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Laserna V, Istrate A, Kafuta K, Hakala TA, Knowles TPJ, Alcarazo M, Bernardes GJL. Protein Conjugation by Electrophilic Alkynylation Using 5-(Alkynyl)dibenzothiophenium Triflates. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1570-1575. [PMID: 34232618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
5-(Alkynyl)dibenzothiophenium triflates are introduced as new reagents to prepare different protein conjugates through site-selective cysteine alkynylation. The protocol developed allows a highly efficient label of free cysteine-containing proteins with relevant biological roles, such as ubiquitin, the C2A domain of Synaptotagmin-I, or HER2 targeting nanobodies. An electrophilic bis-alkynylating reagent was also designed. The second alkynylating handle thus introduced in the desired protein enables access to protein-thiol, protein-peptide, and protein-protein conjugates, and even diubiquitin dimers can be prepared through this approach. The low excess of reagent needed, mild reaction conditions used, short reaction times, and stability of the S-C(alkyne) bonds at physiological conditions make this approach an interesting addition to the toolbox of classical, site-selective cysteine-conjugation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Laserna
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alena Istrate
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Kafuta
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077-Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tuuli A Hakala
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Alcarazo
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077-Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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Sawant MS, Streu CN, Wu L, Tessier PM. Toward Drug-Like Multispecific Antibodies by Design. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7496. [PMID: 33053650 PMCID: PMC7589779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of antibody therapeutics is strongly influenced by their multifunctional nature that couples antigen recognition mediated by their variable regions with effector functions and half-life extension mediated by a subset of their constant regions. Nevertheless, the monospecific IgG format is not optimal for many therapeutic applications, and this has led to the design of a vast number of unique multispecific antibody formats that enable targeting of multiple antigens or multiple epitopes on the same antigen. Despite the diversity of these formats, a common challenge in generating multispecific antibodies is that they display suboptimal physical and chemical properties relative to conventional IgGs and are more difficult to develop into therapeutics. Here we review advances in the design and engineering of multispecific antibodies with drug-like properties, including favorable stability, solubility, viscosity, specificity and pharmacokinetic properties. We also highlight emerging experimental and computational methods for improving the next generation of multispecific antibodies, as well as their constituent antibody fragments, with natural IgG-like properties. Finally, we identify several outstanding challenges that need to be addressed to increase the success of multispecific antibodies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali S. Sawant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.S.S.); (C.N.S.)
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Craig N. Streu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.S.S.); (C.N.S.)
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, Albion College, Albion, MI 49224, USA
| | - Lina Wu
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter M. Tessier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.S.S.); (C.N.S.)
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Enrich-Essvein T, Benavides-Reyes C, Álvarez-Lloret P, Bolaños-Carmona MV, Rodríguez-Navarro AB, González-López S. Influence of de-remineralization process on chemical, microstructural, and mechanical properties of human and bovine dentin. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:841-849. [PMID: 32462276 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03371-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compared the chemical composition, microstructural, and mechanical properties of human and bovine dentin subjected to a demineralization/remineralization process. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human and bovine incisors were sectioned to obtain 120 coronal dentin beams (6 × 1 × 1 mm3) that were randomly allocated into 4 subgroups (n = 15) according to the time of treatment (sound, pH-cycling for 3, 7, and 14 days). Three-point bending mechanical test, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), thermogravimetric (TG), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were employed to characterize the dentin samples. RESULTS Regarding chemical composition at the molecular level, bovine sound dentin showed significantly lower values in organic and inorganic content (collagen cross-linking, CO3/amide I, and CO3/PO4; p = 0.002, p = 0.026, and p = 0.002, respectively) compared to humans. Employing XRD analyses, a higher mineral crystallinity in human dentin than in bovines at 7 and 14 days (p = 0.003 and p = 0.009, respectively) was observed. At the end of the pH-cycling, CI (ATR-FTIR) and CO3/PO4 ratios (ATR-FTIR) increased, while CO3/amide I (ATR-FTIR), PO4/amide I (ATR-FTIR), and %mineral (TG) ratios decreased. The extension by compression values increased over exposure time with significant differences between dentin types (p < 0.001, in all cases), reaching higher values in bovine dentin. However, flexural strength (MPa) did not show differences between groups. We also observed the correlation between compositional variables (i.e., PO4/amide I, CI, and %mineral) and the extension by compression. CONCLUSIONS Human and bovine dentin are different in terms of microstructure, chemical composition, mechanical strength, and in their response to the demineralization/remineralization process by pH-cycling. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These dissimilarities may constitute a potential limitation when replacing human teeth with bovines in in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tattiana Enrich-Essvein
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Colegio Maximo s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Cristina Benavides-Reyes
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Colegio Maximo s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro Álvarez-Lloret
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Geology, University of Oviedo, Jesús Arias de Velasco s/n, 33005, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Victoria Bolaños-Carmona
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Colegio Maximo s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro B Rodríguez-Navarro
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuentenueva s/n, 18002, Granada, Spain
| | - Santiago González-López
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Colegio Maximo s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
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Fu Y, Ho M. DNA damaging agent-based antibody-drug conjugates for cancer therapy. Antib Ther 2018; 1:33-43. [PMID: 30294716 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tby007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, four antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are approved by the Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicine Agency to treat cancer patients. More than 60 ADCs are in clinical development for cancer therapy. More than 60% of ADCs in clinical trials employ microtubule inhibitors as their payloads. A better understanding of payloads other than microtubule inhibitors, especially DNA-damaging agents, is important for further development of ADCs. In this review, we highlight an emerging trend of using DNA-damaging agents as payloads for ADCs. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding gained from ongoing clinical studies; it will help to define the utility of DNA-damaging payloads for ADCs as cancer therapeutics. Future directions of the development of ADCs are also discussed, focusing on targeting drug resistance and combination treatment with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Chiu ML, Gilliland GL. Engineering antibody therapeutics. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 38:163-73. [PMID: 27525816 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The successful introduction of antibody-based protein therapeutics into the arsenal of treatments for patients has within a few decades fostered intense innovation in the production and engineering of antibodies. Reviewed here are the methods currently used to produce antibodies along with how our knowledge of the structural and functional characterization of immunoglobulins has resulted in the engineering of antibodies to produce protein therapeutics with unique properties, both biological and biophysical, that are leading to novel therapeutic approaches. Antibody engineering includes the introduction of the antibody combining site (variable regions) into a host of architectures including bi and multi-specific formats that further impact the therapeutic properties leading to further advantages and successes in patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Chiu
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Gary L Gilliland
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
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Immunogenicity assays for antibody–drug conjugates: case study with ado-trastuzumab emtansine. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:1007-23. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) such as Kadcyla™ (ado-trastuzumab emtansine [T-DM1]) present covalently bound cytotoxic drugs, which may influence their immunogenicity potential compared with antibody therapies. Therefore, ADCs require assay strategies that allow measurement of responses to all the molecular components. Results: The immunogenicity strategy for T-DM1 used a risk-based, tiered approach that included screening and titration to detect antitherapeutic antibodies; confirmation of positive responses; and characterization to assess whether the immune response is primarily to the antibody or to the linker–drug and/or new epitopes in trastuzumab resulting from conjugation. Conclusion: The tiered immunogenicity assay strategy for T-DM1 allowed detection of antitherapeutic antibodies to all components of the ADC in multiple nonclinical and clinical studies. Characterization strategies implemented in clinical studies provided additional insights into the specificity of the immune response.
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Gu J, Ghayur T. Generation of dual-variable-domain immunoglobulin molecules for dual-specific targeting. Methods Enzymol 2012; 502:25-41. [PMID: 22208980 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416039-2.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies may be used to improve clinical efficacy by targeting two disease mechanisms for the treatment of complex human diseases in a single agent. Bispecific antibodies also hold promise for certain therapeutic applications difficult to achieve by single-targeting monospecific antibodies, such as immune (T cell or NK) cell retargeting, site-specific targeting, enabling therapeutics to cross the blood-brain barrier, and unique receptor modulation. Although the history of bispecific antibody research is almost as long as hybridoma technology, it is not until recent that bispecific antibodies have made substantial breakthrough, thanks to promising clinical trial results of a few bispecific antibodies and the development of new formats which largely ease manufacturing and physicochemical property challenges encountered by early bispecific antibody formats. The dual-variable-domain immunoglobulin (DVD-Ig™) format was initially described in 2007. In this format, the target-binding variable domains of two monoclonal antibodies can be combined via naturally occurring linkers to create a tetravalent, dual-targeting single agent. Viable DVD-Ig molecules can be identified through optimization of antibody pair, antibody variable domain orientation, and linkers. An optimized DVD-Ig™ molecule has many desirable properties of a mAb, such as good expression in mammalian cells, easy purification to homogeneity using standard approaches, displaying good drug-like biophysical and pharmacokinetic properties, and amenability to large-scale manufacturing. Several DVD-Ig molecules have demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic properties and efficacy in preclinical animal models. Here, we provide an example of construction and preliminary characterization of a DVD-Ig™ molecule and discuss the general approach used in optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijie Gu
- Biologics Department, Abbott Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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