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Wu J, Thiyagarajan S, Fonseca Guerra C, Eduard P, Lutz M, Noordover BAJ, Koning CE, van Es DS. Isohexide Dinitriles: A Versatile Family of Renewable Platform Chemicals. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:3202-3211. [PMID: 28590079 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Building blocks of isohexides extended by one carbon atom at the 2- or 5-positions are now synthetically accessible by a convenient, selective, base-catalyzed epimerization of the corresponding dinitriles. Kinetic experiments using the strong organic base 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) show that all three possible isohexide dinitrile isomers exist within a dynamic equilibrium. An epimerization mechanism based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations is proposed. Structural identification of all three possible isomers is based on NMR analysis and single crystal x-ray crystallography. DFT calculations confirm that the observed crystal structures are indeed the lowest energy conformers of these isohexide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Co-Innovation Center of Textile Industry, Donghua University, Northern Renmin Road 2999, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shanmugam Thiyagarajan
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Célia Fonseca Guerra
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institut of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Eduard
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Lutz
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart A J Noordover
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cor E Koning
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Daan S van Es
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Liu S, Liu A, Zhang Y, Wang W. Direct Cα-heteroarylation of structurally diverse ethers via a mild N-hydroxysuccinimide mediated cross-dehydrogenative coupling reaction. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4044-4050. [PMID: 30155212 PMCID: PMC6094177 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc05697k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An important challenge in the Cα-heteroarylation of ethers is the requirement of a large excess amount of ethers (that are used as solvents in many cases) to achieve effective transformations. This drawback has significantly restricted the Cα-heteroarylation of ethers to the use of simple and easily accessible ether substrates. To overcome this limitation, a new, efficient, N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) mediated, mild and metal-free CDC strategy for the direct Cα-heteroarylation of diverse ethers has been developed. Different to our previous benzaldehyde mediated photoredox Cα-heteroarylation, we have identified NHS as a new and efficient mediator without using light. A distinct non-photoredox engaged hydrogen-atom-transfer (HAT) mechanism that used a nitrogen-centered radical cation produced from NHS is initially revealed. Notably, only 5-10 equivalents of ethers as coupling partners are used, which allows for structurally diverse and complex ethers to engage in this process, to create highly medicinally relevant Cα-heteroarylated ethers. Furthermore, more structurally diverse heterocyclics can serve as reactants for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei-long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China . ;
| | - Aoxia Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei-long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China . ;
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei-long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China . ;
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei-long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China . ;
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM 87131-0001 , USA
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Villo P, Matt L, Toom L, Liblikas I, Pehk T, Vares L. Hydroformylation of Olefinic Derivatives of Isosorbide and Isomannide. J Org Chem 2016; 81:7510-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piret Villo
- Institute
of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Livia Matt
- Institute
of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lauri Toom
- Institute
of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ilme Liblikas
- Institute
of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõnis Pehk
- National
Institute
of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Lauri Vares
- Institute
of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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D'Angelo MG, Gandossini S, Martinelli Boneschi F, Sciorati C, Bonato S, Brighina E, Comi GP, Turconi AC, Magri F, Stefanoni G, Brunelli S, Bresolin N, Cattaneo D, Clementi E. Nitric oxide donor and non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs as a therapy for muscular dystrophies: evidence from a safety study with pilot efficacy measures in adult dystrophic patients. Pharmacol Res 2012; 65:472-9. [PMID: 22306844 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This open-label, single centre pilot study was designed to evaluate safety and tolerability of the combination of the drugs isosorbide dinitrate, a nitric oxide donor, and ibuprofen, a non steroid anti-inflammatory drug, in a cohort of adult dystrophic patients (Duchenne, Becker and Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy). Seventy-one patients were recruited: 35, treated with the drug combination for 12 months, and 36 untreated. Safety and adverse events were assessed by reported signs and symptoms, physical examinations, blood tests, cardiac and respiratory function tests. Exploratory outcomes measure, such as the motor function measure scale, were also applied. Good safety and tolerability profiles of the long-term co-administration of the drugs were demonstrated. Few and transient side effects (i.e. headache and low blood pressure) were reported. Additionally, exploratory outcomes measures were feasible in all the disease population studied and evidenced a trend towards amelioration that reached statistical significance in one dimension of the MFM scale. Systemic administration of ibuprofen and isosorbide dinitrate provides an adequate safety margin for clinical studies aimed at assessing efficacy.
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Sciorati C, Buono R, Azzoni E, Casati S, Ciuffreda P, D'Angelo G, Cattaneo D, Brunelli S, Clementi E. Co-administration of ibuprofen and nitric oxide is an effective experimental therapy for muscular dystrophy, with immediate applicability to humans. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:1550-60. [PMID: 20590643 PMCID: PMC2938824 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Current therapies for muscular dystrophy are based on corticosteroids. Significant side effects associated with these therapies have prompted several studies aimed at identifying possible alternative strategies. As inflammation and defects of nitric oxide (NO) generation are key pathogenic events in muscular dystrophies, we have studied the effects of combining the NO donor isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH alpha-Sarcoglycan-null mice were treated for up to 8 months with ISDN (30 mg.kg(-1)) plus ibuprofen (50 mg.kg(-1)) administered daily in the diet. Effects of ISDN and ibuprofen alone were assessed in parallel. Drug effects on animal motility and muscle function, muscle damage, inflammatory infiltrates and cytokine levels, as well as muscle regeneration including assessment of endogenous stem cell pool, were measured at selected time points. KEY RESULTS Combination of ibuprofen and ISDN stimulated regeneration capacity, of myogenic precursor cells, reduced muscle necrotic damage and inflammation. Muscle function in terms of free voluntary movement and resistance to exercise was maintained throughout the time window analysed. The effects of ISDN and ibuprofen administered separately were transient and significantly lower than those induced by their combination. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Co-administration of NO and ibuprofen provided synergistic beneficial effects in a mouse model of muscular dystrophy, leading to an effective therapy. Our results open the possibility of immediate clinical testing of a combination of ISDN and ibuprofen in dystrophic patients, as both components are approved for use in humans, with a good safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Sciorati
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Stem Cell Research InstituteMilan, Italy
| | - Roberta Buono
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, University Hospital ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università di MilanoMilan, Italy,
| | - Emanuele Azzoni
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Stem Cell Research InstituteMilan, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Milano-BicoccaMonza, Italy
| | - Silvana Casati
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, University Hospital ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università di MilanoMilan, Italy,
| | - Pierangela Ciuffreda
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, University Hospital ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università di MilanoMilan, Italy,
| | | | - Dario Cattaneo
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, University Hospital ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università di MilanoMilan, Italy,
| | - Silvia Brunelli
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Stem Cell Research InstituteMilan, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Milano-BicoccaMonza, Italy
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, University Hospital ‘Luigi Sacco’, Università di MilanoMilan, Italy,
- E. Medea Scientific InstituteBosisio Parini, Italy
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Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) remains the only cardiovascular disease with an increasing hospitalization burden and an ongoing drain on health care expenditures. The prevalence of CHF increases with advancing life span, with diastolic heart failure predominating in the elderly population. Primary prevention of coronary artery disease and risk factor management via aggressive blood pressure control are central in preventing new occurrences of left ventricular dysfunction. Optimal therapy for CHF involves identification and correction of potentially reversible precipitants, target-dose titration of medical therapy, and management of hospitalizations for decompensation. The etiological phenotype, absolute decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction and a widening of QRS duration on electrocardiography, is commonly used to identify patients at increased risk of progression of heart failure and sudden death who may benefit from prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement with or without cardiac resynchronization therapy. Patients who transition to advanced stages of disease despite optimal traditional medical and device therapy may be candidates for hemodynamically directed approaches such as a left ventricular assist device; in selected cases, listing for cardiac transplant may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mandeep R. Mehra
- Address correspondence to Mandeep R. Mehra, MBBS, Division of Cardiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S Greene St, Room S-3B06, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559 (). Individual reprints of this article and a bound reprint of the entire Symposium on Cardiovascular Diseases will be available for purchase from our Web site www.mayoclinicproceedings.com
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Valença SS, Pimenta WA, Rueff-Barroso CR, Ferreira TS, Resende AC, Moura RSD, Porto LC. Involvement of nitric oxide in acute lung inflammation induced by cigarette smoke in the mouse. Nitric Oxide 2009; 20:175-81. [PMID: 19070674 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Short-term exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) leads to acute lung inflammation (ALI) by disturbing oxidant/antioxidant balance. Both CS exposure and lung inflammation are important risk factors in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nitric oxide (NO) is an oxidant both present in CS and produced in the inflammatory response, but its role in the effects of CS exposure is unclear. Our aim was to study involvement of NO in a model of CS exposure. Groups of mice (male C57BL/6) exposed to CS (six cigarettes per day over five days) were simultaneously subjected to treatment with vehicle (CS), 60mg/kg/day omega-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (CS+l-NAME), 20mg/kg/day nitroglycerine (CS+NTG), or 120mg/kg/day l-arginine (CS+l-arg). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was then aspirated to perform cell counts, and malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were measured in lung homogenates. Macrophage and neutrophil counts were increased in the CS (p<0.001) and CS+l-NAME groups (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively); the CS+NTG and CS+l-arg groups showed no differences from the control group. MDA was increased in the CS (p<0.05) and CS+l-NAME (p<0.01) groups when compared to the control group. Nitrite levels were decreased in the CS and CS+l-NAME groups (p<0.001) and increased in the CS+NTG (p<0.001) and CS+l-arg (p<0.01) groups when compared to the control. CAT, SOD and GPx activities in the CS and CS+l-NAME groups were all significantly increased compared to the control group. Our results suggest that administration of NO donors or substrates may be a useful therapy in the treatment of ALI caused by CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Santos Valença
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair, Department of Histology and Embryology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Brazil
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Watson KE. Cardiovascular Risk Reduction among African Americans: A Call to Action. J Natl Med Assoc 2008; 100:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/s0027-9684(15)31170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yengi LG, Leung L, Kao J. The Evolving Role of Drug Metabolism in Drug Discovery and Development. Pharm Res 2007; 24:842-58. [PMID: 17333392 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Drug metabolism in pharmaceutical research has traditionally focused on the well-defined aspects of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, commonly-referred to ADME properties of a compound, particularly in the areas of metabolite identification, identification of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and associated metabolic pathways, and reaction mechanisms. This traditional emphasis was in part due to the limited scope of understanding and the unavailability of in vitro and in vivo tools with which to evaluate more complex properties and processes. However, advances over the past decade in separate but related fields such as pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics and drug transporters, have dramatically shifted the drug metabolism paradigm. For example, knowledge of the genetics and genomics of DMEs allows us to better understand and predict enzyme regulation and its effects on exogenous (pharmacokinetics) and endogenous pathways as well as biochemical processes (pharmacology). Advances in the transporter area have provided unprecedented insights into the role of transporter proteins in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs and their consequences with respect to clinical drug-drug and drug-endogenous substance interactions, toxicity and interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics. It is therefore essential that individuals involved in modern pharmaceutical research embrace a fully integrated approach and understanding of drug metabolism as is currently practiced. The intent of this review is to reexamine drug metabolism with respect to the traditional as well as current practices, with particular emphasis on the critical aspects of integrating chemistry and biology in the interpretation and application of metabolism data in pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian G Yengi
- Drug Metabolism Division, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
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Abstract
Increasing knowledge of the role of nitric oxide (NO) in physiology and disease has stimulated efforts to target the NO pathway pharmacologically. These therapeutic strategies include NO donors that directly or indirectly release NO and agents that increase NO bioactivity. Traditional organic nitrates such as nitroglycerin, which indirectly release NO, were believed to have limited long-term efficacy and tolerability, chiefly because of nitrate tolerance. Recent studies, however, suggest more effective ways of using these agents and new applications for them. Nicorandil, a hybrid organic nitrate that also activates potassium channels, has demonstrated significant benefits in acute coronary syndromes. Other nitrates are being investigated for use in neurodegenerative diseases. Direct NO donors include NO gas, which is useful in respiratory disorders, and the more recent classes of diazeniumdiolates, sydnonimines, and S-nitrosothiols. Preliminary data suggest that these agents may be effective as antiatherosclerotic agents as well as in other disease states. In addition, hybrid agents that consist of an NO donor coupled with a parent anti-inflammatory drug, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, have demonstrated enhanced efficacy and tolerability compared with the anti-inflammatory parent drug alone in diverse experimental models. Established drugs that enhance NO bioactivity include antihypertensive agents, particularly angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and newer vasodilating beta-blockers. In addition, 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) promote NO bioactivity, both through and independent of lipid lowering. The NO-promoting actions of these established drugs provide some insight into their known benefits and suggest possible therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Preston Mason
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Ferdinand KC. The isosorbide-hydralazine story: is there a case for race-based cardiovascular medicine? J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2006; 8:156-8. [PMID: 16522991 PMCID: PMC8109526 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-6175.2005.04847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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