1
|
Purohith AN, Vaidyanathan S, Udupa ST, Munoli RN, Agarwal S, Prabhu MA, Praharaj SK. Electroconvulsive Therapy in Patients With Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: A Case Report and Systematic Review of Published Cases. J ECT 2023; 39:46-52. [PMID: 35482902 PMCID: PMC7614513 DOI: 10.1097/yct.0000000000000851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of the study were to report the case of a 54-year-old man with recurrent depressive disorder with multiple medical comorbidities having a dual-chamber pacemaker, treated successfully with 11 sessions of electroconvulsive therapy, and to conduct a systematic review of published cases documenting the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) for treating major psychiatric disorders. METHODS We searched electronic databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and Crossref) and included studies reporting on the use of electroconvulsive therapy in patients with CIEDs. RESULTS Thirty-five publications across 53 years (1967-2021) reported on 76 patients (including current report) who received a pooled total of 979 modified ECT sessions. The most common adverse events were premature ventricular contraction and hypertension. There have been no reports of serious adverse effects that necessitated the cessation of ECT. CONCLUSIONS Electroconvulsive therapy is a safe and efficacious treatment for major psychiatric disorders, and the presence of CIEDs should not delay or deter the use of ECT in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhiram Narasimhan Purohith
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sivapriya Vaidyanathan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Suma T. Udupa
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravindra N. Munoli
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sheena Agarwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Mukund A Prabhu
- Department of Cardiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Samir Kumar Praharaj
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chae MS, Lee N, Koh HJ. Sudden Occurrence of Pacemaker Capture Failure during Irreversible Electroporation Ablation for Prostate Cancer in Post-COVID-19 Patient: A Case Report. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58101407. [PMID: 36295568 PMCID: PMC9607448 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation is a novel treatment option for localized prostate cancer. Here, we present a case of an abrupt and fatal arrhythmia during the IRE procedure in a prostate cancer patient with an implanted permanent pacemaker. A 78-year-old male patient with a pacemaker due to sick sinus syndrome and syncope was scheduled for IRE prostate ablation surgery under general anesthesia. He had a history of recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) after having been vaccinated against it and recovered without sequalae. Pacemaker interrogation and reprogramming to asynchronous AOO mode was carried out before surgery, however, sinus pause occurred repeatedly during ablation pulse delivery. After the first sinus pause of 2.25 s there was a decrease in continuous arterial blood pressure (ABP). During the delivery of the second and third pulses, identical sinus pauses were observed due to failure to capture. However, the atrial-paced rhythm recovered instantly, and vital signs became acceptable. Although sinus pause recovered gradually, the duration thereof was increased by the delivery of more IRE pulses, with a subsequent abrupt decrease seen in blood pressure. The pacemaker was urgently reprogrammed to DOO mode, after which there were no further pacing failures and no hemodynamic adverse events. For patients with pacemakers, close cardiac monitoring in addition to the interrogation of the pacemaker during the electromagnetic interference (EMI) procedure is recommended, especially in the case of having a disease that may aggravate cardiac vulnerability, such as COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyun Jung Koh
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2258-6156; Fax: +82-2-537-1951
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aeromedical Transportation of the Critically Ill Cardiac Patient: Pre-flight Planning and Preparation. Curr Probl Cardiol 2022:101246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
4
|
Imhoff B, Casey W. An Unusual ECG Artifact Caused by Faulty Cardiac Monitor Leads. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med 2021; 5:267-269. [PMID: 34437025 PMCID: PMC8143832 DOI: 10.5811/cpcem.2021.3.51694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Case Presentation We present the case of a 74-year-old female patient who presented to the emergency department with lower extremity weakness found to have a fixed frequency square wave artifact in all leads of her electrocardiogram (ECG). After troubleshooting, faulty external cardiac monitor leads were identified as the cause of this unique artifact. Discussion The ECG is an important diagnostic tool for medical providers. Electrocardiogram artifacts are extremely common, and knowledge of artifacts is necessary to prevent inappropriate interpretation, diagnostic error, and unnecessary workup. Medical providers should have a low threshold for suspicion when ECG findings do not correlate with the patient’s chief complaint or history of present illness. They must also be familiar with the most frequent ECG artifact variants and be prepared to follow a stepwise approach to troubleshoot less frequent variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Imhoff
- University of Kansas Health System, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Wesley Casey
- University of Kansas Health System, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Koh CH. Commercial Air Travel for Passengers With Cardiovascular Disease: Recommendations for Common Conditions. Curr Probl Cardiol 2020; 46:100768. [PMID: 33348221 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The exponential growth of commercial flights has resulted in an explosion of air travelers over the last few decades, including passengers with a wide range of cardiovascular conditions. Notwithstanding the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic that had set back the aviation industry for the next 1-2 years, air travel is expected to rebound fully by 2024. Guidelines and evidence-based recommendations for safe air travel in this group vary, and physicians often encounter situations where opinions and assessments on fitness for flights are sought. This article aims to provide an updated suite of recommendations for the aeromedical disposition of passenger with common cardiovascular conditions, such as ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathies, and common arrhythmias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Choong Hou Koh
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; Duke-NUS School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Changi Aviation Medical Centre, Changi General Hospital, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Koh CH. Commercial Air Travel for Passengers With Cardiovascular Disease: Stressors of Flight and Aeromedical Impact. Curr Probl Cardiol 2020; 46:100746. [PMID: 33213942 PMCID: PMC8514285 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The exponential growth of commercial flights has resulted in a sharp rise of air travellers over the last 2 decades, including passengers with a wide range of cardiovascular conditions. Notwithstanding the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic that had set back the aviation industry for the next 1 to 2 years, air travel is expected to rebound fully by 2023-2024. Guidelines and evidence-based recommendations for safe air travel in this group vary, and physicians often encounter situations where opinions and assessments on fitness for flights are sought. This article aims to provide an overview of the stressors of commercial passenger flights with an impact on cardiovascular health for the general cardiologist and family practitioner, when assessing the suitability of such patients for flying fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Choong Hou Koh
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; Duke-NUS School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Changi Aviation Medical Centre, Changi General Hospital, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schwartz Y, Wasserlauf J, Sahakian AV, Knight B. Inappropriate activation of pacemaker magnet response mode by CPAP masks. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2019; 42:1158-1161. [DOI: 10.1111/pace.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Schwartz
- Department of Internal MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois
| | - Jeremiah Wasserlauf
- Division of CardiologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois
| | - Alan V. Sahakian
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorthwestern University Chicago Illinois
| | - Bradley Knight
- Division of CardiologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moraes AP, Silva EJ, Lamas CC, Portugal PH, Neves AA. Influence of electronic apex locators and a gutta-percha heating device on implanted cardiac devices: an in vivo study. Int Endod J 2015; 49:526-32. [PMID: 26105663 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the potential for electromagnetic interference (EMI) of electronic apex locators (EALs) and a gutta-percha heating device (HD) in patients with implantable cardiac pacemakers (ICPs) or cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). METHODOLOGY Two types of EALs (Romiapex A-15 and Novapex) and a HD (Touch'n Heat) were tested in patients followed in an outpatient clinic for cardiac arrhythmias. The heart rhythm was monitored on a computer screen during all experimental phases. After baseline data collection, the patient held each appliance (turned on) for 30 s, simulating their clinical use. If background noise was detected on the cardiac monitor, the sensitivity of the ICP/ICD was lowered by the cardiologist to evaluate the intensity of the detected EMI. RESULTS Twelve patients were evaluated (5 female and 7 male), and in nine instances, background noise in their cardiac devices related to the use of the endodontic devices was detected (6 patients). After lowering the sensitivity of the cardiac implants, three patients had more severe EMI in six instances, including pauses in ICP function. The presence of a symptomatic or asymptomatic pause was related to the patient's underlying heart rhythm. The HD device produced background noise more often compared to EALs. These were associated with more severe types of EMI. CONCLUSION The EALs and gutta-percha HD were capable of causing background noise detection or pauses in cardiac implants in vivo. The use of electronic dental devices nearby patients with cardiac implants should be carefully considered in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P Moraes
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - E J Silva
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - C C Lamas
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P H Portugal
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A A Neves
- Departamento de Odontopediatria e Ortodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Elayi CS, Lusher S, Meeks Nyquist JL, Darrat Y, Morales GX, Miller CS. Interference between dental electrical devices and pacemakers or defibrillators: results from a prospective clinical study. J Am Dent Assoc 2015; 146:121-8. [PMID: 25637210 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors aimed to determine whether electrical dental devices would interfere with the function of cardiac pacemakers or implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) in humans. METHODS The authors exposed asymptomatic nonpacemaker-dependent patients to commonly used electrical dental equipment (for example, battery-operated curing lights, ultrasonic baths, ultrasonic scalers, electric pulp testers, and electric toothbrushes) in an outpatient cardiology clinic. The authors operated dental devices at various distances and programmed cardiac devices to sense and pace. The authors obtained cardiac tracings using a cardiac programming unit and a cardiac provider who noted any interference interpreted the results in real time. RESULTS The authors enrolled 32 consecutive patients and tested 12 pacemakers and 20 ICDs. They did not observe any significant clinical interference in sensing and pacing functions in any patient; however, they noted minor interference without clinical impact in the telemetry from the cardiac programming unit during use of the ultrasonic scaler and bath. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this prospective study suggest that electrical devices commonly used in dental practices do not interfere with the sensing and pacing of contemporary cardiac patients' pacemakers or ICDs. However, they do interfere with the telemetry from the cardiac programming unit, without any clinical impact on patient safety. These findings should help in the development of clinical guidelines regarding dental management of patients with pacemakers or ICDs. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Electrical dental devices (for example, ultrasonic baths, ultrasonic scalers) induced minor interference with programmers that interrogate cardiac devices implanted in patients; however, overall, dental devices do not appear to interfere with pacemakers' and defibrillators' pacing and sensing function.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kozik TM, Chien G, Connolly TF, Grewal GS, Liang D, Chien W. iPad2(R) use in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators causes electromagnetic interference: the EMIT Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e000746. [PMID: 24721802 PMCID: PMC4187492 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Over 140 million iPads® have been sold worldwide. The iPad2®, with magnets embedded in its frame and Smart Cover and 3G cellular data capability, can potentially cause electromagnetic interference in implantable cardioverter defibrillators. This can lead to potentially life‐threatening situations in patients. The goal of this study was to determine whether the iPad2® can cause electromagnetic interference in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Methods and Results Twenty‐seven patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators were studied. The iPad2® was held at reading distance and placed directly over the device with cellular data capability activated and deactivated. The manufacturers/models of devices and the patients' body mass index were noted. The presence of electromagnetic interference was detected by using a programmer supplied by each manufacturer. Magnet mode with suspension of anti‐tachycardia therapy was triggered in 9 (33%) patients. All occurred when the iPad2® was placed directly over the device. The cellular data status did not cause interference and no noise or oversensing was noted. There was no significant difference between the mean body mass index of the groups with or without interference. Conclusions The iPad2® can trigger magnet mode in implantable cardioverter defibrillators when laid directly over the device. This is potentially dangerous if patients should develop life‐threatening arrhythmias at the same time. As new electronic products that use magnets are produced, the potential risk to patients with implantable defibrillators needs to be addressed.
Collapse
|
11
|
Obtaining rapid and effective hemostasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 69:677.e1-677.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
12
|
Maiorana C, Grossi GB, Garramone RA, Manfredini R, Santoro F. Do ultrasonic dental scalers interfere with implantable cardioverter defibrillators? An in vivo investigation. J Dent 2013; 41:955-9. [PMID: 23948395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the in vivo effects of an ultrasonic dental scaler on various implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) models. METHODS 12 consecutive patients with ICDs had continuous both electrocardiogram monitoring and device interrogation to detect interferences during the use of an ultrasonic dental scaler. RESULTS No interferences were detected by any ICD. Evaluation of the electrocardiograms for each patient failed to show any abnormalities in pacing during testing. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that the routinary clinic use of piezoelectric dental scalers do not interfere with the functioning of any of the tested ICDs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Ultrasonic dental scalers have been suspected of electromagnetic interference (EMI) with the normal functioning of ICDs and the use of this type of equipment for patients with these devices has been controversial. This is the first in vivo study to investigate EMI of ICD activity during the operation with ultrasonic dental scaler.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Maiorana
- School of Oral Surgery, Dental Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cardiac rhythm management devices and electroconvulsive therapy: a critical review apropos of a depressed patient with a pacemaker. J ECT 2011; 27:214-20. [PMID: 21206373 DOI: 10.1097/yct.0b013e31820057b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment and, with the proper risk-minimizing strategies, is relatively safe even in depressed patients with cardiovascular diseases. Specifically, patients with cardiac rhythm management devices (CRMDs) require particular attention because no controlled trials exist to support current empirical recommendations. We present a depressed patient with a pacemaker successfully treated with ECT, and we critically review the relevant literature. Pooled results from 63 patients and 821 ECT sessions showed that 90% of ECT sessions have been performed on depressed patients with their pacemakers in sensing mode and rate adaptation, where available, activated as well. Only 4% of sessions were performed with those functions disabled, whereas no data was available for 6% of ECT sessions. Pooled results from case series and reports highlight a discrepancy between current clinical practice and many guidelines. Electroconvulsive therapy is probably safe in depressed patients with asynchronous fixed-rate pacemakers, although there is a risk of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. A larger body of case series and reports suggests that there might be no need to convert synchronous demand pacemakers to asynchronous fixed-rate pacing. Regarding patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators, antitachycardia treatment was deactivated during most ECT sessions. In depressed patients with CRMDs anticholinergics might be best avoided. In all cases, proper ECT procedures, namely, patient and pacemaker electrical isolation, strict grounding and adequate muscle relaxation along with interrogation and monitoring of CRMDs before and after each session should ensure uncomplicated electroconvulsive treatments.
Collapse
|
14
|
Evaluation of the Cadi ThermoSENSOR wireless skin-contact thermometer against ear and axillary temperatures in children. J Pediatr Nurs 2010; 25:176-86. [PMID: 20430278 PMCID: PMC7127543 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 11/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Cadi ThermoSENSOR skin-contact thermometer measures body temperature continuously and transmits readings wirelessly to a central server. This study evaluated the ThermoSENSOR against ear temperatures (ETs) measured by a Braun ThermoScan ear thermometer and axillary temperatures (ATs) measured by a Terumo digital clinical thermometer. The test participants consisted of 109 children aged 6 months to 16 years from a pediatric ward. The sensor was attached to the lower abdomen at least 15 minutes before the first measurement. ET, AT, and ThermoSENSOR temperatures (TTs) were recorded up to three times at the usual measurement times. The TTs differed from ETs by -0.23 degrees C +/- 0.47 degrees C (mean +/- standard deviation, n = 271) and from ATs by +0.21 degrees C +/- 0.46 degrees C (n = 270). The ETs differed from ATs by +0.43 degrees C +/- 0.42 degrees C (n = 315). These results suggest that the TTs were comparable to the ETs and ATs.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy has potent cardiovascular effects, which may pose a challenge in treating patients with preexisting cardiac disease. Although it is well studied in the treatment of refractory depression, there are still pitfalls to overcome when treating those with comorbid cardiovascular disease. The synergistic effects of depression and cardiovascular disease in affecting the morbidity and mortality of patients make treatment a significant issue. The authors discuss 3 elderly patients treated for major depression, all of whom previously had implantable cardioverter-defibrillators placed. All 3 patients were effectively treated, with no major adverse effects. The cases illustrate how taking the appropriate preventative measures allow even the most medically challenging patient to undergo effective treatment and highlight the debate surrounding the intraoperative management of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator devices.
Collapse
|
16
|
Souques M. Power lines and implantable rhythm devices. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2009; 7:222; author reply 223. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.7.3.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
17
|
Dyrda K, Khairy P. Power lines and implantable rhythm devices: a reply. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2009. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.7.3.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|