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Dervenis N, Dervenis P, Agorogiannis E. Neovascular age-related macular degeneration: disease pathogenesis and current state of molecular biomarkers predicting treatment response-a scoping review. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2024; 9:e001516. [PMID: 38341189 PMCID: PMC10862285 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration is a major cause of blindness, and the development of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) intravitreal treatments has revolutionised the management of the disease. At the same time, new challenges and unmet needs arose due to the limitations of the current therapeutic options. Neovascularisation development during the course of the disease has a complex pathogenetic mechanism, and several biomarkers and their association with treatment outcomes have been investigated. We reviewed the relevant literature about neovascularisation development and biomarkers related to response to treatment. Improving our knowledge on the field can improve patient outcomes and offer personalised care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Dervenis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Wooff Y, Cioanca AV, Wills E, Chu-Tan JA, Sekar R, Natoli R. Short exposure to photo-oxidative damage triggers molecular signals indicative of early retinal degeneration. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1088654. [PMID: 37180103 PMCID: PMC10174249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1088654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world, currently affecting over 350 billion people globally. For the most prevalent late-stage form of this disease, atrophic AMD, there are no available prevention strategies or treatments, in part due to inherent difficulties in early-stage diagnosis. Photo-oxidative damage is a well-established model for studying inflammatory and cell death features that occur in late-stage atrophic AMD, however to date has not been investigated as a potential model for studying early features of disease onset. Therefore, in this study we aimed to determine if short exposure to photo-oxidative damage could be used to induce early retinal molecular changes and advance this as a potential model for studying early-stage AMD. Methods C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 1, 3, 6, 12, or 24h photo-oxidative damage (PD) using 100k lux bright white light. Mice were compared to dim-reared (DR) healthy controls as well as mice which had undergone long periods of photo-oxidative damage (3d and 5d-PD) as known timepoints for inducing late-stage retinal degeneration pathologies. Cell death and retinal inflammation were measured using immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. To identify retinal molecular changes, retinal lysates were sent for RNA sequencing, following which bioinformatics analyses including differential expression and pathway analyses were performed. Finally, to investigate modulations in gene regulation as a consequence of degeneration, microRNA (miRNA) expression patterns were quantified using qRT-PCR and visualized using in situ hybridization. Results Short exposure to photo-oxidative damage (1-24h-PD) induced early molecular changes in the retina, with progressive downregulation of homeostatic pathways including metabolism, transport and phototransduction observed across this time-course. Inflammatory pathway upregulation was observed from 3h-PD, preceding observable levels of microglia/macrophage activation which was noted from 6h-PD, as well as significant photoreceptor row loss from 24h-PD. Further rapid and dynamic movement of inflammatory regulator miRNA, miR-124-3p and miR-155-5p, was visualized in the retina in response to degeneration. Conclusion These results support the use of short exposure to photo-oxidative damage as a model of early AMD and suggest that early inflammatory changes in the retina may contribute to pathological features of AMD progression including immune cell activation and photoreceptor cell death. We suggest that early intervention of these inflammatory pathways by targeting miRNA such as miR-124-3p and miR-155-5p or their target genes may prevent progression into late-stage pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Wooff
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Adrian V. Cioanca
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Elly Wills
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Joshua A. Chu-Tan
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Rakshanya Sekar
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
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Hegde KR, Puche AC, Szmacinski H, Fuller K, Ray K, Patel N, Lengyel I, Thompson RB. Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of Human Sub-RPE Calcification In Vitro Following Chlortetracycline Infusion. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6421. [PMID: 37047392 PMCID: PMC10094693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown that all sub-retinal pigment epithelial (sub-RPE) deposits examined contain calcium phosphate minerals: hydroxyapatite (HAP), whitlockite (Wht), or both. These typically take the form of ca. 1 μm diameter spherules or >10 μm nodules and appear to be involved in the development and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Thus, these minerals may serve as useful biomarkers the for early detection and monitoring of sub-RPE changes in AMD. We demonstrated that HAP deposits could be imaged in vitro by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) in flat-mounted retinas using legacy tetracycline antibiotics as selective sensors for HAP. As the contrast on a FLIM image is based on the difference in fluorescence lifetime and not intensity of the tetracycline-stained HAP, distinguishing tissue autofluorescence from the background is significantly improved. The focus of the present pilot study was to assess whether vascular perfusion of the well tolerated and characterized chlortetracycline (widely used as an orally bioavailable antibiotic) can fluorescently label retinal HAP using human cadavers. We found that the tetracycline delivered through the peripheral circulation can indeed selectively label sub-RPE deposits opening the possibility for its use for ophthalmic monitoring of a range of diseases in which deposit formation is reported, such as AMD and Alzheimer disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita R. Hegde
- Department of Natural Sciences, Coppin State University, Baltimore, MD 21216, USA
| | - Adam C. Puche
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Henryk Szmacinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kristina Fuller
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Institute for Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nikita Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Imre Lengyel
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Richard B. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Stradiotto E, Allegrini D, Fossati G, Raimondi R, Sorrentino T, Tripepi D, Barone G, Inforzato A, Romano MR. Genetic Aspects of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Their Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13280. [PMID: 36362067 PMCID: PMC9653831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex and multifactorial disease, resulting from the interaction of environmental and genetic factors. The continuous discovery of associations between genetic polymorphisms and AMD gives reason for the pivotal role attributed to the genetic component to its development. In that light, genetic tests and polygenic scores have been created to predict the risk of development and response to therapy. Still, none of them have yet been validated. Furthermore, there is no evidence from a clinical trial that the determination of the individual genetic structure can improve treatment outcomes. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the polymorphisms of the main pathogenetic ways involved in AMD development to identify which of them constitutes a potential therapeutic target. As complement overactivation plays a major role, the modulation of targeted complement proteins seems to be a promising therapeutic approach. Herein, we summarize the complement-modulating molecules now undergoing clinical trials, enlightening those in an advanced phase of trial. Gene therapy is a potential innovative one-time treatment, and its relevance is quickly evolving in the field of retinal diseases. We describe the state of the art of gene therapies now undergoing clinical trials both in the field of complement-suppressors and that of anti-VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Stradiotto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Unit Humanitas Gavazzeni-Castelli, Via Mazzini 11, 24128 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Davide Allegrini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Unit Humanitas Gavazzeni-Castelli, Via Mazzini 11, 24128 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fossati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Unit Humanitas Gavazzeni-Castelli, Via Mazzini 11, 24128 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Raffaele Raimondi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Unit Humanitas Gavazzeni-Castelli, Via Mazzini 11, 24128 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Tania Sorrentino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Unit Humanitas Gavazzeni-Castelli, Via Mazzini 11, 24128 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Domenico Tripepi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Unit Humanitas Gavazzeni-Castelli, Via Mazzini 11, 24128 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Gianmaria Barone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Unit Humanitas Gavazzeni-Castelli, Via Mazzini 11, 24128 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Antonio Inforzato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano-Milan, Italy
| | - Mario R. Romano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Unit Humanitas Gavazzeni-Castelli, Via Mazzini 11, 24128 Bergamo, Italy
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Sigalingging T, Perdamaian ABI, Romdhoniyyah DF, Prayogo ME, Wardhana FS, Widayanti TW, Sasongko MB, Agni AN, Oka C, Supanji S. rs10737680 polymorphism in complement factor H and neovascular age-related macular degeneration in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. MEDICAL HYPOTHESIS, DISCOVERY & INNOVATION OPHTHALMOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 11:71-76. [PMID: 37641789 PMCID: PMC10445304 DOI: 10.51329/mehdiophthal1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is one of the main causes of blindness in developed countries. Complement factor H (CFH) is one of the genes involved in the pathogenesis of nAMD. This study investigated the rs10737680 polymorphism in CFH and its conferred susceptibility to nAMD in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Methods This case-control hospital-based study recruited participants consisting of 96 patients with nAMD and 101 controls without nAMD from the Eye Polyclinic of Sardjito Hospital, YAP Eye Hospital, and Hardjolukito Hospital Yogyakarta. nAMD was diagnosed when fundus examination, fundus photographs, and optical coherence tomography revealed hard or soft drusen in the macular area measuring > 63 µm that appeared below the retinal pigment epithelium, with or without macular hypo- or hyperpigmentation, and was accompanied by choroidal neovascularization. Genomic DNA was extracted using a commercial DNA isolation kit. The restriction fragment length polymorphism technique was used to identify the rs10737680 polymorphism in CFH. Results The mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of the nAMD group was not homogeneous with that of the control group (P < 0.05); 65.41 (9.74) years versus 68.24 (7.82) years. The number of patients with hypertension in the nAMD group was significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). In the nAMD group, the genotype distribution indicated homozygous risk allele in 34.38%, heterozygous risk allele in 57.29%, and homozygous non-risk allele in 8.33%. In the control group, the genotype distribution indicated homozygous risk allele in 21.78%, heterozygous risk allele in 36.63%, and homozygous non-risk allele in 41.58%. Statistical analysis between the two study groups according to homozygous risk allele genotype (odds ratio [OR], 7.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.88-22.79) and heterozygous genotype (OR, 7.80; 95% CI, 3.11-21.19) showed a significant difference (both P < 0.01). Conclusions Homozygous risk allele was less frequent than heterogeneous risk allele in patients with nAMD; however, both increased the risk for nAMD. Although the homozygous or heterozygous risk-alleles were detected in most patients, yet other important genetic or environmental factors could be involved in the pathogenesis of nAMD. Overall, we found a significant association between rs10737680 polymorphism in CFH and the susceptibility to nAMD in Yogyakarta, Indonesia; however, future studies are needed to fully delineate the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talenta Sigalingging
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada-Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ayudha Bahana Ilham Perdamaian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada-Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Fathin Romdhoniyyah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada-Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Eko Prayogo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada-Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Dr. YAP Eye Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Firman Setya Wardhana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada-Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Dr. YAP Eye Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tri Wahyu Widayanti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada-Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Dr. YAP Eye Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Bayu Sasongko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada-Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Dr. YAP Eye Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Angela Nurini Agni
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada-Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Dr. YAP Eye Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Chio Oka
- Laboratory of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Supanji Supanji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada-Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Military Air Force Central Hospital Dr. Suhardi Hardjolukito, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Dr. YAP Eye Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Shughoury A, Sevgi DD, Ciulla TA. Molecular Genetic Mechanisms in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071233. [PMID: 35886016 PMCID: PMC9316037 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is among the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. In addition to environmental risk factors, such as tobacco use and diet, genetic background has long been established as a major risk factor for the development of AMD. However, our ability to predict disease risk and personalize treatment remains limited by our nascent understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying AMD pathogenesis. Research into the molecular genetics of AMD over the past two decades has uncovered 52 independent gene variants and 34 independent loci that are implicated in the development of AMD, accounting for over half of the genetic risk. This research has helped delineate at least five major pathways that may be disrupted in the pathogenesis of AMD: the complement system, extracellular matrix remodeling, lipid metabolism, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress response. This review surveys our current understanding of each of these disease mechanisms, in turn, along with their associated pathogenic gene variants. Continued research into the molecular genetics of AMD holds great promise for the development of precision-targeted, personalized therapies that bring us closer to a cure for this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aumer Shughoury
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Duriye Damla Sevgi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Thomas A Ciulla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Clearside Biomedical, Inc., Alpharetta, GA 30005, USA
- Midwest Eye Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46290, USA
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Ebeling MC, Fisher CR, Kapphahn RJ, Stahl MR, Shen S, Qu J, Montezuma SR, Ferrington DA. Inflammasome Activation in Retinal Pigment Epithelium from Human Donors with Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Cells 2022; 11:2075. [PMID: 35805159 PMCID: PMC9265516 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness in the elderly, is characterized by the death of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors. One of the risk factors associated with developing AMD is the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) found within the gene encoding complement factor H (CFH). Part of the innate immune system, CFH inhibits alternative complement pathway activation. Multi-protein complexes called inflammasomes also play a role in the innate immune response. Previous studies reported that inflammasome activation may contribute to AMD pathology. In this study, we used primary human adult RPE cell cultures from multiple donors, with and without AMD, that were genotyped for the Y402H CFH risk allele. We found complement and inflammasome-related genes and proteins at basal levels in RPE tissue and cell cultures. Additionally, treatment with rotenone, bafilomycin A, and ATP led to inflammasome activation. Overall, the response to priming and activation was similar, irrespective of disease state or CFH genotype. While these data show that the inflammasome is present and active in RPE, our results suggest that inflammasome activation may not contribute to early AMD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara C. Ebeling
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (C.R.F.); (R.J.K.); (M.R.S.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Cody R. Fisher
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (C.R.F.); (R.J.K.); (M.R.S.); (S.R.M.)
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (C.R.F.); (R.J.K.); (M.R.S.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Madilyn R. Stahl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (C.R.F.); (R.J.K.); (M.R.S.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Shichen Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (S.S.); (J.Q.)
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (S.S.); (J.Q.)
| | - Sandra R. Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (C.R.F.); (R.J.K.); (M.R.S.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Deborah A. Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (C.R.F.); (R.J.K.); (M.R.S.); (S.R.M.)
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA 91103, USA
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Tossetta G, Fantone S, Licini C, Marzioni D, Mattioli-Belmonte M. The multifaced role of HtrA1 in the development of joint and skeletal disorders. Bone 2022; 157:116350. [PMID: 35131488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HtrA1 (High temperature requirement A1) family proteins include four members, widely conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, named HtrA1, HtrA2, HtrA3 and HtrA4. HtrA1 is a serine protease involved in a variety of biological functions regulating many signaling pathways degrading specific components and playing key roles in many human diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, pregnancy complications and cancer. Due to its role in the breakdown of many ExtraCellular Matrix (ECM) components of articular cartilage such as fibronectin, decorin and aggrecan, HtrA1 encouraged many researches on studying its role in several skeletal diseases (SDs). These studies were further inspired by the fact that HtrA1 is able to regulate the signaling of one of the most important cytokines involved in SDs, the TGFβ-1. This review aims to summarize the data currently available on the role of HtrA1 in skeletal diseases such as Osteoporosis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis and Intervertebral Disc Degeneration (IDD). The use of HtrA1 as a marker of frailty in geriatric medicine would represent a powerful tool for identifying older individuals at risk of developing skeletal disorders, evaluating an appropriate intervention to improve quality care in these people avoiding or improving age-related SDs in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tossetta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Salesi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Sonia Fantone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Caterina Licini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/a, Ancona 60126, Italy
| | - Daniela Marzioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Monica Mattioli-Belmonte
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/a, Ancona 60126, Italy
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Ulańczyk Z, Grabowicz A, Mozolewska‐Piotrowska K, Safranow K, Kawa MP, Pałucha A, Krawczyk M, Sikora P, Matczyńska E, Machaliński B, Machalińska A. Genetic factors associated with age-related macular degeneration: identification of a novel PRPH2 single nucleotide polymorphism associated with increased risk of the disease. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99:739-749. [PMID: 33354892 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is associated with multiple environmental and genetic risk factors. Two main risk factors for AMD are variants in the CFH and ARMS2/HTRA1 genes. We investigated over 2000 variants in AMD patients and controls using high-throughput sequencing methods to search for variants associated with AMD. METHODS A total of 296 AMD patients and 100 controls were enrolled in this study. Genetic analysis was performed with the Illumina NextSeq 500 system. RESULTS Multivariate analysis of patients and controls, adjusted for age, sex and smoking status (pack-years), revealed that three SNPs were strong risk factors independently associated with AMD: CFH Y402H, ARMS A69S and PRPH2 c.582-67T>A (rs3818086). The TC genotype in CFH Y402H was associated with 1.90-fold higher odds, and the CC genotype was associated with 5.66-fold higher odds of AMD compared with the TT genotype. The GT genotype in ARMS A69S was associated with 2.40-fold higher odds, and the TT genotype was associated with 6.75-fold higher odds of disease compared with the GG genotype. In the case of rs3818086, the A allele could be considered a 'risk' allele, since AA + TA genotypes were associated with 2.33-fold higher odds of AMD compared with the TT genotype. CONCLUSIONS Although PRPH2 mutations have been previously implicated in various forms of retinal degeneration, to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to show that the rs3818086 variant increases the risk for AMD more than two times. Further studies on larger cohorts are required to elucidate how this variant affects protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Ulańczyk
- Department of General Pathology Pomeranian Medical University Szczecin Poland
| | | | | | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry Pomeranian Medical University Szczecin Poland
| | - Miłosz Piotr Kawa
- Department of General Pathology Pomeranian Medical University Szczecin Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Machalińska
- First Department of Ophthalmology Pomeranian Medical University Szczecin Poland
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10
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Lashkari K, Teague GC, Beattie U, Betts J, Kumar S, McLaughlin MM, López FJ. Plasma biomarkers of the amyloid pathway are associated with geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236283. [PMID: 32764794 PMCID: PMC7413518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographic atrophy (GA) is an advanced form of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in which local inflammation and hyperactivity of the complement pathway have been implicated in its pathophysiology. This study explores whether any surrogate biomarkers are specifically associated with GA. Plasma from subjects with GA, intermediate dry AMD and non-AMD control were evaluated in 2 cohorts. Cohort 1 was assayed in a 320-analyte Luminex library. Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric and parametric methods (Kruskal-Wallis, principal component analysis, partial least squares and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and univariate ANCOVAs). Bioinformatic analysis was conducted and identified connections to the amyloid pathway. Statistically significant biomarkers identified in Cohort 1 were then re-evaluated in Cohort 2 using individual ELISA and multiplexing. Of 320 analytes in Cohort 1, 273 were rendered measurable, of which 56 were identified as changing. Among these markers, 40 were identified in univariate ANCOVAs. Serum amyloid precursor protein (sAPP) was analyzed by a separate ELISA and included in further analyses. The 40 biomarkers, sAPP and amyloid-β (Aβ) (1–42) (included for comparison) were evaluated in Cohort 2. This resulted in 11 statistically significant biomarkers, including sAPP and Aβ(1–40), but not Aβ(1–42). Other biomarkers identified included serum proteases- tissue plasminogen activator, tumor-associated trypsinogen inhibitor, matrix metalloproteinases 7 and 9, and non-proteases- insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6, AXL receptor tyrosine kinase, omentin, pentraxin-3 and osteopontin. Findings suggest that there is a preferential processing of APP to Aβ(1–40) over Aβ(1–42), and a potential role for the carboxylase activity of the γ-secretase protein, which preferentially splices sAPPβ to Aβ(1–40). Other markers are associated with the breakdown and remodeling of the extracellular matrix, and loss of homeostasis, possibly within the photoreceptor-retinal pigment epithelium-choriocapillaris complex. These data suggest novel disease pathways associated with GA pathogenesis and could provide potential novel targets for treatment of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameran Lashkari
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye & Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gianna C. Teague
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye & Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ursula Beattie
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye & Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joanna Betts
- Alternative Discovery & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Alternative Discovery & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Megan M. McLaughlin
- Alternative Discovery & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Francisco J. López
- Alternative Discovery & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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11
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Mohamad NA, Ramachandran V, Ismail P, Mohd Isa H, Chan YM, Ngah NF, Md Bakri N, Ching SM, Hoo FK, Wan Sulaiman WA. VEGF Polymorphisms Among Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degenerative Subjects in a Multiethnic Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 21:600-607. [PMID: 28926292 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2017.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the association of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) polymorphisms with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred thirty-five nAMD patients and 135 controls were recruited to determine the association of the -460 C/T, the -2549 I/D, and the +405 G/C polymorphisms with the VEGF gene. Genotyping was conducted using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) approach, and association analyses were conducted using chi-square analysis and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS A significant association was observed between nAMD and the VEGF +405 G/C genotypes (p = 0.002) and alleles (odds ratio = 1.36, 95% confidence interval = 1.12-1.62, p = < 0.001) compared with the controls. This association was confirmed by logistic regression analyses, using two different genetic models (additive and dominant) resulting in p-values of p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively. In addition, the dominant model of VEGF +405 G/C was also found to be at risk of the CC genotype with nAMD among subjects that were aged ≥60 years, female, of Chinese ethnicity, hypertensive, diabetic, and smokers. CONCLUSION With the exception of several limitations, the present study showed evidence of an association between the VEGF +405 G/C polymorphism and nAMD in Malaysian subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Afiqah Mohamad
- 1 Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing , Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Patimah Ismail
- 2 Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hazlita Mohd Isa
- 3 Department of Ophthalmology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre , Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Mun Chan
- 1 Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing , Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia .,4 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Fariza Ngah
- 5 Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Selayang , Batu Caves, Malaysia
| | - Norshakimah Md Bakri
- 1 Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing , Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Siew Mooi Ching
- 6 Department of Family Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Fan Kee Hoo
- 7 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Wan Aliaa Wan Sulaiman
- 7 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang, Malaysia
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12
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Baker QB, Podgorski GJ, Vargis E, Flann NS. A computational study of VEGF production by patterned retinal epithelial cell colonies as a model for neovascular macular degeneration. J Biol Eng 2017; 11:26. [PMID: 28775765 PMCID: PMC5540422 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-017-0063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The configuration of necrotic areas within the retinal pigmented epithelium is an important element in the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In the exudative (wet) and non-exudative (dry) forms of the disease, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells respond to adjacent atrophied regions by secreting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that in turn recruits new blood vessels which lead to a further reduction in retinal function and vision. In vitro models exist for studying VEGF expression in wet AMD (Vargis et al., Biomaterials 35(13):3999–4004, 2014), but are limited in the patterns of necrotic and intact RPE epithelium they can produce and in their ability to finely resolve VEGF expression dynamics. Results In this work, an in silico hybrid agent-based model was developed and validated using the results of this cell culture model of VEGF expression in AMD. The computational model was used to extend the cell culture investigation to explore the dynamics of VEGF expression in different sized patches of RPE cells and the role of negative feedback in VEGF expression. Results of the simulation and the cell culture studies were in excellent qualitative agreement, and close quantitative agreement. Conclusions The model indicated that the configuration of necrotic and RPE cell-containing regions have a major impact on VEGF expression dynamics and made precise predictions of VEGF expression dynamics by groups of RPE cells of various sizes and configurations. Coupled with biological studies, this model may give insights into key molecular mechanisms of AMD progression and open routes to more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory J Podgorski
- Biology Department, Utah State University, Logan, 84322 USA.,Center for Integrated BioSystems, Utah State University, Logan, 84322 USA
| | - Elizabeth Vargis
- Biological Engineering Department, Utah State University, Logan, 84322 USA
| | - Nicholas S Flann
- Synthetic Biomanufacturing Institute, Logan, 84322 USA.,Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, 98109 USA.,Computer Science Department, Utah State University, Logan, 84335 USA
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13
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Maynard ML, Zele AJ, Feigl B. Mesopic Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity and MP-1 microperimetry in healthy ageing and age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 2016; 94:e772-e778. [PMID: 27225020 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether decreasing illumination of the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity (CS) chart and MP-1 microperimeter to low mesopic conditions is more sensitive to vision changes occurring with healthy ageing and in early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and whether these mesopic tests can differentiate visual function between healthy older participants with and without AMD risk genotypes. METHODS Retinal sensitivity was measured in 98 healthy participants (19-85 years) and 21 AMD (AREDS Grade 2/3) patients (73.9 ± 6.5 years) using the Pelli-Robson CS chart and MP-1 microperimeter under low mesopic and standard illumination. The effect of ageing and AMD on retinal sensitivity was estimated using regression analysis. Healthy older participants (>50 years; n = 24) were genotyped for AMD risk genes CFH and/or ARMS2 and retinal sensitivity was compared between genotypes. RESULTS With healthy ageing, photopic and mesopic Pelli-Robson CS showed a similar decline (-0.004 log CS/year). In AMD, photopic CS showed a similar decline to healthy ageing (-0.004 log CS/year) while mesopic CS was significantly reduced (-0.007 log CS/year). Both standard and low mesopic microperimetry showed a significant decline (-0.51 and -0.73% contrast/year) with healthy ageing and greater decline (-0.73 and -0.99% contrast/year) with AMD onset. Pelli-Robson CS and microperimetry sensitivity did not differ between AMD risk genotypes in healthy participants. CONCLUSIONS Mesopic Pelli-Robson CS detects functional deficits before photopic CS in early and intermediate AMD that can be differentiated from ageing. This test can be easily administered in clinical practice and may provide a means for early detection of retinal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Maynard
- Medical Retina and Visual Science Laboratories Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Andrew J. Zele
- Medical Retina and Visual Science Laboratories Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Beatrix Feigl
- Medical Retina and Visual Science Laboratories Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD Australia
- Queensland Eye Institute South Brisbane QLD Australia
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14
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Gupta A, Bhatnagar S. Vasoregression: A Shared Vascular Pathology Underlying Macrovascular And Microvascular Pathologies? OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 19:733-53. [PMID: 26669709 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vasoregression is a common phenomenon underlying physiological vessel development as well as pathological microvascular diseases leading to peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, and vascular oculopathies. In this review, we describe the hallmarks and pathways of vasoregression. We argue here that there is a parallel between characteristic features of vasoregression in the ocular microvessels and atherosclerosis in the larger vessels. Shared molecular pathways and molecular effectors in the two conditions are outlined, thus highlighting the possible systemic causes of local vascular diseases. Our review gives us a system-wide insight into factors leading to multiple synchronous vascular diseases. Because shared molecular pathways might usefully address the diagnostic and therapeutic needs of multiple common complex diseases, the literature analysis presented here is of broad interest to readership in integrative biology, rational drug development and systems medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Gupta
- 1 Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology , Dwarka, New Delhi, India .,2 Department of Biotechnology, IMS Engineering College , Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sonika Bhatnagar
- 1 Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology , Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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15
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Kang JH, Wu J, Cho E, Ogata S, Jacques P, Taylor A, Chiu CJ, Wiggs JL, Seddon JM, Hankinson SE, Schaumberg DA, Pasquale LR. Contribution of the Nurses' Health Study to the Epidemiology of Cataract, Age-Related Macular Degeneration, and Glaucoma. Am J Public Health 2016; 106:1684-9. [PMID: 27459452 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the contribution of the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) to understanding the genetic and lifestyle factors that influence the risk of cataract, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. METHODS We performed a narrative review of the publications of the NHS between 1976 and 2016. RESULTS The NHS has helped to elucidate the roles of genetics, lifestyle factors (e.g., cigarette smoking associated with cataract extraction and age-related macular degeneration), medical conditions (e.g., diabetes associated with cataract extraction and glaucoma), and dietary factors (e.g., greater carotenoid intake and lower glycemic diet associated with lower risk of age-related macular degeneration) in the etiology of degree and progression of lens opacities, cataract extraction, age-related macular degeneration, primary open-angle glaucoma, and exfoliation glaucoma. CONCLUSIONS The findings from the NHS, combined with those of other studies, have provided compelling evidence to support public health recommendations for helping to prevent age-related eye diseases: abstinence from cigarette smoking, maintenance of healthy weight and diabetes prevention, and a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae H Kang
- Jae H. Kang is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Juan Wu is with the Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston. Eunyoung Cho is with the Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI. Soshiro Ogata is with the Department of Health Promotion Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan. Paul Jacques, Allen Taylor, and Chung-Jung Chiu are with the Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston. Janey L. Wiggs and Louis R. Pasquale are with the Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School. Johanna M. Seddon is with the Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine. Susan E. Hankinson is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Debra A. Schaumberg is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Juan Wu
- Jae H. Kang is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Juan Wu is with the Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston. Eunyoung Cho is with the Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI. Soshiro Ogata is with the Department of Health Promotion Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan. Paul Jacques, Allen Taylor, and Chung-Jung Chiu are with the Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston. Janey L. Wiggs and Louis R. Pasquale are with the Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School. Johanna M. Seddon is with the Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine. Susan E. Hankinson is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Debra A. Schaumberg is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Jae H. Kang is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Juan Wu is with the Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston. Eunyoung Cho is with the Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI. Soshiro Ogata is with the Department of Health Promotion Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan. Paul Jacques, Allen Taylor, and Chung-Jung Chiu are with the Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston. Janey L. Wiggs and Louis R. Pasquale are with the Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School. Johanna M. Seddon is with the Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine. Susan E. Hankinson is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Debra A. Schaumberg is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Soshiro Ogata
- Jae H. Kang is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Juan Wu is with the Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston. Eunyoung Cho is with the Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI. Soshiro Ogata is with the Department of Health Promotion Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan. Paul Jacques, Allen Taylor, and Chung-Jung Chiu are with the Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston. Janey L. Wiggs and Louis R. Pasquale are with the Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School. Johanna M. Seddon is with the Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine. Susan E. Hankinson is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Debra A. Schaumberg is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Paul Jacques
- Jae H. Kang is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Juan Wu is with the Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston. Eunyoung Cho is with the Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI. Soshiro Ogata is with the Department of Health Promotion Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan. Paul Jacques, Allen Taylor, and Chung-Jung Chiu are with the Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston. Janey L. Wiggs and Louis R. Pasquale are with the Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School. Johanna M. Seddon is with the Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine. Susan E. Hankinson is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Debra A. Schaumberg is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Allen Taylor
- Jae H. Kang is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Juan Wu is with the Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston. Eunyoung Cho is with the Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI. Soshiro Ogata is with the Department of Health Promotion Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan. Paul Jacques, Allen Taylor, and Chung-Jung Chiu are with the Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston. Janey L. Wiggs and Louis R. Pasquale are with the Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School. Johanna M. Seddon is with the Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine. Susan E. Hankinson is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Debra A. Schaumberg is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Chung-Jung Chiu
- Jae H. Kang is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Juan Wu is with the Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston. Eunyoung Cho is with the Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI. Soshiro Ogata is with the Department of Health Promotion Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan. Paul Jacques, Allen Taylor, and Chung-Jung Chiu are with the Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston. Janey L. Wiggs and Louis R. Pasquale are with the Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School. Johanna M. Seddon is with the Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine. Susan E. Hankinson is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Debra A. Schaumberg is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Janey L Wiggs
- Jae H. Kang is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Juan Wu is with the Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston. Eunyoung Cho is with the Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI. Soshiro Ogata is with the Department of Health Promotion Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan. Paul Jacques, Allen Taylor, and Chung-Jung Chiu are with the Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston. Janey L. Wiggs and Louis R. Pasquale are with the Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School. Johanna M. Seddon is with the Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine. Susan E. Hankinson is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Debra A. Schaumberg is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Johanna M Seddon
- Jae H. Kang is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Juan Wu is with the Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston. Eunyoung Cho is with the Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI. Soshiro Ogata is with the Department of Health Promotion Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan. Paul Jacques, Allen Taylor, and Chung-Jung Chiu are with the Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston. Janey L. Wiggs and Louis R. Pasquale are with the Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School. Johanna M. Seddon is with the Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine. Susan E. Hankinson is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Debra A. Schaumberg is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Jae H. Kang is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Juan Wu is with the Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston. Eunyoung Cho is with the Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI. Soshiro Ogata is with the Department of Health Promotion Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan. Paul Jacques, Allen Taylor, and Chung-Jung Chiu are with the Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston. Janey L. Wiggs and Louis R. Pasquale are with the Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School. Johanna M. Seddon is with the Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine. Susan E. Hankinson is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Debra A. Schaumberg is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Debra A Schaumberg
- Jae H. Kang is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Juan Wu is with the Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston. Eunyoung Cho is with the Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI. Soshiro Ogata is with the Department of Health Promotion Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan. Paul Jacques, Allen Taylor, and Chung-Jung Chiu are with the Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston. Janey L. Wiggs and Louis R. Pasquale are with the Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School. Johanna M. Seddon is with the Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine. Susan E. Hankinson is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Debra A. Schaumberg is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Louis R Pasquale
- Jae H. Kang is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Juan Wu is with the Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston. Eunyoung Cho is with the Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI. Soshiro Ogata is with the Department of Health Promotion Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan. Paul Jacques, Allen Taylor, and Chung-Jung Chiu are with the Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston. Janey L. Wiggs and Louis R. Pasquale are with the Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School. Johanna M. Seddon is with the Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine. Susan E. Hankinson is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Debra A. Schaumberg is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
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16
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Lambert NG, ElShelmani H, Singh MK, Mansergh FC, Wride MA, Padilla M, Keegan D, Hogg RE, Ambati BK. Risk factors and biomarkers of age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 54:64-102. [PMID: 27156982 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A biomarker can be a substance or structure measured in body parts, fluids or products that can affect or predict disease incidence. As age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world, much research and effort has been invested in the identification of different biomarkers to predict disease incidence, identify at risk individuals, elucidate causative pathophysiological etiologies, guide screening, monitoring and treatment parameters, and predict disease outcomes. To date, a host of genetic, environmental, proteomic, and cellular targets have been identified as both risk factors and potential biomarkers for AMD. Despite this, their use has been confined to research settings and has not yet crossed into the clinical arena. A greater understanding of these factors and their use as potential biomarkers for AMD can guide future research and clinical practice. This article will discuss known risk factors and novel, potential biomarkers of AMD in addition to their application in both academic and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G Lambert
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Hanan ElShelmani
- Ocular Development and Neurobiology Research Group, Zoology Department, School of Natural Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Malkit K Singh
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Fiona C Mansergh
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Michael A Wride
- Ocular Development and Neurobiology Research Group, Zoology Department, School of Natural Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Maximilian Padilla
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - David Keegan
- Mater Misericordia Hospital, Eccles St, Dublin 7, Ireland.
| | - Ruth E Hogg
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Clinical Science Block A, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, Co.Antrim, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Balamurali K Ambati
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Piermarocchi S, Tognetto D, Piermarocchi R, Masetto M, Monterosso G, Segato T, Cavarzeran F, Turrini A, Peto T. Risk Factors and Age-Related Macular Degeneration in a Mediterranean-Basin Population: The PAMDI (Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Italy) Study - Report 2. Ophthalmic Res 2015; 55:111-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000441795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Santarelli M, Diplotti L, Samassa F, Veritti D, Kuppermann BD, Lanzetta P. Advances in pharmacotherapy for wet age-related macular degeneration. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015; 16:1769-81. [PMID: 26165696 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2015.1067679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In developed countries, neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible central blindness. Although AMD pathogenesis is complex and still not fully understood, many involved mechanisms are already partially known and could be promising targets for future therapies. Currently, anti-VEGF drugs are the standard care of this condition. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes both the current available and the emerging pharmacological therapies for the management of neovascular AMD. At first, we briefly focused on anti-VEGF compounds that are commonly used. Then, we reviewed the mechanisms of action and potential advantages of new candidate drugs that are being evaluated in clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Although anti-VEGF drugs have shown mild-term good efficacy and safety profile in the treatment of neovascular AMD, they are far away from being a perfect therapy. Pharmacological research should focus on finding new molecular targets in the AMD pathogenetical pathway and on developing longer lasting agents or new drug delivery systems. Besides the development of new drugs, a better characterization of patients is also needed, taking into account variables such as choroidal neovascularization subtypes and genetic factors, in order to identify a tailored treatment for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Santarelli
- University of Udine, Department of Medical and Biological Sciences - Ophthalmology , Piazza Santa Maria della Misericordia, 33100 Udine , Italy +390 432 559 907 ; +390 432 559 904 ;
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Lengyel I, Peto T. Cure or cause: opposing roles for zinc in age-related macular degeneration. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.3.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Smoking and age-related macular degeneration: review and update. J Ophthalmol 2013; 2013:895147. [PMID: 24368940 PMCID: PMC3866712 DOI: 10.1155/2013/895147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the main socioeconomical health issues worldwide. AMD has a multifactorial etiology with a variety of risk factors. Smoking is the most important modifiable risk factor for AMD development and progression. The present review summarizes the epidemiological studies evaluating the association between smoking and AMD, the mechanisms through which smoking induces damage to the chorioretinal tissues, and the relevance of advising patients to quit smoking for their visual health.
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Kim HS, Kim YH, Mok JW, Joo CK. Genetic association of VEGF and PEDF polymorphisms with age-related macular degeneration in Korean. Genes Genomics 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-013-0090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kenney MC, Hertzog D, Chak G, Atilano SR, Khatibi N, Soe K, Nobe A, Yang E, Chwa M, Zhu F, Memarzadeh M, King J, Langberg J, Small K, Nesburn AB, Boyer DS, Udar N. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups confer differences in risk for age-related macular degeneration: a case control study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 14:4. [PMID: 23302509 PMCID: PMC3566905 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-14-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in elderly, Caucasian populations. There is strong evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress play a role in the cell death found in AMD retinas. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of the Caucasian mitochondrial JTU haplogroup cluster with AMD. We also assessed for gender bias and additive risk with known high risk nuclear gene SNPs, ARMS2/LOC387715 (G > T; Ala69Ser, rs10490924) and CFH (T > C; Try402His, rs1061170). METHODS Total DNA was isolated from 162 AMD subjects and 164 age-matched control subjects located in Los Angeles, California, USA. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction enzyme digestion were used to identify the J, U, T, and H mitochondrial haplogroups and the ARMS2-rs10490924 and CFH-rs1061170 SNPs. PCR amplified products were sequenced to verify the nucleotide substitutions for the haplogroups and ARMS2 gene. RESULTS The JTU haplogroup cluster occurred in 34% (55/162) of AMD subjects versus 15% (24/164) of normal (OR = 2.99; p = 0.0001). This association was slightly greater in males (OR = 3.98, p = 0.005) than the female population (OR = 3.02, p = 0.001). Assuming a dominant effect, the risk alleles for the ARMS2 (rs10490924; p = 0.00001) and CFH (rs1061170; p = 0.027) SNPs were significantly associated with total AMD populations. We found there was no additive risk for the ARMS2 (rs10490924) or CFH (rs1061170) SNPs on the JTU haplogroup background. CONCLUSIONS There is a strong association of the JTU haplogroup cluster with AMD. In our Southern California population, the ARMS2 (rs10490924) and CFH (rs1061170) genes were significantly but independently associated with AMD. SNPs defining the JTU mitochondrial haplogroup cluster may change the retinal bioenergetics and play a significant role in the pathogenesis of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cristina Kenney
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Univeresity of California Irvine, Hewitt Hall, Room 2028, 843 Health Science Rd, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Grob S, Luo J, Hughes G, Lee C, Zhou X, Lee J, Du H, Ferreyra H, Freeman WR, Kozak I, Zhang K. Genetic analysis of simultaneous geographic atrophy and choroidal neovascularization. Eye (Lond) 2012; 26:1106-13. [PMID: 22699975 PMCID: PMC3420042 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2012.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate clinical presentation and genotypes in patients with simultaneous geographic atrophy (GA) and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and to compare with patients with GA or CNV only. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty patients with combined CNV-GA and 154 CNV only and 154 GA only were chosen based on clinical exam and imaging. Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)-rs2274700 and rs1061170 (complement factor H), rs10490924 and rs11200638 (HTRA1/LOC387715), rs2230199 (C3), rs9332739 (C2)-were genotyped using the SNaPshot method. Chi-squared tests were used for genetic analysis. RESULTS In patients with CNV-GA, GA progressed slowly and often preceded CNV. CNV presented as subretinal haemorrhage or fluid, with a sudden drop in visual acuity (VA). Comparing combined CNV-GA to GA and CNV only, patients with both had a higher frequency of at-risk alleles at both SNPs within the HTRA1 gene-rs10490924 (52.5%), rs11200638 (52.6%). Statistical significance was not achieved. CNV-GA patients had no protective alleles at SNP rs9332739 (C2), compared with GA (27%) and CNV only (10%). CONCLUSION There is a paucity of reports describing simultaneous CNV-GA. Clinical and genetic results may support the fact that GA and CNV fit on an age-related macular degeneration (AMD)-disease continuum and may clarify the disease processes in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grob
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Center, and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Center, and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - G Hughes
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - C Lee
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - X Zhou
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Center, and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - H Du
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Center, and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - H Ferreyra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Center, and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - W R Freeman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Center, and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - I Kozak
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Center, and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - K Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Center, and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Wysokinski D, Zaras M, Dorecka M, Waszczyk M, Szaflik J, Blasiak J, Szaflik JP. An association between environmental factors and the IVS4+44C>A polymorphism of the DMT1 gene in age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 250:1057-65. [PMID: 22371024 PMCID: PMC3382657 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-1966-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an ocular disease affecting macula — the central part of the retina, resulting in the degeneration of photoreceptors and retinal epithelium and causing severe central vision impairment. The pathophysiology of the disease is not completely known, but a significant role is attributed to genetic factors. The contribution of oxidative stress in AMD as a trigger of the degenerative process is well-established. Iron ions may act as a source of reactive oxygen species; therefore, maintaining iron homeostasis is important for redox balance in the organism. Diversity in iron homeostasis genes may counterpart in unbalanced redox state, and thus be involved in AMD pathophysiology. Methods In this work, we searched for an association between some single nucleotide polymorphisms in the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) gene intronic IVS4+44C>A (rs224589) and 3’-UTR c.2044T>C (rs2285230) and environmental factors and AMD. Genotyping was performed using the PCR-RFLP method. DNA was obtained from 436 AMD patients and 168 controls. Results We did not find any association between the genotypes of the two polymorphisms and AMD occurrence. However, we observed that AMD patients living in a rural environment and having the CC genotype of the IVS4+44C>A polymorphism had an increased risk of AMD, while individuals with the CA genotype or the A allele had a decreased risk of the disease. Moreover, in male AMD patients the C allele increased the risk of the disease, while the AA genotype decreased it. Conclusions These results suggest that the VS4+44C>A polymorphism of the DMT1 gene may interact with place of living and gender to modulate the risk of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wysokinski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, Lodz, Poland
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Choi J, Moon JW, Shin HJ. Chronic Kidney Disease, Early Age-related Macular Degeneration, and Peripheral Retinal Drusen. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2011; 18:259-63. [DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2011.602509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Piermarocchi S, Segato T, Scopa P, Masetto M, Ceca S, Cavarzeran F, Peto T. The prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in Italy (PAMDI) study: report 1. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2011; 18:129-36. [PMID: 21609241 DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2011.574334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed to estimate prevalence and risk factors associated with age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) in an Italian population and to analyze differences between urban and rural communities. METHODS We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study among elderly residents in Northeast Italy. Participants were divided into urban and rural groups based on whether they lived in the city of Padova or the villages of Teolo and Torreglia, respectively. Fundus photographs were graded according to the International Classification for Age-related Maculopathy. RESULTS A total of 1162 randomly selected subjects aged 61 years or more were invited to participate in the study. We examined 885 subjects, and 845 were eligible for fundus photograph grading. ARMD was estimated to affect 62.7% of the whole population (drusen 63-124 μm = 48.3%; drusen ≥125 μm = 10.4%; advanced ARMD = 4.1%). Age was confirmed as a risk factor for drusen ≥125 μm and advanced ARMD (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.47, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.28-1.69 and OR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.28-2.05, respectively, for a 5-year increase in age). The rural group appeared to be at a higher risk of developing large drusen compared to the urban sample (OR = 1.61, 95% CI 1.01-2.63) when adjusting for age and gender. CONCLUSIONS The results confirmed that ARMD affects a high percentage of the elderly population in Italy. This study does not support the hypothesis that living in a rural environment or belonging to a population of the Mediterranean basin may be protective against the intermediate stages of the disease.
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and age-related macular degeneration. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:389507. [PMID: 18288287 PMCID: PMC2234091 DOI: 10.1155/2008/389507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of new blindness in the western world and is becoming more of a socio-medical problem as the proportion of the aged population increases. There are multiple efforts underway to better understand this disease process. AMD involves the abnormal retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), drusen formation, photoreceptor atrophy, and choroidal neovascularization. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play an important role in lipid degeneration, immune regulation, regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs), as well as regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These molecules have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD. In addition, PPAR gamma is expressed in RPE, an essential cell in photoreceptor regeneration and vision maintenance. This review summarizes the interactions between PPAR, AMD-related molecules, and AMD-related disease processes.
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Feigl B, Cao D, Morris CP, Zele AJ. Persons with age-related maculopathy risk genotypes and clinically normal eyes have reduced mesopic vision. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:1145-50. [PMID: 20881291 PMCID: PMC3053098 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether participants with normal visual acuity, no ophthalmoscopically signs of age-related maculopathy (ARM) in both eyes, and who are carriers of the CFH, LOC387715, and HRTA1 high-risk genotypes (gene-positive) have impaired rod- and cone-mediated mesopic visual function compared with persons who do not carry the risk genotypes (gene-negative). METHODS Fifty-three Caucasian study participants (mean 55.8 ± 6.1) were genotyped for CFH, LOC387715/ARMS2, and HRTA1 polymorphisms. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped in the CFH (rs380390), LOC387715/ARMS2 (rs10490924), and HTRA1 (rs11200638) genes using optimized gene-expression assays. The critical fusion frequency (CFF) mediated by cones alone (long-, middle-, and short-wavelength sensitive cones, LMS) and by the combined activities of cones and rods (LMSR) were determined. The stimuli were generated using a four-primary photostimulator that provides independent control of the photoreceptor excitation under mesopic light levels. Visual function was further assessed using standard clinical tests, flicker perimetry, and microperimetry. RESULTS The mesopic CFF mediated by rods and cones (LMSR) was significantly reduced in gene-positive compared to gene-negative participants after correction for age (P = 0.03). Cone-mediated CFF (LMS) was not significantly different between gene-positive and -negative participants. There were no significant associations between flicker perimetry and microperimetry and genotype. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to relate ARM risk genotypes with mesopic visual function in clinically normal persons. These preliminary results could become of clinical importance because mesopic vision may be used as a biomarker to document subclinical retinal changes in persons with risk genotypes and to determine whether those persons progress into manifest disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Feigl
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Tong Y, Liao J, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Zhang H, Mao M. LOC387715/HTRA1 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration: A HuGE review and meta-analysis. Mol Vis 2010; 16:1958-81. [PMID: 21031019 PMCID: PMC2956667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the association of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with HtrA serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1) gene rs11200638 G→A polymorphism and LOC387715/ ARMS2 gene rs10490924 G→T polymorphisms, and to evaluate the magnitude of the gene effect and the possible genetic mode of action. METHODS We searched the US National Library of Medicine's PubMed, Embase, OMIM, ISI Web of Science, and CNKI databases in a systematic manner to retrieve all genetic association studies on the HTRA1 (rs11200638) and LOC387715/ ARMS2 (rs10490924) gene polymorphisms and AMD. We performed a meta-analysis conducted with Stata software, version 9.0. RESULTS Individuals who carried the AA and AG genotypes of HTRA1 gene rs11200638 G→A polymorphism had 2.243 and 8.669 times the risk of developing AMD, respectively, when compared with those who carry the GG genotype. Individuals carrying the TT and TG genotypes of LOC387715/ ARMS2 gene rs10490924 G→T polymorphism had 7.512 and 2.353 times the risk of developing AMD, respectively, compared with those who carry GG genotype. These results suggested a "moderate" codominant, multiplicative genetic mode; that is, both HTRA1 rs11200638 G→A polymorphism and LOC387715/ARMS2 rs10490924 G→T polymorphism play important roles in the pathogenesis of AMD. We found no evidence of publication bias. Between-study heterogeneity was found in both allele-based analysis and genotype-based analysis. CONCLUSIONS HTRA1 rs11200638 G→A polymorphism and LOC387715/ARMS2 rs10490924 G→T polymorphism play important roles in AMD. Gene-gene and gene-environmental interactions, as well as precise mechanisms underlying common variants in the HTRA1 gene and LOC387715/ ARMS2 gene, potentially increase the risk of AMD and need further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tong
- Laboratory of Early Development and Injuries, Center for Research of Child Development and Disease, West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Liao
- Department of Science and Technology, Sichuan People's Provincial Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Community Health, Wuhou Health Bureau, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Early Development and Injuries, Center for Research of Child Development and Disease, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Lee SJ, Kim NR, Chin HS. LOC387715/HTRA1 polymorphisms, smoking and combined effects on exudative age-related macular degeneration in a Korean population. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010; 38:698-704. [PMID: 20456446 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was to investigate the association of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in LOC387715 and HTRA1 with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a Korean population and the gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in the development of AMD. METHODS We genotyped two SNPs that are located in the LOC387715 locus (rs10490924) and HTRA1 (rs11200638) in 137 cases of exudative AMD and 187 controls. RESULTS Both two SNPs were significantly associated with AMD (P = 0.0001). Homozygotes for the risk allele at LOC387715 and HTRA1 had a 3.80-fold and a 4.03-fold increased risk of exudative AMD, respectively, compared with homozygotes for the wild-type allele (P = 0.0001). The joint effects for complement factor H (CFH) Y402H and 10q26 variants indicated an increased risk of exudative AMD. The odds ratios (ORs) of AMD for individuals carrying one-, two- and three-copy risk alleles of CFH Y402H and LOC387715 were 1.08, 3.49 and 3.64, respectively. Also, the combination effect of the CFH Y402H risk alleles with HTRA1 risk alleles was dose-dependent. The interaction analysis between gene and environmental factors showed that among several factors, smoking synergistically increased the susceptibility of AMD for variants of LOC387715 and HTRA1, with OR 8.33 (3.05-22.74) and OR 8.50 (3.07-23.51), respectively. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the significant association of the 10q26 SNPs (HTRA1 and LOC387715) in an AMD cohort from Korea and was consistent with previous studies from other populations. Also, a statistically significant interaction between genetic and environmental factors was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo J Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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Urano T, Narusawa K, Kobayashi S, Shiraki M, Horie-Inoue K, Sasaki N, Hosoi T, Ouchi Y, Nakamura T, Inoue S. Association of HTRA1 promoter polymorphism with spinal disc degeneration in Japanese women. J Bone Miner Metab 2010; 28:220-6. [PMID: 19798546 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-009-0124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HTRA1 (high-temperature requirement A1) has been implicated in the modulation of various disease pathologies. HTRA1 expression is upregulated in osteoarthritic joints, suggesting that it may contribute to the development of this debilitating disease. Moreover, recent reports have shown that the rs11200638, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of the HTRA1 gene, is strongly associated with an increased prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In the present study, we examined the expression of the HTRA1 in human primary chondrocytes and an association between the rs11200638 SNP and radiographic features of spinal disc degeneration in 513 postmenopausal Japanese women. HTRA1 mRNA was detected and increased by TGF-beta treatment in human primary chondrocytes. As an association study of rs11200638 SNP in the HTRA1 gene, the subjects without the G allele (AA; n = 89) had a significantly higher spinal disc space narrowing score than the subjects bearing at least one G allele (GG + GA; n = 424) (P = 0.0292). We found that subjects without the G allele (AA) were significantly overrepresented in the subjects having a higher (> or =4) disc space narrowing score (P = 0.013; odds ratio 1.97; 95% confidence interval 1.15-3.37 by logistic regression analysis). A genetic variation at the HTRA1 gene promoter locus is associated with spinal disc degeneration, suggesting an involvement of the HTRA1 gene in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Urano
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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Tuo J. Age-related macular degeneration: the protective effects of omega-3 fatty acids as anti-inflammatory agents. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.09.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
The C3 amplification loop lies at the core of all the complement pathways, rather than the alternative pathway alone. It is, in evolutionary terms, the oldest part of the complement system and its antecedents can be seen in insects and in echinoderms. The amplification loop is the balance between two competing cycles both acting on C3b: the C3 feedback cycle which enhances amplification and the C3 breakdown cycle which downregulates it. It is solely the balance between their rates of reaction on which amplification depends. The C3 breakdown cycle generates iC3b as its primary reaction product. iC3b, through its reaction with the leukocyte integrins (and complement receptors) CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18), is the most important mechanism by which complement mediates inflammation. A variety of genetic polymorphisms in components of the amplification loop have been shown to predispose to two kidney diseases-dense deposit disease and atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome-and to age-related macular degeneration. All predisposing alleles enhance amplification, whereas protective alleles downregulate amplification. This leads to the conclusion that there is a "hyperinflammatory complement phenotype" determined by these polymorphisms. This hyperinflammatory phenotype protects against bacterial infections in early life but in later life is associated with immunopathology. Besides the diseases already mentioned, there is evidence that this hyperinflammatory complement phenotype may predispose to accelerated atherosclerosis and also shows an association with Alzheimer's disease. Downregulation of the amplification loop therefore constitutes an important therapeutic target.
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Chen W, Xu W, Tao Q, Liu J, Li X, Gan X, Hu H, Lu Y. Meta-analysis of the association of the HTRA1 polymorphisms with the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2009; 89:292-300. [PMID: 19026638 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 09/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HTRA1 was considered as one of important age-related macular degeneration (AMD) candidate genes. However, due to population heterogeneity and bias from case-control study, the association between HTRA1 and AMD needs further confirmation across different studies in different population. In this study, a meta-analysis was performed in 14 case-control studies which were published before August 31, 2008. Effect of HTRA1 polymorphism with AMD was synthetically evaluated. The pooled odds ratio (OR) for heterozygous genotype GA versus wild homozygous genotype GG is 2.13 (95% CI: 1.90, 2.39), the OR of homozygous genotype AA versus GG is 6.92 (95% CI: 5.74, 8.34) and the OR of allele A carrier (GA+AA) versus GG is 3.02 (95% CI: 2.57, 3.53). Sub-analysis indicated that the risk of HTRA1 rs11200638 on wet AMD was stronger than dry AMD, and it seems that HTRA1 rs11200638 could increase the risk of AMD in all races. This study strengthens the hypothesis of association between rs11200638 in the promoter of HTRA1 polymorphism and AMD. The variant of HTRA1/625G-->A could be a potentially promising genetic biomarker of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China
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Three susceptible loci associated with primary open-angle glaucoma identified by genome-wide association study in a Japanese population. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:12838-42. [PMID: 19625618 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906397106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the major type of glaucoma. To discover genetic markers associated with POAG, we examined a total of 1,575 Japanese subjects in a genome-wide association study (stage 1) and a subsequent study (stage 2). Both studies were carried out at a single institution. In the stage 1 association study, we compared SNPs between 418 POAG patients and 300 control subjects. First, low-quality data were eliminated by a stringent filter, and 331,838 autosomal SNPs were selected for analysis. Poorly clustered SNPs were eliminated by a visual assessment, leaving 255 that showed a significant deviation (P < 0.001) in the allele frequency comparison. In the stage 2 analysis, we tested these 255 SNPs for association in DNA samples from a separate group of 409 POAG and 448 control subjects. High-quality genotype data were selected and used to calculate the combined P values of stages 1 and 2 by the Mantel-Haenszel test. These analyses yielded 6 SNPs with P < 0.0001. All 6 SNPs showed a significant association (P < 0.05) in stage 2, demonstrating a confirmed association with POAG. Although we could not link the SNPs to the annotated gene(s), it turned out that we have identified 3 genetic loci probably associated with POAG. These findings would provide the foundation for future studies to build on, such as for the metaanalysis, to reveal the molecular mechanism of the POAG pathogenesis.
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MacDonald IM, Russell L, Chan CC. Choroideremia: new findings from ocular pathology and review of recent literature. Surv Ophthalmol 2009; 54:401-7. [PMID: 19422966 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Histopathology of young individuals affected by choroideremia is rarely available to allow correlation with the clinical presentation. A 30-year-old man with choroideremia died in a motor vehicle accident and one eye was subjected to histopathological examination. Immunoblot analysis of protein derived from white blood cells of a living brother, also affected with choroideremia, confirmed the absence of Rab escort protein-1, the normal CHM gene product. Direct sequencing of the coding region and adjacent splice sites of the CHM gene was undertaken on genomic DNA from the living brother and revealed a transition mutation, C to T, in exon 6 (R253X) which resulted in a stop codon and was predicted to truncate the protein product. Histopathological examination of the eye of the deceased brother showed relative independent degeneration of choriocapillaris, retinal pigment epithelium, and retina, similar to observations in the mouse model of choroideremia. In addition, mild T-lymphocytic infiltration was found within the choroid. The ophthalmic features and the pathology of choroideremia are discussed in light of new findings in the current case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M MacDonald
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1860, USA
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38
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Hazin R, Freeman PD, Kahook MY. Age-related macular degeneration: a guide for the primary care physician. J Natl Med Assoc 2009; 101:134-8. [PMID: 19378629 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30825-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual loss in Americans over the age of 50 years. AMD often results in profound disability due to the disease destroying the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central visual acuity and color vision. Risk factors for AMD include age greater than 50, female gender, Caucasian race, cigarette smoking, and family history of AMD. African Americans and other racial or ethnic groups can be affected by AMD. Although there is no cure for AMD, early diagnosis and treatment may slow disease progression and minimize irreversible visual dysfunction. Individuals suffering from central vision loss from AMD often retain peripheral vision. These affected individuals can benefit from low vision therapy, visual rehabilitation, or both to maintain or enhance activities of daily living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ribhi Hazin
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Jakobsdottir J, Gorin MB, Conley YP, Ferrell RE, Weeks DE. Interpretation of genetic association studies: markers with replicated highly significant odds ratios may be poor classifiers. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000337. [PMID: 19197355 PMCID: PMC2629574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent successful discoveries of potentially causal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for complex diseases hold great promise, and commercialization of genomics in personalized medicine has already begun. The hope is that genetic testing will benefit patients and their families, and encourage positive lifestyle changes and guide clinical decisions. However, for many complex diseases, it is arguable whether the era of genomics in personalized medicine is here yet. We focus on the clinical validity of genetic testing with an emphasis on two popular statistical methods for evaluating markers. The two methods, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, are applied to our age-related macular degeneration dataset. By using an additive model of the CFH, LOC387715, and C2 variants, the odds ratios are 2.9, 3.4, and 0.4, with p-values of 10−13, 10−13, and 10−3, respectively. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) is 0.79, but assuming prevalences of 15%, 5.5%, and 1.5% (which are realistic for age groups 80 y, 65 y, and 40 y and older, respectively), only 30%, 12%, and 3% of the group classified as high risk are cases. Additionally, we present examples for four other diseases for which strongly associated variants have been discovered. In type 2 diabetes, our classification model of 12 SNPs has an AUC of only 0.64, and two SNPs achieve an AUC of only 0.56 for prostate cancer. Nine SNPs were not sufficient to improve the discrimination power over that of nongenetic predictors for risk of cardiovascular events. Finally, in Crohn's disease, a model of five SNPs, one with a quite low odds ratio of 0.26, has an AUC of only 0.66. Our analyses and examples show that strong association, although very valuable for establishing etiological hypotheses, does not guarantee effective discrimination between cases and controls. The scientific community should be cautious to avoid overstating the value of association findings in terms of personalized medicine before their time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Jakobsdottir
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Schuman SG, Koreishi AF, Farsiu S, Jung SH, Izatt JA, Toth CA. Photoreceptor layer thinning over drusen in eyes with age-related macular degeneration imaged in vivo with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 2009; 116:488-496.e2. [PMID: 19167082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Detect changes in the neurosensory retina using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) imaging over drusen in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Quantitative imaging biomarkers may aid in defining risk of disease progression. DESIGN Cross-sectional, case-control study evaluating SD OCT testing in AMD. PARTICIPANTS AND CONTROLS Seventeen eyes of 12 subjects with nonneovascular AMD and drusen and 17 eyes of 10 age-matched control subjects. METHODS Spectral-domain OCT imaging across the fovea in the study eye with multiple 10- to 12-mm scans of 1000 A scans each. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES In summed SD OCT scans, the height of individual retinal layers either over drusen or at corresponding locations in the control eye and qualitative changes in retinal layers over drusen. Secondary measures included photoreceptor layer (PRL) area, inner retinal area, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/drusen area. RESULTS The PRL was thinned over 97% of drusen, average PRL thickness was reduced by 27.5% over drusen compared with over a similar location in controls, and the finding of a difference was valid and significant (P=0.004). Photoreceptor outer segments were absent over at least 1 druse in 47% of eyes. Despite thinning of the PRL, inner retinal thickness remained unchanged. We observed 2 types of hyperreflective abnormalities in the neurosensory retina over drusen. Distinct hyperreflective speckled patterns occurred over drusen in 41% of AMD eyes and never in control eyes. A prominent hyperreflective haze was present in the photoreceptor nuclear layer over drusen in 67% of AMD eyes and more subtly in the photoreceptor nuclear layer in 18% of control eyes (no drusen). CONCLUSIONS With SD OCT as used in this study, we can easily detect and measure changes in PRL over drusen. Decreased PRL thickness over drusen suggests a degenerative process, with cell loss leading to decreased visual function. The hyperreflective foci overlying drusen are likely to represent progression of disease RPE cell migration into the retina and possible photoreceptor degeneration or glial scar formation. A longitudinal study using SD OCT to examine and measure the neurosensory retina over drusen will resolve the timeline of degenerative changes relative to druse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie G Schuman
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Austin BA, Liu B, Li Z, Nussenblatt RB. Biologically active fibronectin fragments stimulate release of MCP-1 and catabolic cytokines from murine retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50:2896-902. [PMID: 19151387 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE High-temperature requirement serine protease (HTRA1) was identified as a candidate age-related macular degeneration gene in multiple genetic studies in humans. To date, no functional studies have shown a mechanism for HTRA1 to instigate ocular tissue abnormalities. In the present study, the authors focused on a substrate of HTRA1, fibronectin, because fibronectin fragments (Fnfs) stimulate biochemical events in other age-related degenerative diseases that are analogous to changes associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The purpose of the study was to determine whether Fnfs stimulate the release of proinflammatory and catabolic cytokines from murine retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). METHODS Fibronectin was purified from murine serum by gelatin cross-linked agarose chromatography and subsequently was enzymatically digested with alpha-chymotrypsin. The bioactivity of Fnfs was verified by measuring levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in Fnf-exposed murine splenocytes. To analyze the effect of Fnfs on RPE, cytokine and chemokine levels in RPE culture supernatants were assayed by ELISA. RESULTS IL-6 and TNF-alpha proinflammatory cytokines were released from primary murine splenocytes in proportion to the dose and length of Fnf treatment, indicating that alpha-chymotryptic digests of fibronectin are biologically active. Fnf treatment of murine RPE cells stimulated the release of microgram and nanogram levels of IL-6, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MCP-1, whereas only picogram levels were detected in untreated cells. CONCLUSIONS Fnfs stimulate the release of proinflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and monocyte chemoattractant protein from murine RPE cells. This observation indicated that Fnfs could contribute to ocular abnormalities by promoting inflammation, catabolism, and monocyte chemoattraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbie Ann Austin
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, USA.
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Feigl B. Age-related maculopathy – Linking aetiology and pathophysiological changes to the ischaemia hypothesis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2009; 28:63-86. [PMID: 19070679 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Feigl
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, 4059 QLD, Australia.
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43
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Shen D, Tuo J, Patel M, Herzlich AA, Ding X, Chew EY, Chan CC. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection, complement factor H variants and age-related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 93:405-8. [PMID: 18996904 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2008.145383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Impaired inhibition of the alternative complement pathway by complement factor H (CFH) is linked to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) based on the strong association between CFH variant and AMD. Chlamydia pneumoniae (C pneumoniae) infection can trigger the alternative pathway, but the evidence for an association between C pneumoniae and AMD is contradictory. This study investigated whether C pneumoniae infection is associated with AMD and whether the presence of C pneumonia modulates AMD risk conferred by CFH variants. METHODS Genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood of 148 advanced AMD patients and 162 controls was subjected to Taqman and PCR-RFLP for the CFH polymorphism and PCR for the C pneumoniae gene. Genomic DNA was also examined from microdissected macular cells from 59 AMD and 16 age-matched non-AMD archived slides. chi(2) testing was performed for case-control analysis. RESULTS C pneumoniae infection was associated with increased risk of AMD (OR = 2.17, p<0.017). A CFH variant was also linked to increased risk of AMD (OR = 1.98, p<0.0001). However, no relationship was found between risk-conferring CFH variant and C pneumoniae (OR = 1.81, p = 0.08). CONCLUSION There is a possible association between AMD and C pneumoniae infection, although CFH may not be directly involved in the pathogenesis of C pneumoniae infection-mediated AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Shen
- 10 Center Drive, 10/10N103, National Institutes of Health/National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA
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Tuo J, Ross RJ, Reed GF, Yan Q, Wang JJ, Bojanowski CM, Chew EY, Feng X, Olsen TW, Ferris FL, Mitchell P, Chan CC. The HtrA1 promoter polymorphism, smoking, and age-related macular degeneration in multiple case-control samples. Ophthalmology 2008; 115:1891-8. [PMID: 18718667 PMCID: PMC2610681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association and combined effect on the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by the HtrA1 and complement factor H (CFH) polymorphisms, smoking, and serum cholesterol. DESIGN Clinic-based and population-based case control study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 805 AMD cases and 921 controls from The Eye Clinic of National Eye Institute, Age-Related Eye Diseases Study, Blue Mountain Eye Study Cohort, and Minnesota Lions Eye Bank. METHODS DNA samples were genotyped for polymorphisms of rs11200638 in HtrA1 promoter and rs380390 in CFH. HtrA1 protein in ocular tissue was measured. Interactions of the HtrA1 risk allele with the CFH risk variant, smoking status, and cholesterol were assessed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AMD was evaluated by retinal specialists, and AMD subtypes (geographic atrophy and neovascularization) were determined. RESULTS Strong associations of the HtrA1 risk allele (A) with AMD were present in all sample sets. A similar magnitude of association was observed for central geographic atrophy and neovascular AMD. The combination of the HtrA1 and CFH risk alleles increased AMD susceptibility, as did the combination of the HtrA1 risk allele with smoking. No combined effect of HtrA1 risk allele and cholesterol level was found. Enhanced expression of HtrA1 protein was detected in retina with AMD. CONCLUSIONS Findings from multiple samples support an AMD genetic variant harbored within HtrA1. The risk of advanced AMD increased when the presence of risk alleles from HtrA1 was combined with either CFH risk alleles or history of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Tuo
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J. Ross
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George F. Reed
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qing Yan
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Christine M. Bojanowski
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily Y. Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiao Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Timothy W. Olsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Frederick L. Ferris
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Kaiser PK. Ranibizumab: the evidence of its therapeutic value in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. CORE EVIDENCE 2008; 2:273-94. [PMID: 21221192 PMCID: PMC3012443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe, irreversible visual impairment in people over 60 years of age. Neovascular AMD is characterized by abnormal growth of blood vessels under the retina, specifically the macula. These vessels leak blood and fluids, damaging the retina and its photoreceptors, resulting in permanent loss of central vision. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) has been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of neovascular AMD. In the US, ranibizumab, a VEGF-A blocker, is approved and indicated for the treatment of patients with neovascular AMD. AIMS To review the clinical evidence for ranibizumab in the treatment of neovascular AMD. EVIDENCE REVIEW Phase III clinical trial data have established ranibizumab as a safe and well-tolerated treatment for neovascular AMD. Monthly intravitreal injections of ranibizumab result in a statistically significantly greater proportion of patients losing <15 letters of visual acuity (VA) and statistically significant increases in the mean number of letters gained compared with controls. Anatomically, ranibizumab results in stabilization in the mean area of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and statistically significant reductions in the mean area of leakage compared with controls. Although there is limited economic evidence available, ranibizumab therapy for neovascular AMD appears to deliver a significant degree of value gain in terms of quality of life when compared with other neovascular AMD interventions. PLACE IN THERAPY Clinical evidence establishes ranibizumab as a first-line therapy option for virtually all treatable neovascular AMD patients. Updating neovascular AMD treatment guidelines to reflect the evidence base for ranibizumab as a preferred first-line therapy would be beneficial for physicians in making informed treatment choices and ultimately helping to ensure the best care for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K. Kaiser
- Cole Eye Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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