Diagnostic imaging in neuro-ophthalmology

Neuro-ophthalmology is a field combining neurology and ophthalmology that studies diseases that affect the visual system and the mechanisms that control eye movement and pupil function. Imaging tests make it possible to thoroughly assess the relevant anatomy and disease of the structures that make up the visual pathway, the nerves that control eye and pupil movement, and the orbital structures themselves. This article is divided into three sections (review of the anatomy, appropriate imaging techniques, and evaluation of disease according to clinical symptoms), with the aim of providing useful tools that will enable radiologists to choose the best imaging technique for the differential diagnosis of patients' problems to reach the correct diagnosis of their disease.

Underdiagnosis of posterior communicating artery aneurysm in noninvasive brain vascular studies

BACKGROUND

Expert interpretation of modern noninvasive neuroimaging such as computed tomographic angiography (CTA) or MRA should detect nearly all aneurysms responsible for an isolated third nerve palsy. Whether a catheter angiogram should still be obtained in cases with negative CTA or MRA remains debated and mostly relies on whether the noninvasive study was correctly performed and interpreted. The aim of our study was to review the diagnostic strategies used to evaluate patients with isolated aneurysmal third nerve palsy at a large academic center.

METHODS

Retrospective review of all cases with posterior communicating artery (PCom A) aneurysmal third nerve palsies seen at our institution since 2001.

RESULTS

We identified 417 cases with third nerve palsy, aneurysm, or subarachnoid hemorrhage, among which 17 presented with an acute isolated painful third nerve palsy related to an ipsilateral PCom A aneurysm (mean age: 52 years; range: 33-83 years). Patients were classified into 3 groups based on the results of the noninvasive imaging obtained at initial presentation. Group I included 4 cases with subarachnoid hemorrhage on initial noncontrast head CT initially obtained in an emergency department for evaluation of their isolated third nerve palsy. Group II included 5 cases with isolated third nerve palsy and normal noncontrast head CT at presentation, immediately correctly diagnosed with a PCom A aneurysm at the referring institution. Group III included the 8 remaining cases who all had aneurysms that were missed on noninvasive studies at outside institutions. Review of these outside studies at our institution showed a PCom A aneurysm, confirming misinterpretation of these tests by the outside radiologists, rather than inadequate technique. Absence of specific training in neuroradiology and inaccurate clinical information provided to the interpreting radiologist were associated with test misinterpretation at the outside institutions. The average size of PCom A aneurysms causing an isolated third nerve palsy across all 3 groups was 7.3 mm and was similar in each group.

CONCLUSION

Our study suggests that aside from an accurate history, the training and experience of the interpreting radiologist is probably the most important factor in determining the reliability of a noninvasive scan in patients with isolated third nerve palsies.