
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-mouth Disease, Mukteswar, India.,ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
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23
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Cabezas AH, Mapitse NJ, Tizzani P, Sanchez-Vazquez MJ, Stone M, Park MK. Analysis of suspensions and recoveries of official foot and mouth disease free status of WOAH Members between 1996 and 2020. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1013768. [PMID: 36387388 PMCID: PMC9650142 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1013768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease was the first disease for which, in 1996, the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH; founded as OIE) established an official list of disease-free territories, which has helped to facilitate the trade of animals and animal products from those territories. Since that year, there have been a number of suspensions of FMD-free status which have impacted the livestock industry of the territories affected. The objective of this study is to identify factors associated with the time taken to recover FMD-free status after suspension. Historical applications submitted (between 1996 and the first semester of 2020) by WOAH Members for recognition and recovery of FMD-free status were used as the main source of data. Only FMD-free status suspensions caused by outbreaks were considered. Data on the Member's socio-economic characteristics, livestock production systems, FMD outbreak characteristics, and control strategies were targeted for the analysis. The period of time taken to recover FMD-free status was estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival curves. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify factors associated with the time taken to recover FMD-free status after suspension. A total of 163 territories were granted official FMD-free status during the study period. The study sample consisted of 45 FMD-free status suspensions. Africa and the Americas accounted for over 50% of FMD-free status suspensions, while over 70% of these occurred in formerly FMD-free territories where vaccination was not practiced. The study noted that implementing a stamping-out or vaccination and remove policy shortened the time to recover FMD-free status, compared with a vaccination and retain policy. Other variables associated with the outcome were the income level of the Member, Veterinary Service capacity, time taken to implement control measures, time taken until the disposal of the last FMD case, whether the territory bordered FMD-infected territories, and time elapsed since FMD freedom. This analysis will contribute toward the understanding of the main determinants affecting the time to recover the FMD free status of WOAH Members and policy processes for FMD control and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio H. Cabezas
- Status Department, World Organization for Animal Health, Paris, France,*Correspondence: Aurelio H. Cabezas
| | - Neo J. Mapitse
- Status Department, World Organization for Animal Health, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Tizzani
- World Animal Health Information and Analysis Department, World Organization for Animal Health, Paris, France
| | - Manuel J. Sanchez-Vazquez
- Pan American Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matthew Stone
- International Standards and Science, World Organization for Animal Health, Paris, France
| | - Min-Kyung Park
- Status Department, World Organization for Animal Health, Paris, France,Min-Kyung Park
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24
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Luo C, Yan Q, Huang J, Liu J, Li Y, Wu K, Li B, Zhao M, Fan S, Ding H, Chen J. Using Self-Assembling ADDomer Platform to Display B and T Epitopes of Type O Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:1810. [PMID: 36016432 PMCID: PMC9416097 DOI: 10.3390/v14081810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious and devastating virus that infects cloven-hoofed livestock and various wildlife species. Vaccination is the best measure to prevent FMD. ADDomer, as a kind of non-infectious adenovirus-inspired nanoparticle, has the advantage of high thermal stability. In this study, two dominant B-cell antigen epitopes (residues 129~160 and 200~213) and a dominant T-cell antigen epitope (residues 16~44) of type O FMDV were inserted into the ADDomer variable loop (VL) and arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) loop. The 3D structure of the recombinant protein (ADDomer-RBT) was simulated by homology modeling. First, the recombinant proteins were expressed by the baculovirus expression system and detected by western blot and Q Exactive mass spectrometry. Then the formation of VLPs was observed under a transmission electron micrograph (TEM). Finally, we evaluated the immunogenicity of chimeric VLPs with a murine model. Bioinformatic software analysis preliminarily corroborated that the chosen epitopes were successfully exposed on the surface of ADDomer VLPs. The TEM assay demonstrated the structural integrity of the VLPs. After immunizing, it was found that FMDV-specific antibodies can be produced in mice to induce humoral and cellular immune responses. To sum up, the ADDomer platform can be used as an effective antigen carrier to deliver antigen epitopes. This study presents one of the candidate vaccines to prevent and control FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Quanhui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Juncong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiameng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bingke Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
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25
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Li P, Huang S, Zha J, Sun P, Li D, Bao H, Cao Y, Bai X, Fu Y, Ma X, Li K, Yuan H, Zhang J, Zhao Z, Wang J, Zhang K, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Qi S, Liu Z, Lu Z. Evaluation of immunogenicity and cross-reactive responses of vaccines prepared from two chimeric serotype O foot-and-mouth disease viruses in pigs and cattle. Vet Res 2022; 53:56. [PMID: 35804412 PMCID: PMC9270804 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remains a very serious barrier to agricultural development and the international trade of animals and animal products. Recently, serotype O has been the most prevalent FMDV serotype in China, and it has evolved into four different lineages: O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 and O/Cathay. PanAsia-2, belonging to the O/ME-SA topotype, is prevalent in neighbouring countries and poses the risk of cross-border spread in China. This study aimed to develop a promising vaccine candidate strain that can not only provide the best protection against all serotype O FMDVs circulating in China but also be used as an emergency vaccine for the prevention and control of transboundary incursion of PanAsia-2. Here, two chimeric FMDVs (rHN/TURVP1 and rHN/NXVP1) featuring substitution of VP1 genes of the O/TUR/5/2009 vaccine strain (PanAsia-2) and O/NXYCh/CHA/2018 epidemic strain (Mya98) were constructed and evaluated. The biological properties of the two chimeric FMDVs were similar to those of the wild-type (wt) virus despite slight differences in plaque sizes observed in BHK-21 cells. The structural protein-specific antibody titres induced by the rHN/TURVP1 and wt virus vaccines in pigs and cows were higher than those induced by the rHN/NXVP1 vaccine at 28–56 dpv. The vaccines prepared from the two chimeric viruses and wt virus all induced the production of protective cross-neutralizing antibodies against the viruses of the Mya-98, PanAsia and Ind-2001 lineages in pigs and cattle at 28 dpv; however, only the animals vaccinated with the rHN/TURVP1 vaccine produced a protective immune response to the field isolate of the Cathay lineage at 28 dpv, whereas the animals receiving the wt virus and the rHN/NXVP1 vaccines did not, although the wt virus and O/GXCX/CHA/2018 both belong to the Cathay topotype. This study will provide very useful information to help develop a potential vaccine candidate for the prevention and control of serotype O FMD in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shulun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huifang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yimei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuanfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhixun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yingli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuyun Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
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26
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Emami SJ, Bahonar AR, Mehrabadi MHF, Lotfollazadeh S, Amiri K, Abdollahi D. Evaluation of foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccine using registered surveillance data. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:215. [PMID: 35723776 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious transboundary disease of cloven-hoofed animals. In Iran, the disease is endemic with outbreaks occurring throughout the year. Mass vaccination of domestic ruminants has been adopted as a preventive strategy. A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of currently in use FMD vaccines using official disease surveillance data. Surveillance data of FMD outbreaks and vaccination in cattle farms from January 2017 to March 2019 was obtained from the Iranian Veterinary Organization (IVO). A case-control study comprising 190 laboratory-confirmed cases and 380 randomly selected controls, frequency-matched by location and production type, was performed to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) of vaccines in industrial and semi-industrial farms. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios based on brand of vaccine, time since vaccination, and within-farm vaccination coverage. A total of 2297 outbreaks occurred during the study period with majority (75%) reported from village epi-units. Only 38% of industrial and semi-industrial farms recorded vaccination during the studied period. Vaccination was effective against clinical disease with the highest VE observed in farms vaccinated with commercial vaccine brand A (VE = 0.90%, 95% CI 0.79-0.96), vaccinating > 94% of herd population (VE = 0.77%, 95%CI 0.54-0.98) and in < 35 days after vaccination (VE = 0.56%, 95% CI 0.04-0.8). The current high-potency vaccines confer medium protection in investigated cattle farms. The high occurrence of the disease in village epi-units and low coverage of vaccination in industrial and semi-industrial farms will contribute to maintenance and circulation of the virus in the susceptible population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Jamal Emami
- Division of Epidemiology and Zoonoses, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, 141556453, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Bahonar
- Division of Epidemiology and Zoonoses, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, 141556453, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Fallah Mehrabadi
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samad Lotfollazadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Karim Amiri
- Iran Veterinary Organisation (IVO), Vali Asr Avenue, Tehran, Iran
| | - Darab Abdollahi
- Iran Veterinary Organisation (IVO), Vali Asr Avenue, Tehran, Iran
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Chaudhary Y, Khuntia P, Kaul R. Susceptibility to foot and mouth disease virus infection in vaccinated cattle, and host BoLA A and BoLA DRB3 genes polymorphism. Virusdisease 2022; 33:65-75. [PMID: 35493756 PMCID: PMC9005608 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaccination of the susceptible animal population against FMDV remains the most important measure to control the virus and prevent economic loss. Occurrence of infection in vaccinated animals is well-known in some diseases and is termed as breakthrough infection. The reasons include host genetic factors which can play an important role resulting in differences in susceptibility of animals to virus infection even with vaccine induced protective immune response. The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) of bovines i.e. Bovine Leukocyte Antigen (BoLA) is important for antigen presentation. The BoLA DRB3 allele, which codes for the beta chain in Class II antigen, has been extensively studied and numerous reports have previously shown association of polymorphism in the gene with resistance/ susceptibility to several bacterial and viral diseases. In addition, previous studies have shown relationship between BoLA Class I and resistance or susceptibility to different diseases in cattle. The present study investigated the polymorphism in BoLA DRB3 and BoLA gene sequences of host and their relation with breakthrough FMDV infection in vaccinated animals. The study has identified three polymorphic sites each in both the genes which correlate with evidence of recent infection indicating their role in determining susceptibility of vaccinated animals to FMDV infection. Our limited study was performed on a relatively small samples size collected from one region of country. Further validation would require more detailed investigations on larger sample size. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-021-00754-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Chaudhary
- grid.8195.50000 0001 2109 4999Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rajeev Kaul
- grid.8195.50000 0001 2109 4999Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
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Fana EM, Mpoloka SW, Leteane M, Seoke L, Masoba K, Mokopasetso M, Rapharing A, Kabelo T, Made P, Hyera J. A Five-Year Retrospective Study of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Southern Africa, 2014 to 2018. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:7438809. [PMID: 35003620 PMCID: PMC8741390 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7438809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDv), like other ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome viruses, has a tendency to mutate rapidly. As such, available vaccines may not confer enough cross-protection against incursion of new lineages and sublineages. This paper is a retrospective study to determine the topotypes/lineages that caused previous FMD outbreaks in 6 southern African countries and the efficacy of the current vaccines to protect cattle against them. A total of 453 bovine epithelial tissue samples from 33 FMD outbreaks that occurred in these countries from 2014 to 2018 were investigated for the presence of FMDv. The genetic diversity of the identified Southern African Type (SAT)-FMD viruses was determined by comparing sequences from outbreaks and historical prototype sequences. Of the 453 samples investigated, 176 were positive for four FMDv serotypes. Out of the 176 FMD positive cases there were 105 SAT2 samples, 32 SAT1 samples, 21 SAT3 samples, and 18 serotype O samples. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the SATs VP1 gene sequences into previously observed topotypes in southern Africa. SAT1 viruses were from topotypes I and III, SAT2 viruses belonged to topotypes I, II, III, and IV, and SAT3 viruses were of topotypes I and II. Vaccine matching studies on the field FMDv isolates produced r 1-values greater than or equal to 0.3 for the three SAT serotypes. This suggests that there is no significant antigenic difference between current SAT FMD vaccine strains and the circulating SAT serotypes. Therefore, the vaccines are still fit-purpose for the control FMD in the region. The study did not identify incursion of any new lineages/topotypes of FMD into the sampled southern African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Mpolokang Fana
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (OIE-SSARRLFMD), Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Sununguko Wata Mpoloka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Melvin Leteane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - LaToya Seoke
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (OIE-SSARRLFMD), Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kelebogile Masoba
- National Veterinary Laboratory, OIE-SSARRLFMD, Botswana Vaccine, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Mokganedi Mokopasetso
- Veterinary Department, Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Aobakwe Rapharing
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (OIE-SSARRLFMD), Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Tshephang Kabelo
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (OIE-SSARRLFMD), Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Patricia Made
- National Veterinary Laboratory, OIE-SSARRLFMD, Botswana Vaccine, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Joseph Hyera
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (OIE-SSARRLFMD), Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
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Babayani N, Thololwane OI. A qualitative risk assessment indicates moderate risk of foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in cattle in the lower Okavango Delta because of interaction with buffaloes. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2840-2855. [PMID: 34932263 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) was first documented in domestic stock in Botswana in the early 1930s and since then the country opted for eradication of FMD from all her livestock-rearing areas. A multipronged control strategy was adopted along the pathway towards eradication, that initially included strategic apthisation of cloven-hooved domestic stock up to 1964, movement restriction through cordon fences and quarantine system from the 1950s, and vaccination using readily available commercial vaccines from the mid-1960s, to date. This has resulted in 78% of the country's land area being officially declared and recognized by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) as FMD free without vaccination. However, the disease has remained endemic in the northern parts of the country, owing largely to co-existence of livestock and wildlife. We applied a qualitative risk analysis method in our study to assess the risk of FMD outbreak in zone 2 because of interaction between cattle and buffalo across a man-made physical barrier, southern buffalo fence, in the north of the country. The assessed risk was rated 'moderate' with moderate level of uncertainty, meaning assessment of mitigation options should be done before authorising import of cattle and cattle product from zone 2. Because of cost escalation associated with FMD controls, particularly zoning with cordon fences in the face of relentless trampling by elephants, we concluded that there is a need to revise the national goal of country-wide eradication of FMD in livestock rearing areas to a more achievable outcome for zone 2. We recommend adoption of husbandry management practices and marketing approaches that recognizes co-existence of cattle and wildlife in zone 2 as an exception to the rest of the country. Such an approach should be rooted not on geographic occurrence of FMD nor separation of the two species but on food product safety guarantees along the value chain, and we believe this to be critical for sustainability of FMD management and livelihoods in zone 2. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nlingisisi Babayani
- Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, P/bag 285, Shorobe Rd, Sexaxa, Maun, Botswana
| | - Odireleng Idy Thololwane
- FMD Control Unit, Department of Veterinary Services, P/bag 100, Audi drive, Chobe ward, Maun, Botswana
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Garcia-Pintos C, Riet-Correa F, Menchaca A. Effect of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine on Pregnancy Failure in Beef Cows. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:761304. [PMID: 34869734 PMCID: PMC8633299 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.761304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates whether the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination increases pregnancy failures in Bos taurus beef cows. A total of 3,379 cows were assigned to two experimental groups to receive (n = 1,722) or not receive (n = 1,657) a FMD vaccine (commercial preparation containing FMD virus, O1 Campos and A24 Cruzeiro) at different gestational age. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by ultrasonography at vaccination time (Day 0), and the cows were classified by days of pregnancy as follows: (a) <29 days after mating (presumed pregnant cows, n = 778), (b) between 30 and 44 days of pregnancy (n = 1,100), (c) 45 and 59 days of pregnancy (n = 553), and (d) between 60 and 90 days of pregnancy (n = 948). Pregnancy failure was determined 30 days after vaccination by a second ultrasound examination. Cows that were vaccinated within 29 days after mating had a 7.8% greater pregnancy failure rate than non-vaccinated cows (44.1%, 163/370 vs. 36.3%, 148/408, respectively; P <0.05). Cows vaccinated between 30 and 44 days of gestation had a pregnancy failure rate greater than non-vaccinated cows (4.9%, 28/576 vs. 2.5%, 13/524, respectively; P <0.05). When cows received the vaccine between days 45 and 90 of gestation no differences in pregnancy failure were observed (0.8%, 6/776 vs. 1.2%, 9/725, respectively; P = NS). Body temperature and local adverse reactions to vaccine inoculation were recorded in a subset of 152 multiparous cows. Hyperthermia (>39.5°C) was detected on Day 1 or 2 in 28.0% (21/75) of vaccinated vs. 7.8% (6/77) of non-vaccinated cows (P <0.01). Local adverse reaction to the FMD vaccine inoculation increased from 0.0% (0/75) on Day 0, to 15.7% (11/75) on Day 4, and 38.7% (29/75) on Day 10 (P <0.01). On Day 30 local reaction was detected in 10.5% (34/323) and fell to 2.2% on Day 60 (7/323) post vaccination (P <0.01). In conclusion, FMD vaccine increases pregnancy failure when it is administered before 45 days of gestation, an effect that was associated with hyperthermia and local adverse reaction. No effect on pregnancy failure was found when vaccination was performed after 45 days of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Garcia-Pintos
- Instituto de Reproducción Animal Uruguay, Fundación IRAUy, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Plataforma de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Plataforma de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal nos Trópicos, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Alejo Menchaca
- Instituto de Reproducción Animal Uruguay, Fundación IRAUy, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Plataforma de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Doeschl-Wilson A, Knap PW, Opriessnig T, More SJ. Review: Livestock disease resilience: from individual to herd level. Animal 2021; 15 Suppl 1:100286. [PMID: 34312089 PMCID: PMC8664713 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major threat to the sustainable production of high-producing animals. Control efforts, such as vaccination or breeding approaches often target improvements to individual resilience to infections, i.e., they strengthen an animal's ability to cope with infection, rather than preventing infection per se. There is increasing evidence for the contribution of non-clinical carriers (animals that become infected and are infectious but do not develop clinical signs) to the overall health and production of livestock populations for a wide range of infectious diseases. Therefore, we strongly advocate a shift of focus from increasing the disease resilience of individual animals to herd disease resilience as the appropriate target for sustainable disease control in livestock. Herd disease resilience not only captures the direct effects of vaccination or host genetics on the health and production performance of individuals but also the indirect effects on the environmental pathogen load that herd members are exposed to. For diseases primarily caused by infectious pathogens shed by herd members, these indirect effects on herd resilience are mediated both by individual susceptibility to infection and by characteristics (magnitude of infectiousness, duration of infectious period) that influence pathogen shedding from infected individuals. We review what is currently known about how vaccination and selective breeding affect herd disease resilience and its underlying components, and outline the changes required for improvement. To this purpose, we also seek to clarify and harmonise the terminology used in the different animal science disciplines to facilitate future collaborative approaches to infectious disease control in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Doeschl-Wilson
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin Institute Building, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.
| | - P W Knap
- Genus-PIC, 24837 Schleswig, Germany
| | - T Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin Institute Building, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - S J More
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Veterinary Science Centre Belfield, Dublin D04 W6F6, Ireland
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32
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Structures of foot-and-mouth disease virus with bovine neutralizing antibodies reveal the determinant of intra-serotype cross-neutralization. J Virol 2021; 95:e0130821. [PMID: 34586859 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01308-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) exhibits broad antigenic diversity with poor intra-serotype cross-neutralizing activity. Studies of the determinant involved in this diversity are essential for the development of broadly protective vaccines. In this work, we isolated a bovine antibody, designated R55, that displays cross-reaction with both FMDV A/AF/72 (hereafter named FMDV-AAF) and FMDV A/WH/09 (hereafter named FMDV-AWH) but only has a neutralizing effect on FMDV-AWH. Near-atomic resolution structures of FMDV-AAF-R55 and FMDV-AWH-R55 show that R55 engages the capsids of both FMDV-AAF and FMDV-AWH near the icosahedral threefold axis and binds to the βB and BC/HI-loops of VP2 and to the B-B knob of VP3. The common interaction residues are highly conserved, which is the major determinant for cross-reaction with both FMDV-AAF and FMDV-AWH. In addition, the cryo-EM structure of the FMDV-AWH-R55 complex also shows that R55 binds to VP3E70 located at the VP3 BC-loop in an adjacent pentamer, which enhances the acid and thermal stabilities of the viral capsid. This may prevent capsid dissociation and genome release into host cells, eventually leading to neutralization of the viral infection. In contrast, R55 binds only to the FMDV-AAF capsid within one pentamer due to the VP3E70G variation, which neither enhances capsid stability nor neutralizes FMDV-AAF infection. The VP3E70G mutation is the major determinant involved in the neutralizing differences between FMDV-AWH and FMDV-AAF. The crucial amino acid VP3E70 is a key component of the neutralizing epitopes, which may aid in the development of broadly protective vaccines. Importance Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious and economically devastating disease in cloven-hoofed animals, and neutralizing antibodies play critical roles in the defense against viral infections. Here, we isolated a bovine antibody (R55) using the single B cell antibody isolation technique. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and virus neutralization tests (VNT) showed that R55 displays cross-reactions with both FMDV-AWH and FMDV-AAF but only has a neutralizing effect on FMDV-AWH. Cryo-EM structures, fluorescence-based thermal stability assays and acid stability assays showed that R55 engages the capsid of FMDV-AWH near the icosahedral threefold axis and informs an interpentamer epitope, which overstabilizes virions to hinder capsid dissociation to release the genome, eventually leading to neutralization of viral infection. The crucial amino acid VP3E70 forms a key component of neutralizing epitopes, and the determination of the VP3E70G mutation involved in the neutralizing differences between FMDV-AWH and FMDV-AAF could aid in the development of broadly protective vaccines.
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33
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Ahn YH, Chathuranga WAG, Shim YJ, Haluwana DK, Kim EH, Yoon IJ, Lim YT, Shin SH, Jo H, Hwang SY, Kim HM, Lee MJ, Park JH, Yoo SS, Lee JS. The Potential Adjuvanticity of CAvant ®SOE for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101091. [PMID: 34696199 PMCID: PMC8539697 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a notifiable contagious disease of cloven-hoofed mammals. A high potency vaccine that stimulates the host immune response is the foremost strategy used to prevent disease persistence in endemic regions. FMD vaccines comprise inactivated virus antigens whose immunogenicity is potentiated by immunogenic adjuvants. Oil-based adjuvants have clear advantages over traditional adjuvant vaccines; however, there is potential to develop novel adjuvants to increase the potency of FMD vaccines. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a novel water-in-oil emulsion, called CAvant®SOE, as a novel vaccine adjuvant for use with inactivated FMD vaccines. In this study, we found that inactivated A22 Iraq virus plus CAvant®SOE (iA22 Iraq-CAvant®SOE) induced effective antigen-specific humoral (IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a) and cell-mediated immune responses (IFN-γ and IL-4) in mice. Immunization of pigs with a single dose of iA22 Iraq-CAvant®SOE also elicited effective protection, with no detectable clinical symptoms against challenge with heterologous A/SKR/GP/2018 FMDV. Levels of protection are strongly in line with vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody titers. Collectively, these results indicate that CAvant®SOE-adjuvanted vaccine is a promising candidate for control of FMD in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hoon Ahn
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea; (Y.-H.A.); (Y.-J.S.); (E.-H.K.); (I.-J.Y.)
| | - W. A. Gayan Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34314, Korea; (W.A.G.C.); (D.K.H.)
| | - Young-Jung Shim
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea; (Y.-H.A.); (Y.-J.S.); (E.-H.K.); (I.-J.Y.)
| | - D. K. Haluwana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34314, Korea; (W.A.G.C.); (D.K.H.)
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea; (Y.-H.A.); (Y.-J.S.); (E.-H.K.); (I.-J.Y.)
| | - In-Joong Yoon
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea; (Y.-H.A.); (Y.-J.S.); (E.-H.K.); (I.-J.Y.)
| | - Yong-Taik Lim
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Sung Ho Shin
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (S.H.S.); (H.J.); (S.Y.H.); (H.M.K.); (M.J.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Hyundong Jo
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (S.H.S.); (H.J.); (S.Y.H.); (H.M.K.); (M.J.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Seong Yun Hwang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (S.H.S.); (H.J.); (S.Y.H.); (H.M.K.); (M.J.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Hyun Mi Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (S.H.S.); (H.J.); (S.Y.H.); (H.M.K.); (M.J.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Min Ja Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (S.H.S.); (H.J.); (S.Y.H.); (H.M.K.); (M.J.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (S.H.S.); (H.J.); (S.Y.H.); (H.M.K.); (M.J.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Sung-Sik Yoo
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea; (Y.-H.A.); (Y.-J.S.); (E.-H.K.); (I.-J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (S.-S.Y.); (J.-S.L.); Tel.: +82-42-870-9322 (S.-S.Y.); +82-42-821-6753 (J.-S.L.)
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34314, Korea; (W.A.G.C.); (D.K.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.-S.Y.); (J.-S.L.); Tel.: +82-42-870-9322 (S.-S.Y.); +82-42-821-6753 (J.-S.L.)
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Upadhyaya S, Mahapatra M, Mioulet V, Parida S. Molecular Basis of Antigenic Drift in Serotype O Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses (2013-2018) from Southeast Asia. Viruses 2021; 13:1886. [PMID: 34578467 PMCID: PMC8473337 DOI: 10.3390/v13091886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals with serious economic consequences. FMD is endemic in Southeast Asia (SEA) and East Asia (EA) with the circulation of multiple serotypes, posing a threat to Australia and other FMD-free countries. Although vaccination is one of the most important control measures to prevent FMD outbreaks, the available vaccines may not be able to provide enough cross-protection against the FMD viruses (FMDVs) circulating in these countries due to the incursion of new lineages and sub-lineages as experienced in South Korea during 2010, a FMD-free country, when a new lineage of serotype O FMDV (Mya-98) spread to the country, resulting in devastating economic consequences. In this study, a total of 62 serotype O (2013-2018) viruses selected from SEA and EA countries were antigenically characterized by virus neutralization tests using three existing (O/HKN/6/83, O/IND/R2/75 and O/PanAsia-2) and one putative (O/MYA/2009) vaccine strains and full capsid sequencing. The Capsid sequence analysis revealed three topotypes, Cathay, SEA and Middle East-South Asia (ME-SA) of FMDVs circulating in the region. The vaccines used in this study showed a good match with the SEA and ME-SA viruses. However, none of the recently circulating Cathay topotype viruses were protected by any of the vaccine strains, including the existing Cathay topotype vaccine (O/HKN/6/83), indicating an antigenic drift and, also the urgency to monitor this topotype in the region and develop a new vaccine strain if necessary, although currently the presence of this topotype is mainly restricted to China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Vietnam. Further, the capsid sequences of these viruses were analyzed that identified several capsid amino acid substitutions involving neutralizing antigenic sites 1, 2 and 5, which either individually or together could underpin the observed antigenic drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasmita Upadhyaya
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 ONF, UK; (S.U.); (M.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Mana Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 ONF, UK; (S.U.); (M.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Valerie Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 ONF, UK; (S.U.); (M.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 ONF, UK; (S.U.); (M.M.); (V.M.)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
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35
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Guo M, Li J, Teng Z, Ren M, Dong H, Zhang Y, Ru J, Du P, Sun S, Guo H. Four Simple Biomimetic Mineralization Methods to Improve the Thermostability and Immunogenicity of Virus-like Particles as a Vaccine against Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080891. [PMID: 34452016 PMCID: PMC8402440 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for a cold chain system during storage and transport substantially increases the cost of vaccines. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are among the best countermeasures against foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV). However, VLPs are composed of pure proteins, and thus, are susceptible to heat. To address this problem, four simple biomimetic mineralization methods with the use of calcium phosphate were developed to improve heat tolerance via biomineralization. The results showed that biomineralization can significantly improve the heat resistance of VLPs. The biomineralized VLPs can be stored at low as 25 °C for eight days, and 37 °C for four days. Animal experiments showed that biomineralization had no effect on the immunogenicity of VLPs or the expression of specific antibodies (Abs) and neutralizing Abs. Even after heat treatment at 37 °C for four days, the biomineralized VLPs remained immunogenic and produced highly specific and neutralizing Abs with a high rate of protection. These results suggest that these biomineralization approaches can promote the thermal stability of VLPs against and significantly reduce dependence on cold storage and delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (M.G.); (J.L.); (Z.T.); (M.R.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.R.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Jiajun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (M.G.); (J.L.); (Z.T.); (M.R.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.R.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Zhidong Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (M.G.); (J.L.); (Z.T.); (M.R.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.R.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Mei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (M.G.); (J.L.); (Z.T.); (M.R.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.R.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Hu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (M.G.); (J.L.); (Z.T.); (M.R.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.R.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (M.G.); (J.L.); (Z.T.); (M.R.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.R.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Jiaxi Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (M.G.); (J.L.); (Z.T.); (M.R.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.R.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Ping Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (M.G.); (J.L.); (Z.T.); (M.R.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.R.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Shiqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (M.G.); (J.L.); (Z.T.); (M.R.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.R.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (M.G.); (J.L.); (Z.T.); (M.R.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.R.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650000, China
- Correspondence:
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Cañas-Arranz R, de León P, Defaus S, Torres E, Forner M, Bustos MJ, Andreu D, Blanco E, Sobrino F. Immunogenicity of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Dendrimer Peptides: Need for a T-Cell Epitope and Ability to Elicit Heterotypic Responses. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164714. [PMID: 34443302 PMCID: PMC8398643 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An approach based on a dendrimer display of B- and T-cell epitopes relevant for antibody induction has been shown to be effective as a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine. B2T dendrimers combining two copies of the major FMD virus (FMDV) type O B-cell epitope (capsid proteinVP1 (140–158)) covalently linked to a heterotypic T-cell epitope from non-structural protein 3A (21–35), henceforth B2T-3A, has previously been shown to elicit high neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers and IFN-γ-producing cells in both mice and pigs. Here, we provide evidence that the B- and T-cell epitopes need to be tethered to a single molecular platform for successful T-cell help, leading to efficient nAb induction in mice. In addition, mice immunized with a non-covalent mixture of B2T-3A dendrimers containing the B-cell epitopes of FMDV types O and C induced similarly high nAb levels against both serotypes, opening the way for a multivalent vaccine platform against a variety of serologically different FMDVs. These findings are relevant for the design of vaccine strategies based on B- and T-cell epitope combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Cañas-Arranz
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-A.); (P.d.L.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Patricia de León
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-A.); (P.d.L.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Sira Defaus
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (DCEXS-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (S.D.); (M.F.); (D.A.)
| | - Elisa Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain; (E.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Mar Forner
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (DCEXS-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (S.D.); (M.F.); (D.A.)
| | - María J. Bustos
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-A.); (P.d.L.); (M.J.B.)
| | - David Andreu
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (DCEXS-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (S.D.); (M.F.); (D.A.)
| | - Esther Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain; (E.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Francisco Sobrino
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-A.); (P.d.L.); (M.J.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Chepkwony EC, Gitao GC, Muchemi GM, Sangula AK, Kairu-Wanyoike SW. Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0234286. [PMID: 34339447 PMCID: PMC8328338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Kenya affecting cloven-hoofed ruminants. The epidemiology of the disease in small ruminants (SR) in Kenya is not documented. We carried out a cross-sectional study, the first in Kenya, to estimate the sero-prevalence of FMD in SR and the associated risk factors nationally. Selection of animals to be sampled used a multistage cluster sampling approach. Serum samples totaling 7564 were screened for FMD antibodies of non-structural-proteins using ID Screen® NSP Competition ELISA kit. To identify the risk factors, generalized linear mixed effects (GLMM) logistic regression analysis with county and villages as random effect variables was used. The country animal level sero-prevalence was 22.5% (95% CI: 22.3%-24.3%) while herd level sero-prevalence was 77.6% (95% CI: 73.9%-80.9%). The risk factor that was significantly positively associated with FMD sero-positivity in SR was multipurpose production type (OR = 1.307; p = 0.042). The risk factors that were significantly negatively associated with FMD sero-positivity were male sex (OR = 0.796; p = 0.007), young age (OR = 0.470; p = 0.010), and sedentary production zone (OR = 0.324; p<0.001). There were no statistically significant intra class correlations among the random effect variables but interactions between age and sex variables among the studied animals were statistically significant (p = 0.019). This study showed that there may be widespread undetected virus circulation in SR indicated by the near ubiquitous spatial distribution of significant FMD sero-positivity in the country. Strengthening of risk-based FMD surveillance in small ruminants is recommended. Adjustment of husbandry practices to control FMD in SR and in-contact species is suggested. Cross-transmission of FMD and more risk factors need to be researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice C. Chepkwony
- Foot and Mouth Disease National Laboratory, Embakasi, Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George C. Gitao
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gerald M. Muchemi
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abraham K. Sangula
- Foot and Mouth Disease National Laboratory, Embakasi, Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Salome W. Kairu-Wanyoike
- Meat Training Institute, Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
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Baba Sheikh M, Rashid PA, Raheem Z, Marouf AS, Amin KM. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of foot and mouth disease virus isolates in Sulaimani province, Iraq. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2021; 12:247-251. [PMID: 34345394 PMCID: PMC8328259 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2019.101755.2424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Iraq. The current study can be considered as the first molecular characterization of serotype O in Iraq. The present investigation reported the determination of FMDV serotype O from local farms in Sulaimani districts in 2016 outbreaks. Samples were collected from suspected cattle. The virus was primarily detected with RT-PCR directly from mouth epithelial samples. The direct sequencing and subsequent analysis of amplified PCR products for the VP1 gene indicated the circulation of serotype O of FMD in studied areas. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the field isolated serotype O belonged to topotype ME-SA and lineage PanAsia II and clustered with Pakistan and Iran isolates (KU365843 and KY091283) with identity (96.00%, 95.00%) respectively. Furthermore, according to the phylogenic tree, the field isolates had different lineage with the three O/Manisa vaccine strains and Iraq/2000 strains. These findings highlighted the continuous circulation of serotype O of FMD in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Baba Sheikh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Veterinary Laboratory Center, Sulaimani Veterinary Directorate, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Peshnyar Atta Rashid
- Department of Molecular Biology, Veterinary Laboratory Center, Sulaimani Veterinary Directorate, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Zhino Raheem
- Department of Molecular Biology, Veterinary Laboratory Center, Sulaimani Veterinary Directorate, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Ari Salahadin Marouf
- Department of Molecular Biology, Veterinary Laboratory Center, Sulaimani Veterinary Directorate, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Kamaran Mohammed Amin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Veterinary Laboratory Center, Sulaimani Veterinary Directorate, Sulaimani, Iraq
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Sieng S, Patrick IW, Windsor PA, Walkden-Brown SW, Sar C, Smith RGB, Kong R. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of smallholder farmers on foot and mouth disease control in two Cambodian provinces. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1983-1998. [PMID: 34105252 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Food-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Cambodia. The control programme for FMD has relied on vaccination, with poor vaccination uptake by smallholder farmers becoming an increasing concern. A study to improve the understanding of farmer knowledge, attitudes and practices of FMD control and vaccination was conducted in two Cambodian provinces (Kampong Cham and Pursat). The aim was to identify opportunities to improve the livestock disease control programmes provided by both the government and private sectors. The survey comprised 300 smallholder farmers using a one-on-one interview technique and was completed between January to February 2014. Results identified that over two-thirds of the respondent farmers had not vaccinated their cattle over 2 years (2011-2013). Of those who did, most cattle were vaccinated either once a year or once every 3 years. A booster had never been administered. It was concluded that the FMD vaccine had only been administered through an unreliable and limited government vaccination programme, and private FMD vaccination services were not accessed in the study areas. FMD outbreaks occurred every year during the study period, with a morbidity rate of over 30%. Isolation of first infected cattle from the household herd was not practiced, with treatment identified as the first preference intervention. Farmers often assisted other farmers to restrain and treat infected cattle both before (57%) and after (43%) their own cattle were infected. This indicated that most farmers did not practice basic biosecurity measures and chose to report FMD outbreaks to the village animal health workers (VAHW), friends, neighbours and relatives in preference to government officials. It was concluded that poor knowledge of disease transmission and biosecurity, with low FMD vaccination coverage and a focus on treatment, contribute to regular FMD outbreaks in these communities. Improvement of FMD control requires the cooperation of villagers, VAHWs and village leaders in disease reporting, with either improved funding of government vaccination services or establishing a private FMD vaccination service. Training programmes for farmers on disease transmission, and the importance of biosecurity and vaccination, including information on the cost-benefits of treatment versus full fee bi-annual FMD vaccination, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Socheat Sieng
- General Department of Animal Health and Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ian Walter Patrick
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,ARECS P/L, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Andrew Windsor
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen William Walkden-Brown
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chetra Sar
- Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Reatrey Kong
- Independent Livestock Consultant, Pursat, Cambodia
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The rescue and selection of thermally stable type O vaccine candidate strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2131-2140. [PMID: 34003358 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccines have been used widely to control foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). However, the virions (146S) of this virus are easily dissociated into pentamer subunits (12S), which limits the immune protective efficacy of inactivated vaccines when the temperature is higher than 30 °C. A cold-chain system can maintain the quality of the vaccines, but such systems are usually not reliable in limited-resource settings. Thus, it is imperative to improve the thermostability of vaccine strains to guarantee the quality of the vaccines. In this study, four recombinant FMDV strains containing single or multiple amino acid substitutions in the structural proteins were rescued using a previously constructed FMDV type O full-length infectious clone (pO/DY-VP1). We found that single or multiple amino acid substitutions in the structural proteins affected viral replication to different degrees. Furthermore, the heat and acid stability of the recombinant viruses was significantly increased when compared with the parental virus. Three thermally stable recombinant viruses (rHN/DY-VP1Y2098F, rHN/DY-VP1V2090A-S2093H, and rHN/DY-VP1V2090A-S2093H-Y2098F) were prepared as inactivated vaccines to immunize pigs. Blood samples were collected every week to prepare sera, and a virus neutralization test showed that the substitutions S2093H and Y2098F, separately or in combination, did not affect the immunogenicity of the virus, but the Y2098F mutation increased the thermostability significantly (p < 0.05). Therefore, the rHN/DY-VP1Y2098F mutant should be considered for use in future vaccines.
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Forner M, Cañas-Arranz R, Defaus S, de León P, Rodríguez-Pulido M, Ganges L, Blanco E, Sobrino F, Andreu D. Peptide-Based Vaccines: Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus, a Paradigm in Animal Health. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050477. [PMID: 34066901 PMCID: PMC8150788 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are considered one of the greatest global health achievements, improving the welfare of society by saving lives and substantially reducing the burden of infectious diseases. However, few vaccines are fully effective, for reasons ranging from intrinsic limitations to more contingent shortcomings related, e.g., to cold chain transport, handling and storage. In this context, subunit vaccines where the essential antigenic traits (but not the entire pathogen) are presented in rationally designed fashion have emerged as an attractive alternative to conventional ones. In particular, this includes the option of fully synthetic peptide vaccines able to mimic well-defined B- and T-cell epitopes from the infectious agent and to induce protection against it. Although, in general, linear peptides have been associated to low immunogenicity and partial protection, there are several strategies to address such issues. In this review, we report the progress towards the development of peptide-based vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) a highly transmissible, economically devastating animal disease. Starting from preliminary experiments using single linear B-cell epitopes, recent research has led to more complex and successful second-generation vaccines featuring peptide dendrimers containing multiple copies of B- and T-cell epitopes against FMD virus or classical swine fever virus (CSFV). The usefulness of this strategy to prevent other animal and human diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Forner
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (DCEXS-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (M.F.); (S.D.)
| | - Rodrigo Cañas-Arranz
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-A.); (P.d.L.); (M.R.-P.)
| | - Sira Defaus
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (DCEXS-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (M.F.); (S.D.)
| | - Patricia de León
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-A.); (P.d.L.); (M.R.-P.)
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Pulido
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-A.); (P.d.L.); (M.R.-P.)
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Esther Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain;
| | - Francisco Sobrino
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-A.); (P.d.L.); (M.R.-P.)
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (D.A.)
| | - David Andreu
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (DCEXS-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (M.F.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (D.A.)
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Muenthaisong A, Rittipornlertrak A, Nambooppha B, Tankaew P, Varinrak T, Pumpuang M, Muangthai K, Atthikanyaphak K, Singhla T, Pringproa K, Punyapornwithaya V, Sawada T, Sthitmatee N. Immune response in dairy cattle against combined foot and mouth disease and haemorrhagic septicemia vaccine under field conditions. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:186. [PMID: 33952269 PMCID: PMC8097834 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02889-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and Haemorrhagic septicemia (HS) are two important diseases that are known to have caused significant economic losses to the cattle industry. Accordingly, vaccinations have been recognized as an efficient method to control and prevent both of the above-mentioned diseases. This study aimed to determine the immune response to FMD virus antigens and the recombinant outer membrane protein of HS (rOmpH) of Pasteurella multocida in cattle administered as a combination vaccine and compare antibody titers with the two vaccines given independently, under field conditions. Dairy cattle were divided into three groups. Each group was immunized with different vaccine types according to the vaccination program employed in this study. Antibody responses were determined by indirect ELISA, liquid phase blocking ELISA (LPB-ELISA) and viral neutralization test (VNT). Furthermore, the cellular immune responses were measured by lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA). Results The overall antibody titers to HS and FMDV were above cut-off values for the combined FMD-HS vaccine in this study.The mean antibody titer against HS after the first immunization in the combined FMD-HS vaccine groups was higher than in the HS vaccine groups. However, no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between groups. Likewise, the antibody titer to the FMDV serotypes O/TAI/189/87 and Asia 1/TAI/85 determined by LPB-ELISA in the combined vaccine were not statistically significantly different when compared to the FMD vaccine groups. However, the mean VNT antibody titer of combined vaccine against serotype O was significantly higher than the VN titer of FMD vaccine groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, the LPA results showed that all vaccinated groups displayed significantly higher than the negative control (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, no differences in the lymphocyte responses were observed in comparisons between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions The combined FMD-HS vaccine formulated in this study could result in high both antibody and cellular immune responses without antigenic competition. Therefore, the combined FMD-HS vaccine can serve as an alternative vaccine against both HS and FMD in dairy cattle under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anucha Muenthaisong
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50100, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Amarin Rittipornlertrak
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50100, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Boondarika Nambooppha
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50100, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pallop Tankaew
- Central Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50100, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thanya Varinrak
- Central Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50100, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Marutpong Pumpuang
- Bureau of Veterinary Biologics, Department of Livestock Developments, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative, 30130, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Korkiat Muangthai
- Bureau of Veterinary Biologics, Department of Livestock Developments, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative, 30130, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Kheemchompu Atthikanyaphak
- Bureau of Veterinary Biologics, Department of Livestock Developments, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative, 30130, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Tawatchai Singhla
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50100, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50100, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50100, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Takuo Sawada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 180-8602, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nattawooti Sthitmatee
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50100, Chiang Mai, Thailand. .,Excellence Center in Veterinary Bioscience, Chiang Mai University, 50100, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Development and Validation of a Mucosal Antibody (IgA) Test to Identify Persistent Infection with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050814. [PMID: 34062811 PMCID: PMC8147266 DOI: 10.3390/v13050814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that approximately 50% of cattle infected with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) may become asymptomatic carrier (persistently infected) animals. Although transmission of FMDV from carrier cattle to naïve cattle has not been demonstrated experimentally, circumstantial evidence from field studies has linked FMDV-carrier cattle to cause subsequent outbreaks. Therefore, the asymptomatic carrier state complicates the control and eradication of FMD. Current serological diagnosis using tests for antibodies to the viral non-structural proteins (NSP-ELISA) are not sensitive enough to detect all carrier animals, if persistently infected after vaccination and do not distinguish between carriers and non-carriers. The specificity of the NSP ELISA may also be reduced after vaccination, in particular after multiple vaccination. FMDV-specific mucosal antibodies (IgA) are not produced in vaccinated cattle but are elevated transiently during the acute phase of infection and can be detected at a high level in cattle persistently infected with FMDV, irrespective of their vaccination status. Therefore, detection of IgA by ELISA may be considered a diagnostic alternative to RT-PCR for assessing FMDV persistent infection in ruminants in both vaccinated and unvaccinated infected populations. This study reports on the development and validation of a new mucosal IgA ELISA for the detection of carrier animals using nasal, saliva, and oro-pharyngeal fluid (OPF) samples. The diagnostic performance of the IgA ELISA using nasal samples from experimentally vaccinated and infected cattle demonstrated a high level of specificity (99%) and an improved level of sensitivity (76.5%). Furthermore, the detection of carrier animals reached 96.9% when parallel testing of samples was carried out using both the IgA-ELISA and NSP-ELISA.
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Effect of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccination on Acute Phase Immune Response and Anovulation in Hanwoo ( Bos taurus coreanae). Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050419. [PMID: 33922252 PMCID: PMC8145626 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease is the most common method for preventing the spread of the disease; the negative effects include miscarriage, early embryo death, lower milk production, and decreased growth of fattening cattle. Therefore, in this study, we analyze the side effects of vaccination by determining the acute immune response and ovulation rate after vaccinating cows for foot-and-mouth disease. The test axis was synchronized with ovulation using 100 Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) cows from the Gyeongsangbuk-do Livestock Research Institute; only individuals with estrus confirmed by ovarian ultrasound were used for the test. All test axes were artificially inseminated 21 days after the previous estrus date. The control group was administered 0.9% normal saline, the negative control was injected intramuscularly with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.5 µg/kg), and the test group was administered a foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine (FMDV vaccine; bioaftogen, O and A serotypes, inactivated vaccine) 2, 9, and 16 days before artificial insemination. White blood cells and neutrophils increased significantly 1 day after vaccination, and body temperature in the rumen increased for 16 h after vaccination. Ovulation was detected 1 day after artificial fertilization by ovarian ultrasound. The ovulation rates were as follows: control 89%, LPS 60%, FMDV vaccine (-2 d) 50%, FMDV vaccine (-9 d) 75%, and FMDV vaccine (-16 d) 75%. In particular, the FMDV vaccine (-2 d) test group confirmed that ovulation was delayed for 4 days after artificial insemination. In addition, it was confirmed that it took 9 days after inoculation for the plasma contents of haptoglobin and serum amyloid A to recover to the normal range as the main acute immune response factors. The conception rate of the FMDV vaccine (-2 d) group was 20%, which was significantly lower than that of the other test groups.
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A Vaccine Strain of the A/ASIA/Sea-97 Lineage of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus with a Single Amino Acid Substitution in the P1 Region That Is Adapted to Suspension Culture Provides High Immunogenicity. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040308. [PMID: 33805012 PMCID: PMC8063925 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There are seven viral serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV): A, O, C, Asia 1, and Southern African Territories 1, 2, and 3 (SAT 1–3). Unlike serotype O FMDV vaccine strains, vaccine strains of serotype A FMDV do not provide broad-range cross-reactivity in serological matching tests with field isolates. Therefore, the topotype/lineage vaccine strain circulating in many countries and a highly immunogenic strain might be advantageous to control serotype A FMDV. We developed a new vaccine strain, A/SKR/Yeoncheon/2017 (A-1), which belongs to the A/ASIA/Sea-97 lineage that frequently occurs in Asian countries. Using virus plaque purification, we selected a vaccine virus with high antigen productivity and the lowest numbers of P1 mutations among cell-adapted virus populations. The A/SKR/Yeoncheon/2017 (A-1) vaccine strain has a single amino acid mutation, VP2 E82K, in the P1 region, and it is perfectly adapted to suspension culture. The A/SKR/Yeoncheon/2017 (A-1) experimental vaccine conferred high immunogenicity in pigs. The vaccine strain was serologically matched with various field isolates in two-dimensional virus neutralization tests using bovine serum. Vaccinated mice were protected against an A/MAY/97 virus that was serologically mismatched with the vaccine strain. Thus, A/SKR/Yeoncheon/2017 (A-1) might be a promising vaccine candidate for protection against the emerging FMDV serotype A in Asia.
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Osmani A, Robertson ID, Habib I. Seroprevalence and risk factors for foot-and-mouth disease in cattle in Baghlan Province, Afghanistan. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1263-1275. [PMID: 33755343 PMCID: PMC8294376 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A serological study of 376 cattle from 198 herds and a concurrent survey of farmers were undertaken in 53 villages in Khinjan, Doshi and Puli Khumri districts of Baghlan province, Afghanistan to determine the seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and to identify risk factors for seropositive herds. A total of 419 cases of FMD were reported by the farmers in the year preceding the survey. The animal-level population seroprevalence was estimated at 42.0% (95% CI, 37.0-47.2). The seroprevalence increased with age in the sampled cattle (<2 years - 30.4%, 2-6 years - 40.3% and >6 years - 52.2%). Herds were more likely to be seropositive if the farmers: had purchased cattle in the year prior to the survey (OR = 2.6; 95% CI, 1.37-4.97); purchased ruminants from unknown (potentially risky) sources (OR = 2.13; 95% CI, 1.13-4.03); and sold milk to the market (OR = 1.99; 95% CI, 1.09-3.63). Herds that had been vaccinated had a lower odds of being seropositive (OR = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.68-0.66). This was the first epidemiological study of FMD in Baghlan province and the findings provide valuable direction for disease control on FMD in this and other provinces in Afghanistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Osmani
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ian Duncan Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,China-Australia Joint Research and Training Center for Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ihab Habib
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Veterinary Medicine Department, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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Bidart J, Mignaqui A, Kornuta C, Lupi G, Gammella M, Soria I, Galarza R, Ferella A, Cardillo S, Langellotti C, Quattrocchi V, Durocher Y, Wigdorovitz A, Marcipar I, Zamorano P. FMD empty capsids combined with the Immunostant Particle Adjuvant -ISPA or ISA206 induce protective immunity against foot and mouth disease virus. Virus Res 2021; 297:198339. [PMID: 33596405 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) causes economy losses and is controlled by vaccination in many countries. Vaccine formulations based on empty capsids or Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) have the advantage of avoiding the biological hazard of using infectious FMDV, albeit are poorly immunogenic. Recently, we have described that ISPA a new Immune Stimulating Complex adjuvant, is useful to improve the response against FMD of vaccines that use inactivated virus. Now, the adjuvant effects of ISPA and ISA 206 (water/oil/water) on a VLPs-based FMD vaccine were evaluated. VLPs (strain A/Argentina/2001) were obtained in mammalian cell cultures and their elicitation of an immune response against FMDV with and without ISPA or ISA 206 was evaluated in mice as a first approach. Notably, VLPs-ISPA and VLPs-ISA 206 vaccines induced protection against viral challenge in 100 % of mice, while protection induced by VLPs alone was of 40 %. Total and neutralizing FMDV antibodies were higher in the VLPs-ISPA and VLPs-ISA 206 groups compared to the VLPs group. VLPs-ISPA induced significantly higher (p < 0.001) IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 titers than the VLPs vaccine. Moreover, in comparison with non-adjuvanted VLPs, VLPs-ISPA and VLPs-ISA 206 elicited an increased virus-specific T response, including higher IFNγ+/CD8 + lymphocyte production in mice. When these vaccines were tested in calves, antibody titers reached an Expected Percentage of Protection (EPP) above 90 % in the case of the VLPs-ISPA and VLPs-ISA 206 vaccines, while, in the VLPs group, EPP reached 25 %. IFNγ levels secreted by mononuclear cells of VLP-ISPA-vaccinated cattle were significantly higher than in the VLPs group. Overall, the results demonstrate that VLPs-ISPA or VLPs-ISA 206 are promising formulations for the development of a novel FMD vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bidart
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Mignaqui
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche, IFAB, INTA - CONICET, San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - C Kornuta
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Lupi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M Gammella
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - I Soria
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - R Galarza
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - A Ferella
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - S Cardillo
- Biogenesis Bago SA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Langellotti
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V Quattrocchi
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Y Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A Wigdorovitz
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - I Marcipar
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - P Zamorano
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Enhanced immunogenicity of foot and mouth disease DNA vaccine delivered by PLGA nanoparticles combined with cytokine adjuvants. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:89-96. [PMID: 33592449 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines is nonideal, they are still considered as potential alternative vaccine candidates to conventional vaccines. Various DNA delivery systems, including nanoparticles, have been extensively explored and validated to further enhance the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. DNA vaccines are considered as alternative vaccine candidates. Various DNA delivery systems, including nanoparticles, have been extensively explored to enhance the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. In this study, positively charged Poly (D, l-lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles were generated and characterized as a delivery system for O-serotype foot-and-mouth DNA vaccine. A recombinant plasmid encoding swine interleukin (IL)-18, IL-2, or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene was introduced into the DNA vaccine to further improve its immunogenicity, which was evaluated in a guinea pig model. PLGA-pVAX-VP013/IL-18 elicited significantly (P = 0.0149) higher FMDV-specific antibody levels than naked DNA before the challenge. The level of neutralizing antibodies induced by PLGA-pVAX-VP013/IL-18, PLGA-pVAX-VP013/IL-2, and PLGA-pVAX-VP013/GM-CSF significantly increased compared with that induced by naked DNA (P < 0.0001). The lymphocyte proliferation assay showed that cellular immunity induced by PLGA-pVAX-VP013/IL-18 and PLGA-pVAX-VP013/GM-CSF was dramatically enhanced compared with that induced by the inactivated vaccine. The protection by PLGA-pVAX-VP013/IL-18 was consistent with that by the inactivated vaccine post-challenge and was followed by PLGA-pVAX-VP013/GM-CSF. Therefore, cationic PLGA nanoparticles can deliver DNA vaccines and induce humoral and cellular immune responses. The co-administration of FMD DNA vaccine with IL-18 formulated with PLGA nanoparticles was the optimal strategy to improve the immunogenicity of FMD DNA vaccines.
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de León P, Cañas-Arranz R, Defaus S, Torres E, Forner M, Bustos MJ, Revilla C, Dominguez J, Andreu D, Blanco E, Sobrino F. Swine T-Cells and Specific Antibodies Evoked by Peptide Dendrimers Displaying Different FMDV T-Cell Epitopes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:621537. [PMID: 33613553 PMCID: PMC7886804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.621537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrimeric peptide constructs based on a lysine core that comprises both B- and T-cell epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have proven a successful strategy for the development of FMD vaccines. Specifically, B2T dendrimers displaying two copies of the major type O FMDV antigenic B-cell epitope located on the virus capsid [VP1 (140–158)], covalently linked to a heterotypic T-cell epitope from either non-structural protein 3A [3A (21–35)] or 3D [3D (56–70)], named B2T-3A and B2T-3D, respectively, elicit high levels of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and IFN-γ-producing cells in pigs. To assess whether the inclusion and orientation of T-3A and T-3D T-cell epitopes in a single molecule could modulate immunogenicity, dendrimers with T epitopes juxtaposed in both possible orientations, i.e., constructs B2TT-3A3D and B2TT-3D3A, were made and tested in pigs. Both dendrimers elicited high nAbs titers that broadly neutralized type O FMDVs, although B2TT-3D3A did not respond to boosting, and induced lower IgGs titers, in particular IgG2, than B2TT-3A3D. Pigs immunized with B2, a control dendrimer displaying two B-cell epitope copies and no T-cell epitope, gave no nABs, confirming T-3A and T-3D as T helper epitopes. The T-3D peptide was found to be an immunodominant, as it produced more IFN-γ expressing cells than T-3A in the in vitro recall assay. Besides, in pigs immunized with the different dendrimeric peptides, CD4+ T-cells were the major subset contributing to IFN-γ expression upon in vitro recall, and depletion of CD4+ cells from PBMCs abolished the production of this cytokine. Most CD4+IFN-γ+ cells showed a memory (CD4+2E3−) and a multifunctional phenotype, as they expressed both IFN-γ and TNF-α, suggesting that the peptides induced a potent Th1 pro-inflammatory response. Furthermore, not only the presence, but also the orientation of T-cell epitopes influenced the T-cell response, as B2TT-3D3A and B2 groups had fewer cells expressing both cytokines. These results help understand how B2T-type dendrimers triggers T-cell populations, highlighting their potential as next-generation FMD vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia de León
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Cañas-Arranz
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sira Defaus
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Forner
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María J Bustos
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Revilla
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Dominguez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Andreu
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sobrino
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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50
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Xu W, Yang M. Genetic variation and evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A in relation to vaccine matching. Vaccine 2021; 39:1420-1427. [PMID: 33526282 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe, highly contagious viral disease that affects a wide variety of domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals. FMD vaccines can play a vital role in disease control and are very widely used globally each year. However, due to the diversity of FMDV, the choice of FMD vaccine is still a huge challenge. In this study, 45 FMDV/A isolates were phylogenetically categorized into three topotypes: ASIA (n = 31), AFRICA (n = 10), and EURO-SA (n = 4). Three sera collected from vaccinated cattle with FMDV A22/IRQ/24/64, A/IRN/05, and A/ARG/01 were used to evaluate their antigenic relationship (r1) with the field isolates. The IRQ/24/64 serum demonstrated a 39% (17/44) match (r1 ≥ 0.3) to the field isolates, whereas IRN/05 serum and ARG/01serum showed an 18% (8/44) and a 2% (1/44) match (r1 ≥ 0.3) to the field isolates, respectively. The A22/IRQ/24/64 matched with isolates mainly from topotype ASIA, with limited cross-topotype match with isolates from topotypes AFRICA and EURO-SA. However, the A/IRN/05 did not show a cross-topotype match with topotype AFRICA isolates and A/ARG/01 failed to match any isolates from topotypes ASIA and AFRICA. After analyzing the amino acid variation of the known antigenic sites of 45 strains of FMDV/A, it was found that together antigenic sites 1 and 3 contributed about 71% of the amino acid changes to the vaccine evaluated. Based on the capsid sequences, the FMDV/A evolved unequally among topotypes. The topotypes of ASIA and AFRICA evolves faster than that of EURO-SA. The FMDV/A continues to show a high level of genetic diversity driven by a high substitution rate, purifying selection, and positive selection concentrated on antigenic sites or near antigenic sites. The current research shows the challenges of the FMDV/A vaccine selection and emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring of antigenic evolution for the selection of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhong Xu
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Ming Yang
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada.
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