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Holers VM. Complement therapeutics are coming of age in rheumatology. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023; 19:470-485. [PMID: 37337038 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-023-00981-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The complement system was described over 100 years ago, and it is well established that activation of this pathway accompanies the great majority of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In addition, over three decades of work in murine models of human disease have nearly universally demonstrated that complement activation is upstream of tissue injury and the engagement of pro-inflammatory mechanisms such as the elaboration of cytokines and chemokines, as well as myeloid cell recruitment and activation. With that background, and taking advantage of advances in the development of biologic and small-molecule therapeutics, the creation and clinical evaluation of complement therapeutics is now rapidly expanding. This article reviews the current state of the complement therapeutics field, with a focus on their use in diseases cared for or consulted upon by rheumatologists. Included is an overview of the activation mechanisms and components of the system, in addition to the mechanisms by which the complement system interacts with other immune system constituents. The various therapeutic approaches to modulating the system in rheumatic and autoimmune diseases are reviewed. To understand how best to clinically assess the complement system, methods of its evaluation are described. Finally, next-generation therapeutic and diagnostic advances that can be envisioned for the future are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Michael Holers
- Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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2
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Ikeda Z, Kamei T, Sasaki Y, Reynolds M, Sakai N, Yoshikawa M, Tawada M, Morishita N, Dougan DR, Chen CH, Levin I, Zou H, Kuno M, Arimura N, Kikukawa Y, Kondo M, Tohyama K, Sato K. Discovery of a Novel Series of Potent, Selective, Orally Available, and Brain-Penetrable C1s Inhibitors for Modulation of the Complement Pathway. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6354-6371. [PMID: 37120845 PMCID: PMC10184130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of non-amidine-based C1s inhibitors have been explored. Starting from high-throughput screening hit 3, isoquinoline was replaced with 1-aminophthalazine to enhance C1s inhibitory activity while exhibiting good selectivity against other serine proteases. We first disclose a crystal structure of a complex of C1s and a small-molecule inhibitor (4e), which guided structure-based optimization around the S2 and S3 sites to further enhance C1s inhibitory activity by over 300-fold. Improvement of membrane permeability by incorporation of fluorine at the 8-position of 1-aminophthalazine led to identification of (R)-8 as a potent, selective, orally available, and brain-penetrable C1s inhibitor. (R)-8 significantly inhibited membrane attack complex formation induced by human serum in a dose-dependent manner in an in vitro assay system, proving that selective C1s inhibition blocked the classical complement pathway effectively. As a result, (R)-8 emerged as a valuable tool compound for both in vitro and in vivo assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenichi Ikeda
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Taku Kamei
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sasaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Matthew Reynolds
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Nozomu Sakai
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masato Yoshikawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Michiko Tawada
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Nao Morishita
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Douglas R Dougan
- Structural Biology, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Chien-Hung Chen
- Structural Biology, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Irena Levin
- Structural Biology, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hua Zou
- Structural Biology, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Masako Kuno
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naoto Arimura
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kikukawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Kondo
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Science, Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Kimio Tohyama
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Sato
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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3
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Polyneuropathy Associated with IgM Monoclonal Gammopathy; Advances in Genetics and Treatment, Focusing on Anti-MAG Antibodies. HEMATO 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/hemato3040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
With increasing age, the chances of developing either MGUS or polyneuropathy increase as well. In some cases, there is a causative relationship between the IgM M-protein and polyneuropathy. In approximately half of these cases, IgM targets the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG). This results in chronic polyneuropathy with slowly progressive, predominantly sensory neurological deficits and distally demyelinating features in nerve conduction studies. Despite the disease being chronic and developing slowly, it can cause considerable impairment. We reviewed English medical publications between 1980 and May 2022 on IgM gammopathy-associated polyneuropathy, with special attention to studies addressing the pathophysiology or treatment of anti-MAG polyneuropathy. Treatment options have been limited to a temporizing effect of intravenous immunoglobulins in some patients and a more sustained effect of rituximab but in only 30 to 55 percent of patients. An increase in our knowledge concerning genetic mutations, particularly the MYD88L265P mutation, led to the development of novel targeted treatment options such as BTK inhibitors. Similarly, due to the increasing knowledge of the pathophysiology of anti-MAG polyneuropathy, new treatment options are emerging. Since anti-MAG polyneuropathy is a rare disease with diverse symptomatology, large trials with good outcome measures are a challenge.
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Gong GH, Han S, Huang XL, Xie LP, Zhang W, Xu L, Hu YJ. The Expression of Recombinant Human Serum Albumin in the Mammary Gland of Transgenic Mice. PHARMACEUTICAL FRONTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHuman serum albumin (HSA) is widely used in the clinic for the treatment of several diseases in large amount each year. With the increasing demands of HSA in clinic and limited blood resource, recombinant HSA (rHSA) is becoming an attractive and alternative source for HSA production. In this study, we aimed to express rHSA in the mammary glands of transgenic mice by using a tissue-specific promoter and other regulatory elements. An rHSA expression vector was constructed bearing the cDNA and first intron of HSA under the control of bovine αs1-casein promoter with a 2 × chicken β-globin insulator in the front. Transgenic mice were generated and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that rHSA was expressed only in the mammary gland, indicating the tissue specificity of the bovine αs1-casein promoter in directing transgene transcription in transgenic mice. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test showed that rHSA was successfully secreted into the milk of transgenic mice with the highest level at 1.98 ± 0.12 g/L. Our results indicate the ability of the bovine αs1-casein promoter to induce successful expression of rHSA in the mammary gland of transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Hua Gong
- Biopharmaceutical Department, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Han
- Biopharmaceutical Department, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ling Huang
- Biopharmaceutical Department, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Xie
- Biopharmaceutical Department, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biopharmaceutical Department, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xu
- Biopharmaceutical Department, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Jia Hu
- Biopharmaceutical Department, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Gong G, Zhang W, Xie L, Xu L, Han S, Hu Y. Expression of a recombinant anti-programed cell death 1 antibody in the mammary gland of transgenic mice. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 51:183-190. [PMID: 32808868 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1805755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nivolumab, a fully human IgG4 anti-programed cell death 1(PD-1)antibody, is recently one of the most popular and successful therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in clinical use. With the increasing demands for Nivolumab and other therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, the mammary gland bioreactor has been regarded as another choice for the production of recombinant monoclonal antibodies besides mammalian cell culture. Here, we expressed a recombinant human anti-PD-1 antibody in the mammary glands of transgenic mice. Two expression vectors were constructed bearing the heavy and light chains of anti-PD-1 antibody respectively under the control of bovine αs1-casein promoter. Transgenic mice were then generated by co-microinjection of the two expression cassettes. Three F0 founders with both heavy chain and light chain positive were obtained. Transgenes of both chains were detected to be stably transmitted to the offspring. The recombinant antibody was detected in the milk of transgenic mice with the highest expression level up to 80.52 ± 0.82 mg/L and could specifically binds to the human PD-1 antigen. Therefore, our results suggest the feasibility of anti-PD-1 antibody production in the milk of transgenic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Gong
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Liping Xie
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shu Han
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Youjia Hu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, P. R. China
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6
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Clinical promise of next-generation complement therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:707-729. [PMID: 31324874 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The complement system plays a key role in pathogen immunosurveillance and tissue homeostasis. However, subversion of its tight regulatory control can fuel a vicious cycle of inflammatory damage that exacerbates pathology. The clinical merit of targeting the complement system has been established for rare clinical disorders such as paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria and atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Evidence from preclinical studies and human genome-wide analyses, supported by new molecular and structural insights, has revealed new pathomechanisms and unmet clinical needs that have thrust a new generation of complement inhibitors into clinical development for a variety of indications. This review critically discusses recent clinical milestones in complement drug discovery, providing an updated translational perspective that may guide optimal target selection and disease-tailored complement intervention.
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7
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Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease with pathogenic autoantibodies that act against the astrocyte water channel protein, i.e. aquaporin-4: the disease is associated with recurrent episodes of optic neuritis (ON) and transverse myelitis, often resulting in severe disability. The main goals in treatment of NMO include acute symptomatic therapy and long-term stabilization of symptoms by preventing relapse. In recent years, ongoing randomized controlled trials in NMO patients have studied evidence for treatment. Briefly, acute-stage management (with pulse therapy using corticosteroids and/or plasmapheresis) and maintenance therapy (including rituximab, mycophenolate mofetil, and azathioprine) have been recommended in some case series and retrospective studies. Because of the high prevalence of liver disease, all NMO patients in Taiwan should be screened for hepatitis B and C before treatment is initiated. Although immunosuppression and plasma exchange are the mainstays of therapy for NMO ON, several selective and potentially therapeutic strategies targeting specific steps in NMO pathogenesis including blockers of NMO-IgG binding and inhibitors of granulocyte function have been evaluated in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Lun Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Hung Lin
- Department of Neurology, Taiwan Adventist Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Kang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Kung Tsai
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Institute of Eye Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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Farkas H, Debreczeni ML, Kőhalmi KV. Investigational drugs in phase I and phase II clinical trials for hereditary angioedema. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 27:87-103. [PMID: 29226721 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1415325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hereditary angioedema (HAE) with C1-inhibitor deficiency (C1-INH-HAE) is a rare bradykinin-mediated disease characterized by recurrent subcutaneous and/or submucosal angioedematous attacks (HAE attacks), which occur unpredictably. The recurrent HAE attacks do not respond to conventional treatments, and may evolve into a life-threatening condition; therefore, special therapy is required. AREAS COVERED The agents used so far for the acute management of HAE attacks act by blocking the release of bradykinin, or its binding to its receptor. By contrast, the investigational medicinal products under evaluation in Phase I and II clinical trials are targeted at the prevention of HAE attacks. Chemically, these new drugs are small synthetic molecules, oligonucleotides, or antibodies, which inhibit either kallikrein, or Factor XII. EXPERT OPINION The key considerations for the development of new medicinal products include more straightforward dosing, self-administration, longer duration of action, and keeping the patient attack-free. This review summarizes the status and the findings of the currently ongoing Phase I and Phase II clinical trials of C1-INH-HAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Farkas
- a Hungarian Angioedema Center, 3rd Department of Internal Medicine , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Márta Lídia Debreczeni
- a Hungarian Angioedema Center, 3rd Department of Internal Medicine , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Kinga Viktória Kőhalmi
- a Hungarian Angioedema Center, 3rd Department of Internal Medicine , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
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Thurman JM, Frazer-Abel A, Holers VM. The Evolving Landscape for Complement Therapeutics in Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:2102-2113. [PMID: 28732131 PMCID: PMC5659941 DOI: 10.1002/art.40219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is increasingly understood to play major roles in the pathogenesis of human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Because of this situation, there are rapidly expanding commercial efforts to develop novel complement inhibitors and effector pathway-modulating drugs. This review provides insights into the evolving understanding of the complement system components, mechanisms of activation within and across the 3 pathways (classical, alternative, and lectin), how the pathways are normally controlled and then dysregulated in target tissues, and what diseases are known to be, in large part, complement-dependent through the successful development and approval of complement therapeutics in patients. Mechanisms of complement activation in rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and thrombotic microangiopathies are also illustrated. In addition, the specific therapeutic drugs that are both approved and under development are discussed in the context of both nonrheumatic and rheumatic diseases. Finally, the methods by which the complement system can be assessed in humans through biomarker studies are outlined, with the goal of understanding, in specific patients, how the system is functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Thurman
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ashley Frazer-Abel
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Rheumatology, Aurora, CO, USA
- Exsera BioLabs, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - V. Michael Holers
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Rheumatology, Aurora, CO, USA
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10
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Allergenicity and safety of recombinant human C1 esterase inhibitor in patients with allergy to rabbit or cow's milk. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:476-481.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mukherjee A, Garrels W, Talluri TR, Tiedemann D, Bősze Z, Ivics Z, Kues WA. Expression of Active Fluorophore Proteins in the Milk of Transgenic Pigs Bypassing the Secretory Pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24464. [PMID: 27086548 PMCID: PMC4834472 DOI: 10.1038/srep24464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the expression of recombinant fluorescent proteins in the milk of two lines of transgenic pigs generated by Sleeping Beauty transposon-mediated genetic engineering. The Sleeping Beauty transposon consisted of an ubiquitously active CAGGS promoter driving a fluorophore cDNA, encoding either Venus or mCherry. Importantly, the fluorophore cDNAs did not encode for a signal peptide for the secretory pathway, and in previous studies of the transgenic animals a cytoplasmic localization of the fluorophore proteins was found. Unexpectedly, milk samples from lactating sows contained high levels of bioactive Venus or mCherry fluorophores. A detailed analysis suggested that exfoliated cells of the mammary epithelium carried the recombinant proteins passively into the milk. This is the first description of reporter fluorophore expression in the milk of livestock, and the findings may contribute to the development of an alternative concept for the production of bioactive recombinant proteins in the udder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Mukherjee
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Mariensee, Germany
| | - Wiebke Garrels
- Medical School Hannover, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Tiedemann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Mariensee, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Bősze
- NARIC- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllö, Hungary
| | | | - Wilfried A. Kues
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Mariensee, Germany
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Moldovan D, Bernstein JA, Cicardi M. Recombinant replacement therapy for hereditary angioedema due to C1 inhibitor deficiency. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:739-52. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary angioedema is a rare genetic condition transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized most commonly by the production of either inadequate or nonfunctioning C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH), a blood protein that regulates proteases in the complement, fibrinolytic and contact systems. Patients with hereditary angioedema suffer from episodic, unpredictable manifestations of edema affecting multiple anatomical locations, including the GI tract, facial tissue, the upper airway, oropharynx, urogenital region and/or the arms and legs. A rational approach to treatment is replacement of C1-INH protein, to normalize the levels of C1-INH activity and halt the progression of the biochemical activation processes underlying the edema formation. Ruconest is a highly purified recombinant human C1-INH. This article will focus on the results of ten clinical studies demonstrating the efficacy and safety of Ruconest® (Pharming Group NV, Leiden, the Netherlands), which is now approved for use in Europe, Israel and the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumitru Moldovan
- University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Mures County Hospital, 1 Marinescu St, 540103 Tîrgu Mures, Romania
| | - Jonathan A Bernstein
- Allergy Section, Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way ML#563 Room 7413, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0563, USA
| | - Marco Cicardi
- Department of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
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Bernstein JA, Moellman JJ. Progress in the Emergency Management of Hereditary Angioedema: Focus on New Treatment Options in the United States. Postgrad Med 2015; 124:91-100. [DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2012.05.2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Up to 93% of patients with hereditary angioedema (HAE) experience recurrent abdominal pain. Many of these patients, who often present to emergency departments, primary care physicians, general surgeons, or gastroenterologists, are misdiagnosed for years and undergo unnecessary testing and surgical procedures. Making the diagnosis of HAE can be challenging because symptoms and attack locations are often inconsistent from one episode to the next. Abdominal attacks are common and can occur without other attack locations. An early, accurate diagnosis is central to managing HAE. Unexplained abdominal pain, particularly when accompanied by swelling of the face and extremities, suggests the diagnosis of HAE. A family history and radiologic imaging demonstrating edematous bowel also support an HAE diagnosis. Once HAE is suspected, C4 and C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) laboratory studies are usually diagnostic. Patients with HAE may benefit from recently approved specific treatments, including plasma-derived C1-INH or recombinant C1-INH, a bradykinin B2-receptor antagonist, or a kallikrein inhibitor as first-line therapy and solvent/detergent-treated or fresh frozen plasma as second-line therapy for acute episodes. Short-term or long-term prophylaxis with nanofiltered C1-INH or attenuated androgens will prevent or reduce the frequency and severity of episodes. Gastroenterologists can play a critical role in identifying and treating patients with HAE, and should have a high index of suspicion when encountering patients with recurrent, unexplained bouts of abdominal pain. Given the high rate of abdominal attacks in HAE, it is important for gastroenterologists to appropriately diagnose and promptly recognize and treat HAE, or refer patients with HAE to an allergist.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aamir Ali
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marie L Borum
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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15
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Farkas H, Kohalmi KV, Veszeli N, Zotter Z, Varga L. Successful prophylaxis with recombinant human C1 inhibitor in a patient with hereditary angioedema. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014; 114:64-5. [PMID: 25454013 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Farkas
- National Angioedema Center, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Kinga Viktoria Kohalmi
- National Angioedema Center, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nora Veszeli
- National Angioedema Center, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Zotter
- National Angioedema Center, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilian Varga
- National Angioedema Center, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Larghi EL, Kaufman TS. Modulators of complement activation: a patent review (2008 - 2013). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:665-86. [PMID: 24640971 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.898063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The architecture of the complement system has evolved during the last 600 - 700 million years to become an amazingly efficient and highly versatile alerting and cell killing device. Under physiological conditions, this system acts as a well-regulated cascade, protecting the organism against pathogens and participating during the initial defensive steps of humoral and cellular response. The unregulated activation of this system may cause or even aggravate diseases; therefore, its modulation is currently considered of high importance. AREAS COVERED This review is a critical examination on patent literature published between 2008 and 2013. An insight is provided about the discovery and development of novel therapeutic agents. These include macromolecules, polysaccharides and proteins, specific antibodies, and hybrid or chimeric products. Peptides and low molecular weight organic compounds (natural products, their derivatives and fully synthetic molecules) are covered as well. EXPERT OPINION The search of specific inhibitors of the complement cascade has become one of the Holy Grails of Medicinal Chemistry for the last 30 - 40 years, with very few cases of success. Some highly specific macromolecules are currently available as modulators of the complement. However, there is still a marked need to find new, more specific, efficient and convenient alternatives, especially suited for chronic administration, including novel inexpensive small molecule inhibitors. Analogously, despite the initial success with specific monoclonal antibodies, a vast territory is awaiting to be explored and conquered, regarding the regulation of complement activation by antibody-mediated blockage of specific polypeptides or receptor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique L Larghi
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Departamento Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas , Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario , República Argentina
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17
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Bas¸ M. Clinical efficacy of icatibant in the treatment of acute hereditary angioedema during the FAST-3 trial. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 8:707-17. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Lewis LM. Angioedema: Etiology, Pathophysiology, Current and Emerging Therapies. J Emerg Med 2013; 45:789-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Holers VM. Human C3 glomerulopathy provides unique insights into complement factor H-related protein function. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2357-60. [PMID: 23728171 DOI: 10.1172/jci69684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The study in this issue of the JCI by Tortajada et al. demonstrates that a duplication within the gene complement factor H–related 1 (CFHR1; encoding FHR1) leads to the production of an aberrant larger form of the protein. Elegant in vitro studies of the mutant and normal variants demonstrate an unexpected mechanism of action of FHR1, wherein homodimeration and hetero- oligomerization with FHR2 and FHR5 generates more avid molecules that very effectively compete with FH binding to surfaces and impair its ability to regulate local complement activation. As variants of FHRs are linked to many human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, these and other recently published structure/function studies of these proteins provide key insights into their complement regulatory activities and likely roles in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Michael Holers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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Hassen GW, Kalantari H, Parraga M, Chirurgi R, Meletiche C, Chan C, Ciarlo J, Gazi F, Lobaito C, Tadayon S, Yemane S, Velez C. Fresh Frozen Plasma for Progressive and Refractory Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-induced Angioedema. J Emerg Med 2013; 44:764-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Xu YY, Buyantseva LV, Agarwal NS, Olivieri K, Zhi YX, Craig TJ. Update on treatment of hereditary angioedema. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43:395-405. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y.-Y. Xu
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing; China
| | - L. V. Buyantseva
- Department of Internal Medicine; Pinnacle Heal System; Harrisburg Hospital; Harrisburg; PA; USA
| | - N. S. Agarwal
- Department of Pediatrics; Weill Cornell Medical Center; New York Presbyterian Hospital; New York; NY; USA
| | | | - Y.-X. Zhi
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing; China
| | - T. J. Craig
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care; Medicine and Pediatrics; Milton S. Hershey Medical Center; Penn State University; Hershey; PA; USA
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Hack CE, Relan A, Baboeram A, Oortwijn B, Versteeg S, van Ree R, Pijpstra R. Immunosafety of Recombinant Human C1-Inhibitor in Hereditary Angioedema: Evaluation of IgE Antibodies. Clin Drug Investig 2013; 33:275-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s40261-013-0064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Farkas H, Varga L. Ecallantide is a novel treatment for attacks of hereditary angioedema due to C1 inhibitor deficiency. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2011; 4:61-8. [PMID: 21760740 PMCID: PMC3133501 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s10322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) resulting from the deficiency of the C1 inhibitor protein is a rare disease, characterized by paroxysms of edema formation in the subcutis and in the submucosa. Edema can cause obstruction of the upper airway, which may lead to suffocation. Prompt elimination of edema is necessary to save patients from this life-threatening condition. Essentially, these edematous attacks are related to the activation of the kinin-kallikrein system and the consequent release of bradykinin. Ecallantide (known as DX-88 previously), a potent and specific inhibitor of plasma kallikrein is an innovative medicinal product. This is the only agent approved recently by the FDA for all localizations of edematous HAE attacks. Its advantages include no risk of viral contamination, high selectivity, very rapid onset of action, good tolerability, and straightforward subcutaneous administration. Owing to the risk of anaphylaxis, ecallantide should be administered by a health care professional. A postmarketing survey to improve risk-assessment and risk-minimization has been launched. The results of these studies may lead to the approval of ecallantide for self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Farkas
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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