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Moon CM, Kim SW, Ahn JB, Ma HW, Che X, Kim TI, Kim WH, Cheon JH. Deep Resequencing of Ulcerative Colitis-Associated Genes Identifies Novel Variants in Candidate Genes in the Korean Population. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:1706-1717. [PMID: 29733354 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies and meta-analyses have revealed the genetic background of ulcerative colitis (UC) by identifying common variants. However, these variants do not fully explain the disease variance in UC. To identify novel variants, we performed deep resequencing of UC-associated genes in Korean UC patients and subsequently investigated the functional roles of identified susceptibility genes. METHODS We performed targeted deep resequencing of 108 genes in 24 Korean UC patients and then performed association analysis with data from 126 healthy controls. We validated these variants using 2-stage replication studies including 793 UC patients and 783 controls. We performed in silico and pathway analyses and functional analyses. RESULTS The combined analysis including 2 replication studies identified 6 novel susceptibility loci and reconfirmed 10 previously reported loci. Among the novel single nucleotide variants (SNVs), rs10035653 in C5orf55 (P = 2.08 × 10-3; OR = 1.50), rs41417449 in BTNL2 (P = 1.27 × 10-2; OR = 1.32), rs3117099 in HCG23 (P = 9.98 × 10-6; OR = 1.40), rs7192 in HLA-DRA (P = 6.95 × 10-9; OR = 1.57), and rs3744246 in ORMDL3 (P = 2.21 × 10-2; OR = 1.21) were identified as causal variants, whereas rs713669 in IL17REL (P = 2.69 × 10-2; OR = 0.84) as a protective variant for UC. When correcting multiple testing, 3 novel SNVs (rs41417449 in BTNL2, rs3744246 in ORMDL3, and rs713669 in IL17REL) and 4 previously reported SNVs did not reach a statistical significance. Functional study suggested that SNVs of BTNL2 and C5orf55 exacerbated the inflammatory response both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS This study identified 3 novel susceptibility loci and validated 6 previously reported SNVs for UC through deep resequencing in Koreans and revealed the functional roles of BTNL2 and C5orf55.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Mo Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Bum Ahn
- Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiumei Che
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Il Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Cheon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Konya V, Czarnewski P, Forkel M, Rao A, Kokkinou E, Villablanca EJ, Almer S, Lindforss U, Friberg D, Höög C, Bergman P, Mjösberg J. Vitamin D downregulates the IL-23 receptor pathway in human mucosal group 3 innate lymphoid cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:279-292. [PMID: 28433688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The IL-23-driven tissue-resident group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) play essential roles in intestinal immunity, and targeting IL-23/12 is a promising approach in IBD therapy. OBJECTIVE We set out to define the role of 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25D) in regulating functional responses of human mucosal ILC3s to IL-23 plus IL-1β stimulation. METHODS Transcriptomes of sorted tonsillar ILC3s were assessed by using microarray analysis. ILC3 cytokine production, proliferation, and differentiation were determined by means of flow cytometry, ELISA, and multiplex immunoassay. Intestinal cell suspensions and ILC3s sorted from gut biopsy specimens of patients with IBD were also analyzed along with plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25D) detection. RESULTS ILC3s stimulated with IL-23 plus IL-1β upregulated the vitamin D receptor and responded to 1,25D with downregulation of the IL-23 receptor pathway. Consequently, 1,25D suppressed IL-22, IL-17F, and GM-CSF production from tonsillar and gut ILC3s. In parallel, 1,25D upregulated genes linked to the IL-1β signaling pathway, as well as the IL-1β-inducible cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α/β. The 1,25D-triggered skewing in ILC3 function was not accompanied or caused by changes in viability, proliferation, or phenotype. Finally, we confirmed low 25D plasma levels in patients with IBD with active inflammation. CONCLUSION In light of the beneficial targeting of IL-23/12 in patients with IBD, 1,25D appears as an interesting therapeutic agent that inhibits the IL-23 receptor pathway, providing a novel mechanism for how ILC3s could be manipulated to regulate intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Konya
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Paulo Czarnewski
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Forkel
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Rao
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Efthymia Kokkinou
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sven Almer
- Center for Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrik Lindforss
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danielle Friberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Höög
- Unit for Inflammation, Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, 200 genetic risk loci have been identified for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although these findings have significantly advanced our insight into IBD biology, there has been little progress in translating this knowledge toward clinical practice, like more cost-efficient drug development. Our aim was to use genetic knowledge to identify drugs that warrant further investigation in IBD treatment. METHODS We hypothesized that proteins encoded by IBD candidate genes are potential IBD drug targets because genetic information can increase successful drug identification. We identified drugs that target the proteins encoded by IBD candidate genes using the DrugBank. We included proteins that are in direct protein-protein interaction with proteins encoded by IBD risk genes. Promising potential IBD drugs were selected based on a manual literature search of all identified drugs (PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov). RESULTS We have identified 113 drugs that could potentially be used in IBD treatment. Fourteen are known IBD drugs, 48 drugs have been, or are being investigated in IBD, 19 are being used or being investigated in other inflammatory disorders treatment, and 32 are investigational new drugs that have not yet been registered for clinical use. CONCLUSIONS We confirm that proteins encoded by IBD candidate genes are targeted by approved IBD therapies. Furthermore, we show that Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs could possibly be repositioned for IBD treatment. We also identify investigational new drugs that warrant further investigation for IBD treatment. Incorporating this process in IBD drug development will improve the utilization of genetic data and could lead to the improvement of IBD treatment.
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Visschedijk MC, Alberts R, Mucha S, Deelen P, de Jong DJ, Pierik M, Spekhorst LM, Imhann F, van der Meulen-de Jong AE, van der Woude CJ, van Bodegraven AA, Oldenburg B, Löwenberg M, Dijkstra G, Ellinghaus D, Schreiber S, Wijmenga C, Rivas MA, Franke A, van Diemen CC, Weersma RK. Pooled Resequencing of 122 Ulcerative Colitis Genes in a Large Dutch Cohort Suggests Population-Specific Associations of Rare Variants in MUC2. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159609. [PMID: 27490946 PMCID: PMC4973970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have revealed several common genetic risk variants for ulcerative colitis (UC). However, little is known about the contribution of rare, large effect genetic variants to UC susceptibility. In this study, we performed a deep targeted re-sequencing of 122 genes in Dutch UC patients in order to investigate the contribution of rare variants to the genetic susceptibility to UC. The selection of genes consists of 111 established human UC susceptibility genes and 11 genes that lead to spontaneous colitis when knocked-out in mice. In addition, we sequenced the promoter regions of 45 genes where known variants exert cis-eQTL-effects. Targeted pooled re-sequencing was performed on DNA of 790 Dutch UC cases. The Genome of the Netherlands project provided sequence data of 500 healthy controls. After quality control and prioritization based on allele frequency and pathogenicity probability, follow-up genotyping of 171 rare variants was performed on 1021 Dutch UC cases and 1166 Dutch controls. Single-variant association and gene-based analyses identified an association of rare variants in the MUC2 gene with UC. The associated variants in the Dutch population could not be replicated in a German replication cohort (1026 UC cases, 3532 controls). In conclusion, this study has identified a putative role for MUC2 on UC susceptibility in the Dutch population and suggests a population-specific contribution of rare variants to UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn C. Visschedijk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi Alberts
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Soren Mucha
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Patrick Deelen
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. de Jong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Pierik
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke M. Spekhorst
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Imhann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - C. Janneke van der Woude
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A. van Bodegraven
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Centre, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Oldenburg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Löwenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Manuel A. Rivas
- Centre for the Study of IBD (SCIBD) Genetics, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Cleo C. van Diemen
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rinse K. Weersma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Yamamoto-Furusho JK, Posadas-Sánchez R, Alvarez-León E, Vargas-Alarcón G. Protective role of Interleukin 27 (IL-27) gene polymorphisms in patients with ulcerative colitis. Immunol Lett 2016; 172:79-83. [PMID: 26905929 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic condition of unknown etiology and a polygenic disease. The interleukin 27 (IL-27) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases including inflammatory bowel disease. Several polymorphisms of IL-27 have been associated with several types of cancer and immune disorders. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between IL-27 gene polymorphisms and the development of UC. Four polymorphisms of IL-27p28 gene (rs181206, rs26528, rs17855750, and rs40837) and three of the Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) (rs428253, rs4740, and rs4905) were genotyped by 5' exonuclease TaqMan genotyping assays on an ABI Prism 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR System in 375 Mexican patients with UC and 1599 Mexican Mestizo healthy unrelated individuals. IL-27 levels were determined in 458 healthy controls. Under recessive model adjusted by age and gender, the IL-27p28 rs17855750 polymorphism was associated with decreased risk of developing UC (OR=0.27, 95% CI: 0.06-1.13, P=0.031). On the other hand, under recessive models adjusted by age and gender, the EBI3 rs428253 (OR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.29-0.99, P=0.035), rs4740 (OR=0.60, 95% CI: 0.36-1.01, P=0.046) and rs4905 (OR=0.59, 95% CI: 0.35-1.01, P=0.043) were associated with decreased risk of developing UC. Similar levels of IL-27 were observed among the genotypes of the studied polymorphisms. IL-27 polymorphisms might play a protective role for the development of UC in the Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús K Yamamoto-Furusho
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic, Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | - Edith Alvarez-León
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Gurram B, Salzman NH, Kaldunski ML, Jia S, Li BUK, Stephens M, Sood MR, Hessner MJ. Plasma-induced signatures reveal an extracellular milieu possessing an immunoregulatory bias in treatment-naive paediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 184:36-49. [PMID: 26660358 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory state associated with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) remains incompletely defined. To understand more clearly the extracellular milieu associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we employed a bioassay whereby plasma of treatment naive paediatric IBD patients (n = 22 CD, n = 15 UC) and unrelated healthy controls (uHC, n = 10) were used to induce transcriptional responses in a healthy leucocyte population. After culture, gene expression was measured comprehensively with microarrays and analysed. Relative to uHC, plasma of CD and UC patients induced distinct responses consisting, respectively, of 985 and 895 regulated transcripts [|log2 ratio| ≥ 0·5 (1·4-fold); false discovery rates (FDR) ≤ 0·01]. The CD:uHC and UC:uHC signatures shared a non-random, commonly regulated, intersection of 656 transcripts (χ(2) = P < 0·001) and were highly correlative [Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0·96, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.96, 0.97]. Despite sharing common genetic susceptibility loci, the IBD signature correlated negatively with that driven by plasma of type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients (Pearson's correlation coefficient = -0·51). Ontological analyses revealed the presence of an immunoregulatory plasma milieu in IBD, as transcripts for cytokines/chemokines, receptors and signalling molecules consistent with immune activation were under-expressed relative to uHC and T1D plasma. Multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and receptor blockade studies confirmed transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-10 as contributors to the IBD signature. Analysis of CD patient signatures detected a subset of transcripts associated with responsiveness to 6-mercaptopurine treatment. Through plasma-induced signature analysis, we have defined a unique, partially TGF-β/IL-10-dependent immunoregulatory signature associated with IBD that may prove useful in predicting therapeutic responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gurram
- Department of Pediatrics, the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - N H Salzman
- Department of Pediatrics, the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - M L Kaldunski
- Department of Pediatrics, the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,The Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - S Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,The Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - B U K Li
- Department of Pediatrics, the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - M Stephens
- Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M R Sood
- Department of Pediatrics, the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - M J Hessner
- Department of Pediatrics, the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,The Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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Abstract
Genetic factors play a significant role in determining inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) susceptibility. Epidemiologic data support genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of IBD, which include familial aggregation, twin studies, and racial and ethnic differences in disease prevalence. Recently, several new genes have been identified to be involved in the genetic susceptibility to IBD. The characterization of novel genes potentially will lead to the identification of therapeutic agents and clinical assessment of phenotype and prognosis in patients with IBD. The development of genetic markers associated with clinical outcomes in patients with IBD will be very important in the future. The progress of molecular biology tools (microarrays, proteomics, and epigenetics) have progressed the field of the genetic markers discovery. The advances in bioinformatics coupled with cross-disciplinary collaborations have greatly enhanced our ability to retrieve, characterize, and analyze large amounts of data generated by the technological advances. The techniques available for markers development are genomics (single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping, pharmacogenetics, and gene expression analyses) and proteomics. This could be a potential great benefit in predicting the course of disease in individual patients and in guiding appropriate medical therapy.
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Forsthuber TG, Radstake TRDJ. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 10-year anniversary issue. Foreword. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:1-3. [PMID: 25534976 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.997215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Forsthuber
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The etiology of the inflammatory bowel diseases is unknown, although genetic factors play a role, and tobacco smoking has opposite effect on the two entities. Inflammation is central in the pathogenesis, and treatment is aiming to suppress it. The active part of salazopyrin, the oldest drug in use in the treatment of ulcerative colitis, is 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA). In the present paper, we wanted to discuss the etiology and pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis in relation to the beneficial effects of 5-ASA and particularly whether this compound has a specific effect on ulcerative colitis. METHODS/RESULTS 5-ASA seems to have a selective positive effect on ulcerative colitis in inducing remission, preventing relapse and possibly reducing the risk of cancer. In contrast to other agents used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis, 5-ASA does not have any known anti-inflammatory effect on other organs or other colonic inflammatory diseases like diverticulitis. Moreover, the effect on experimental colitis in rodents is not convincing. CONCLUSION 5-ASA seems to have a specific effect on the inflammation in ulcerative colitis. Research on the mechanism of its action may give information on the etiology of ulcerative colitis. 5-ASA is a first-line treatment that should be given once daily in high doses and for long term to reduce the possibility of recurrence and risk of colonic cancer. Side effects with 5-ASA are rare, and every patient with ulcerative colitis who tolerate this drug, should be treated with 5-ASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Hauso
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
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10
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Jiang W, Li X. Molecular Analysis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Clinically Useful Tools for Diagnosis, Response Prediction, and Monitoring of Targeted Therapy. Mol Diagn Ther 2015; 19:141-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-015-0142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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