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Giotis ES, Cil E, Brooke GN. Use of Antiandrogens as Therapeutic Agents in COVID-19 Patients. Viruses 2022; 14:2728. [PMID: 36560732 PMCID: PMC9788624 DOI: 10.3390/v14122728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2), is estimated to have caused over 6.5 million deaths worldwide. The emergence of fast-evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern alongside increased transmissibility and/or virulence, as well as immune and vaccine escape capabilities, highlight the urgent need for more effective antivirals to combat the disease in the long run along with regularly updated vaccine boosters. One of the early risk factors identified during the COVID-19 pandemic was that men are more likely to become infected by the virus, more likely to develop severe disease and exhibit a higher likelihood of hospitalisation and mortality rates compared to women. An association exists between SARS-CoV-2 infectiveness and disease severity with sex steroid hormones and, in particular, androgens. Several studies underlined the importance of the androgen-mediated regulation of the host protease TMPRSS2 and the cell entry protein ACE2, as well as the key role of these factors in the entry of the virus into target cells. In this context, modulating androgen signalling is a promising strategy to block viral infection, and antiandrogens could be used as a preventative measure at the pre- or early hospitalisation stage of COVID-19 disease. Different antiandrogens, including commercial drugs used to treat metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer and other conditions, have been tested as antivirals with varying success. In this review, we summarise the most recent updates concerning the use of antiandrogens as prophylactic and therapeutic options for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios S. Giotis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Emine Cil
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Greg N. Brooke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
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Effect of resveratrol on menstrual cyclicity, hyperandrogenism and metabolic profile in women with PCOS. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:4106-4112. [PMID: 33610422 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this randomized trial was to find whether resveratrol could improve menstrual dysfunction, clinical signs (i.e., acne and hair loss), and the biochemical evidence of hyperandrogenism in the women with PCOS. METHODS Women, in the age range of 18-40 years, diagnosed with PCOS, as defined by the Rotterdam criteria, and no other known cause of abnormal menstruation, were recruited. Participants were randomized based on a 1:1 ratio, to either 1000 mg resveratrol or 1000 mg placebo daily groups, for a period of 3 months. RESULTS Seventy-eight patients were randomized: 39 to the resveratrol group and 39 to placebo. Results were analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle. At the end of study, it was found that women who received resveratrol had a statistically higher regular menstruation rate, as compared to those who got placebo (76.47% vs. 51.61%; p = 0.03), and lower hair loss (32.10% vs. 68.00%; p = 0.009). We also found no significant differences between the two groups in terms of ovarian and adrenal androgens, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels, free androgen index (FAI), glycoinsulinemic metabolism and lipid profile. Moreover, the resveratrol treatment did not interfere with the thyroid, liver and kidney functions. The negative effect of resveratrol on the body composition was also observed, though not influencing changes in the weight, relative to the placebo group. CONCLUSION Resveratrol improved menstrual cyclicity and hair loss, even though levels of androgens, insulin and lipids remained unchanged.
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Noroozzadeh M, Raoufy MR, Bidhendi Yarandi R, Faraji Shahrivar F, Moghimi N, Ramezani Tehrani F. Cardiac function and tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome during the postmenopausal period. Life Sci 2020; 262:118394. [PMID: 32910953 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS There is much controversy regarding whether cardiovascular events increase in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with aging. Considering the lack of possibility of certain investigations in humans, animal models of PCOS may be suitable resources to obtain the useful data needed. In this study; we aimed to investigate whether cardiac function and tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury worsen in postmenopausal rats, who had PCOS at younger ages, compared to controls. MAIN METHODS The hearts of aged rats with a history of PCOS and their controls were isolated and perfused in a Langendorff apparatus. Values of hemodynamic parameters, including left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), rate pressure product (RPP) and peak rates of positive and negative changes in left ventricular pressure (±dp/dt) were recorded using a power lab system. Blood serum levels of total testosterone (TT) and estradiol (E2) were determined by ELISA kits. Generalized Estimating Equation Model and t-student unpaired test results were used to compare the findings documented between two groups. KEY FINDINGS No statistically significant differences were observed in hemodynamic parameters of the heart including, LVSP, LVDP, RPP and ±dp/dt, between the rats of two groups of study, at baseline or before ischemia and after I/R. Nor were any significant differences observed in the levels of two hormones between the two groups (p > 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE History of PCOS during reproductive ages should not be considered an important risk factor for reduction in cardiac contractile function or less tolerance to I/R injury during the postmenopausal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Noroozzadeh
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Raoufy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Bidhendi Yarandi
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Faraji Shahrivar
- Department of Medical laboratory Sciences, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Naghmeh Moghimi
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Kilic D, Kilic ID, Sevgican CI, Kilic O, Alatas E, Arslan M, Avci E, Guler T. Arterial stiffness measured by cardio-ankle vascular index is greater in non-obese young women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2020; 47:521-528. [PMID: 33145911 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The association of metabolic abnormalities and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) has been documented, but few studies have focused on cardiovascular risk in these women. The aim of this study was to compare arterial stiffness by using the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) in PCOS women with controls, and to evaluate whether any clinical or laboratory variables had independent associations with it. METHODS A group of 160 women, matched for age and body mass index were recruited. Diagnosis of PCOS was made according to the Rotterdam criteria. Arterial stiffness using CAVI was evaluated in non-obese young woman, with and without PCOS. RESULTS In the PCOS group (n = 80), 60 cases (75%) had findings of hyperandrogenism, 59 (73.8%) had ovulatory dysfunction, and 70 (87.5%) had an ultrasonographic appearance of polycystic ovaries. Women with PCOS had significantly higher mean CAVI values when compared to subjects without PCOS (5.78 ± 0.64 vs 5.28 ± 0.77, P < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that androgen excess was associated with increased arterial stiffness, independent of ovulatory dysfunction, polycystic ovaries, body mass index and age. CONCLUSION This data suggests that vascular compliance is decreased in young women with PCOS. Androgen excess is independently associated with increased arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Kilic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pamukkale University Medical School, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ismail Dogu Kilic
- Department of Cardiology, Pamukkale University Medical School, Denizli, Turkey
| | | | - Oguz Kilic
- Department of Cardiology, Simav Doc. Dr. Ismail Karakuyu State Hospital, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Erkan Alatas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pamukkale University Medical School, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Arslan
- Department of Radiology, Pamukkale University Medical School, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Esin Avci
- Department of Biochemistry, Pamukkale University Medical School, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Tolga Guler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pamukkale University Medical School, Denizli, Turkey
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Yurtdaş G, Akdevelioğlu Y. A New Approach to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: The Gut Microbiota. J Am Coll Nutr 2019; 39:371-382. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1657515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Yurtdaş
- Nutrition and Dietetic Department, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Morgan RA, Keen JA, Homer N, Nixon M, McKinnon-Garvin AM, Moses-Williams JA, Davis SR, Hadoke PWF, Walker BR. Dysregulation of Cortisol Metabolism in Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3791-3800. [PMID: 30289445 PMCID: PMC6202856 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Equine Cushing disease [pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID)] is a common condition of older horses, but its pathophysiology is complex and poorly understood. In contrast to pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism in other species, PPID is characterized by elevated plasma ACTH but not elevated plasma cortisol. In this study, we address this paradox and the hypothesis that PPID is a syndrome of ACTH excess in which there is dysregulation of peripheral glucocorticoid metabolism and binding. In 14 horses with PPID compared with 15 healthy controls, we show that in plasma, cortisol levels and cortisol binding to corticosteroid binding globulin were not different; in urine, glucocorticoid and androgen metabolites were increased up to fourfold; in liver, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) expression was reduced; in perirenal adipose tissue, 11β-HSD1 and carbonyl reductase 1 expression was increased; and tissue cortisol levels were not measurably different. The combination of normal plasma cortisol with markedly enhanced urinary cortisol metabolite excretion and dysregulated tissue-specific steroid-metabolizing enzymes suggests that cortisol clearance is increased in horses with PPID. We infer that the ACTH excess may be compensatory and pituitary pathology and autonomous secretion may be a secondary rather than primary pathology. It is possible that successful therapy in PPID may be targeted either at lowering ACTH or, paradoxically, at reducing cortisol clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Morgan
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - John A Keen
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Homer
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Nixon
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M McKinnon-Garvin
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Jodie A Moses-Williams
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah R Davis
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Brian R Walker
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Abiad F, Khalife D, Safadi B, Alami R, Awwad J, Khalifeh F, Ghazeeri G. The effect of bariatric surgery on inflammatory markers in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2018; 12:999-1005. [PMID: 30168430 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aims of this study is to address the improvement in CRP and adiponectin in obese PCOS and non PCOS after bariatric surgery, and to show that obese PCOS women have a slower rate of improvement when compared to obese non PCOS women. METHODS This is a prospective case-control study evaluating the effect of weight loss by sleeve gastrectomy among obese PCOS patients. RESULTS There was a 36.28% of weight loss among obese PCOS and 33.04% among the control group at 12 months. Both groups showed a significant increase in the adiponectin levels at 3, 6 and 12 months' post-surgery. The rate of increase was higher in the obese non PCOS women (4.93 ± 1.79-9.79 ± 3.9) compared to obese PCOS women (5.05 ± 1.98-7.25 ± 0.21). The CRP levels decreased with weight loss after the surgery to reach statistical significance at 3 months in obese PCOS group (4.18 ± 3.94, p = 0.048). CONCLUSION The degree of weight loss after surgery was effective in lowering CRP and increasing adiponectin levels in PCOS women. However, this improvement was slower compared to obese non PCOS patients. A genetic predisposition to insulin resistance might explain these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firass Abiad
- Department of General Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dalia Khalife
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bassem Safadi
- Department of General Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ramzi Alami
- Department of General Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Johnny Awwad
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fatin Khalifeh
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghina Ghazeeri
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Huang WQ, Guo JH, Yuan C, Cui YG, Diao FY, Yu MK, Liu JY, Ruan YC, Chan HC. Abnormal CFTR Affects Glucagon Production by Islet α Cells in Cystic Fibrosis and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Front Physiol 2017; 8:835. [PMID: 29204121 PMCID: PMC5698272 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon, produced by islet α cells, functions to increase blood glucose. Abnormal glucose levels are often seen in cystic fibrosis (CF), a systematic disease caused by mutations of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), an endocrine disorder featured with hyperandrogenism affecting 5-10% women of reproductive age. Here, we explored the role of CFTR in glucagon production in α cells and its possible contribution to glucagon disturbance in CF and PCOS. We found elevated fasting glucagon levels in CFTR mutant (DF508) mice compared to the wildtypes. Glucagon and prohormone convertase 2 (PC2) were also upregulated in CFTR inhibitor-treated or DF508 islets, as compared to the controls or wildtypes, respectively. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced PCOS rats exhibited significantly lower fasting glucagon levels with higher CFTR expression in α cells compared to that of controls. Treatment of mouse islets or αTC1-9 cells with DHT enhanced CFTR expression and reduced the levels of glucagon and PC2. The inhibitory effect of DHT on glucagon production was blocked by CFTR inhibitors in mouse islets, and mimicked by overexpressing CFTR in αTC1-9 cells with reduced phosphorylation of the cAMP/Ca2+ response element binding protein (p-CREB), a key transcription factor for glucagon and PC2. These results revealed a previously undefined role of CFTR in suppressing glucagon production in α-cells, defects in which may contribute to glucose metabolic disorder seen in CF and PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qing Huang
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jing Hui Guo
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Gui Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Yang Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Kuen Yu
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jia Yin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Chun Ruan
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hsiao Chang Chan
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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