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Yuan L, Li F, Zhou Y, Sun R, Gao G, Zhang Q, Tang Y, Dai L, Wu J, Ma J. Fasting Glucose of 6.1 mmol/L as a Possible Optimal Target for Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Insulin Glargine: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:5524313. [PMID: 34337072 PMCID: PMC8294995 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5524313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To observe whether different insulin glargine titration algorithms based on fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels lead to different glycaemic variations (GVs) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients, a prospective, randomized, single-centre, comparative, three-arm parallel-group, open-label, treat-to-target, 24-week study was performed. A total of 71 uncontrolled T2D patients were recruited and randomized 1 : 3 : 3 into Groups 1, 2, and 3 (insulin titration goals of FBG ≤ 5.6, ≤6.1, and ≤7.0) for this study. The initiated insulin glargine dose was recommended at 0.2 U/kg/day and was then titrated following the FBG target. Patients were subjected to two 3-day continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) at baseline and the endpoint, wherein the CGM data were analysed, and the study's primary endpoint was the difference in 24 hrs mean amplitude of glycaemic excursion (MAGE) among the three groups. We observed that patients in the three groups had similar MAGE levels at the endpoint; however, Group 2 achieved a significant decrease in the MAGE level from baseline to the endpoint as compared to Groups 1 and 3 (all p < 0.05). We also observed that these patients had significant glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) value improvements as compared to the other two groups (all p < 0.05). Therefore, choosing an FBG level of 6.1 mmol/L as an insulin titration target provided significant GVs and HbA1c value improvements in T2D patients. Moreover, our data indicated that an FBG of 6.1 mmol/L could possibly be an insulin glargine titration target in T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengfei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Huaian, Huaian, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gu Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajuan Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Dai
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jindan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhua Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Brandt SJ, Mayer JP, Ford J, Gelfanov VM, DiMarchi RD. Controlled intramolecular antagonism as a regulator of insulin receptor maximal activity. Peptides 2018; 100:18-23. [PMID: 29412818 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes the risk of a fatal insulin overdose is a persistent fear to most patients. In order to potentially reduce the risk of overdose, we report the design, synthesis, and biochemical characterization of a set of insulin analogs designed to be fractionally reduced in maximal agonism at the insulin receptor isoforms. These analogs consist of native insulin that is site-specifically conjugated to a peptide-based insulin receptor antagonist. The structural refinement of the antagonist once conjugated to insulin provided a set of partial agonists exhibiting between 25 and 70% of the maximal agonism of native insulin at the two insulin receptor isoforms, with only slight differences in inherent potency. These rationally-designed partial agonists provide an approach to interrogate whether control of maximal activity can provide glycemic control with reduced hypoglycemic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Brandt
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center D-85748 Munich, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - John P Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - James Ford
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Vasily M Gelfanov
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States; Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46241, United States
| | - Richard D DiMarchi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States; Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46241, United States.
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