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Horii S, Mori S, Ogata R, Nukaga S, Nishida R, Kishi S, Sasaki R, Ikemoto A, Owari T, Maesaka F, Honoki K, Miyake M, Tanaka Y, Fujimoto K, Fujiwara-Tani R, Kuniyasu H. 5-Aminolevrinic Acid Exhibits Dual Effects on Stemness in Human Sarcoma Cell Lines under Dark Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076189. [PMID: 37047157 PMCID: PMC10094087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is used for tumor-targeting phototherapy because it is converted to protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) upon excitation and induces phototoxicity. However, the effect of ALA on malignant cells under unexcited conditions is unclear. This information is essential when administering ALA systemically. We used sarcoma cell lines that usually arise deep in the body and are rarely exposed to light to examine the effects of ALA treatment under light (daylight lamp irradiation) and dark (dark room) conditions. ALA-treated human SW872 liposarcoma cells and human MG63 osteosarcoma cells cultured under light exhibited growth suppression and increased oxidative stress, while cells cultured in the dark showed no change. However, sphere-forming ability increased in the dark, and the expression of stem-cell-related genes was induced in dark, but not light, conditions. ALA administration increased heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression in both cell types; when carbon monoxide (CO), a metabolite of HO-1, was administered to sarcoma cells via carbon-monoxide-releasing molecule 2 (CORM2), it enhanced sphere-forming ability. We also compared the concentration of biliverdin (BVD) (a co-product of HO-1 activity alongside CO) with sphere-forming ability when HO-1 activity was inhibited using ZnPPIX in the dark. Both cell types showed a peak in sphere-forming ability at 60–80 μM BVD. Furthermore, a cell death inhibitor assay revealed that the HO-1-induced suppression of sphere formation was rescued by apoptosis or ferroptosis inhibitors. These findings suggest that in the absence of excitation, ALA promotes HO-1 expression and enhances the stemness of sarcoma cells, although excessive HO-1 upregulation induces apoptosis and ferroptosis. Our data indicate that systemic ALA administration induces both enhanced stemness and cell death in malignant cells located in dark environments deep in the body and highlight the need to pay attention to drug delivery and ALA concentrations during phototherapy.
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Chelerythrine Inhibits Stemness of Cancer Stem-Like Cells of Osteosarcoma and PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signal. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:6435431. [PMID: 36131794 PMCID: PMC9484924 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6435431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chelerythrine (CHE) is widely found in many herbs and is the main alkaloid constituent of Toddalia asiatica (L.) LAM. It has been proved to exert remarkable antitumor, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antiparasitic effects. In osteosarcoma, CHE is reported to inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis. However, the effect of CHE on cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), which contribute to metastasis and recurrence in osteosarcoma, is still largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of CHE on the stemness and malignant behaviors of CSCs derived from osteosarcoma cells. CSCs were enriched by culturing in serum-free medium. The effects of CHE on stemness were measured by detecting stemness factors and sphere formation ability. The effects of CHE on chemosensitivity to doxorubicin and MTX were measured by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. The effects of CHE on CSC malignancy were measured by performing CCK-8, colony formation, tumor formation in soft agar, migration, and invasion assays. We first enriched CSCs from osteosarcoma cells, which were characterized by upregulated stemness markers, including Oct4, Nanog, and Nestin. The addition of CHE clearly decreased malignant behaviors, including colony formation, tumor formation in soft agar, migration, and invasion. CHE also inhibited stemness and thus induced the failure of sphere formation. Moreover, CHE promoted apoptosis induced by chemo agents, including doxorubicin (DOX) and methotrexate (MTX). After CHE treatment, the protein expression of MMP-2/9 was significantly decreased, potentially inhibiting invasion. CHE also exhibited an inhibitory effect on the phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, and mTOR, which is an upstream regulatory signaling pathway of MMP-2/9. In summary, CSCs derived from U2OS and MG-63 cells, CHE could inhibit the stemness and malignant behaviors of CSCs potentially by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Czarnecka AM, Synoradzki K, Firlej W, Bartnik E, Sobczuk P, Fiedorowicz M, Grieb P, Rutkowski P. Molecular Biology of Osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2130. [PMID: 32751922 PMCID: PMC7463657 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent primary bone cancer in children and adolescents and the third most frequent in adults. Many inherited germline mutations are responsible for syndromes that predispose to osteosarcomas including Li Fraumeni syndrome, retinoblastoma syndrome, Werner syndrome, Bloom syndrome or Diamond-Blackfan anemia. TP53 is the most frequently altered gene in osteosarcoma. Among other genes mutated in more than 10% of OS cases, c-Myc plays a role in OS development and promotes cell invasion by activating MEK-ERK pathways. Several genomic studies showed frequent alterations in the RB gene in pediatric OS patients. Osteosarcoma driver mutations have been reported in NOTCH1, FOS, NF2, WIF1, BRCA2, APC, PTCH1 and PRKAR1A genes. Some miRNAs such as miR-21, -34a, -143, -148a, -195a, -199a-3p and -382 regulate the pathogenic activity of MAPK and PI3K/Akt-signaling pathways in osteosarcoma. CD133+ osteosarcoma cells have been shown to exhibit stem-like gene expression and can be tumor-initiating cells and play a role in metastasis and development of drug resistance. Although currently osteosarcoma treatment is based on adriamycin chemoregimens and surgery, there are several potential targeted therapies in development. First of all, activity and safety of cabozantinib in osteosarcoma were studied, as well as sorafenib and pazopanib. Finally, novel bifunctional molecules, of potential imaging and osteosarcoma targeting applications may be used in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Czarnecka
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Centre, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Synoradzki
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Firlej
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Centre, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Bartnik
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Sobczuk
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Centre, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Fiedorowicz
- Small Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Interinstitute Laboratory of New Diagnostic Applications of MRI, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Grieb
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Centre, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
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Cancer Stem Cells in Soft-Tissue Sarcomas. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061449. [PMID: 32532153 PMCID: PMC7349510 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a rare group of mesenchymal solid tumors with heterogeneous genetic profiles and clinical features. Systemic chemotherapy is the backbone treatment for advanced STS; however, STS frequently acquire resistance to standard therapies, which highlights the need to improve treatments and identify novel therapeutic targets. Increases in the knowledge of the molecular pathways that drive sarcomas have brought to light different molecular alterations that cause tumor initiation and progression. These findings have triggered a breakthrough of targeted therapies that are being assessed in clinical trials. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) exhibit mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) features and represent a subpopulation of tumor cells that play an important role in tumor progression, chemotherapy resistance, recurrence and metastasis. In fact, CSCs phenotypes have been identified in sarcomas, allied to drug resistance and tumorigenesis. Herein, we will review the published evidence of CSCs in STS, discussing the molecular characteristic of CSCs, the commonly used isolation techniques and the new possibilities of targeting CSCs as a way to improve STS treatment and consequently patient outcome.
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Fourneaux B, Bourdon A, Dadone B, Lucchesi C, Daigle SR, Richard E, Laroche-Clary A, Le Loarer F, Italiano A. Identifying and targeting cancer stem cells in leiomyosarcoma: prognostic impact and role to overcome secondary resistance to PI3K/mTOR inhibition. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:11. [PMID: 30683135 PMCID: PMC6347793 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is one of the most frequent soft tissue sarcoma subtypes and is characterized by a consistent deregulation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been poorly studied in soft tissue sarcomas. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association between CSCs, the outcome of LMS patients, and the resistance to PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibition. Methods We investigated the relationships between aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) expression, a cancer stem cell marker, and the outcome of LMS patients in two independent cohorts. We assessed the impact of CSCs in resistance to PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibition using LMS cell lines, a xenograft mouse model, and human tumor samples. Results We found that enhanced ALDH1 activity is a hallmark of LMS stem cells and is an independent prognostic factor. We also identified that secondary resistance to PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibition was associated with the expansion of LMS CSCs. Interestingly, we found that EZH2 inhibition, a catalytic component of polycomb repressive complex which plays a critical role in stem cell maintenance, restored sensitivity to PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibition. Importantly, we confirmed the clinical relevance of our findings by analyzing tumor samples from patients who showed secondary resistance after treatment with a PI3Kα inhibitor. Conclusions Altogether, our findings suggest that CSCs have a strong impact on the outcome of patients with LMS and that combining PI3K/mTOR and EZH2 inhibitors may represent a promising strategy in this setting. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13045-018-0694-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fourneaux
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1218, Institut Bergonié, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurélien Bourdon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1218, Institut Bergonié, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Carlo Lucchesi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1218, Institut Bergonié, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Elodie Richard
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1218, Institut Bergonié, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Audrey Laroche-Clary
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1218, Institut Bergonié, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Antoine Italiano
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1218, Institut Bergonié, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, 33000, Bordeaux, France. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France.
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6
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Afenya EK, Ouifki R, Mundle SD. Mathematical modeling of bone marrow - peripheral blood dynamics in the disease state based on current emerging paradigms, part II. J Theor Biol 2019; 460:37-55. [PMID: 30296448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell hypothesis has gained currency in recent times but concerns remain about its scientific foundations because of significant gaps that exist between research findings and comprehensive knowledge about cancer stem cells (CSCs). In this light, a mathematical model that considers hematopoietic dynamics in the diseased state of the bone marrow and peripheral blood is proposed and used to address findings about CSCs. The ensuing model, resulting from a modification and refinement of a recent model, develops out of the position that mathematical models of CSC development, that are few at this time, are needed to provide insightful underpinnings for biomedical findings about CSCs as the CSC idea gains traction. Accordingly, the mathematical challenges brought on by the model that mirror general challenges in dealing with nonlinear phenomena are discussed and placed in context. The proposed model describes the logical occurrence of discrete time delays, that by themselves present mathematical challenges, in the evolving cell populations under consideration. Under the challenging circumstances, the steady state properties of the model system of delay differential equations are obtained, analyzed, and the resulting mathematical predictions arising therefrom are interpreted and placed within the framework of findings regarding CSCs. Simulations of the model are carried out by considering various parameter scenarios that reflect different experimental situations involving disease evolution in human hosts. Model analyses and simulations suggest that the emergence of the cancer stem cell population alongside other malignant cells engenders higher dimensions of complexity in the evolution of malignancy in the bone marrow and peripheral blood at the expense of healthy hematopoietic development. The model predicts the evolution of an aberrant environment in which the malignant population particularly in the bone marrow shows tendencies of reaching an uncontrollable equilibrium state. Essentially, the model shows that a structural relationship exists between CSCs and non-stem malignant cells that confers on CSCs the role of temporally enhancing and stimulating the expansion of non-stem malignant cells while also benefitting from increases in their own population and these CSCs may be the main protagonists that drive the ultimate evolution of the uncontrollable equilibrium state of such malignant cells and these may have implications for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evans K Afenya
- Department of Mathematics, Elmhurst College, 190 Prospect Avenue, Elmhurst, IL 60126, USA.
| | - Rachid Ouifki
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Suneel D Mundle
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W. Harrison St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Gaebler M, Silvestri A, Haybaeck J, Reichardt P, Lowery CD, Stancato LF, Zybarth G, Regenbrecht CRA. Three-Dimensional Patient-Derived In Vitro Sarcoma Models: Promising Tools for Improving Clinical Tumor Management. Front Oncol 2017; 7:203. [PMID: 28955656 PMCID: PMC5601986 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the development of new targeted therapeutics directed against specific molecular pathways involved in tumor cell proliferation and survival has allowed an essential improvement in carcinoma treatment. Unfortunately, the scenario is different for sarcomas, a group of malignant neoplasms originating from mesenchymal cells, for which the main therapeutic approach still consists in the combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The lack of innovative approaches in sarcoma treatment stems from the high degree of heterogeneity of this tumor type, with more that 70 different histopathological subtypes, and the limited knowledge of the molecular drivers of tumor development and progression. Currently, molecular therapies are available mainly for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor, a soft-tissue malignancy characterized by an activating mutation of the tyrosine kinase KIT. Since the first application of this approach, a strong effort has been made to understand sarcoma molecular alterations that can be potential targets for therapy. The low incidence combined with the high level of histopathological heterogeneity makes the development of clinical trials for sarcomas very challenging. For this reason, preclinical studies are needed to better understand tumor biology with the aim to develop new targeted therapeutics. Currently, these studies are mainly based on in vitro testing, since cell lines, and in particular patient-derived models, represent a reliable and easy to handle tool for investigation. In the present review, we summarize the most important models currently available in the field, focusing in particular on the three-dimensional spheroid/organoid model. This innovative approach for studying tumor biology better represents tissue architecture and cell–cell as well as cell–microenvironment crosstalk, which are fundamental steps for tumor cell proliferation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gaebler
- HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch GmbH, Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Medical Faculty, Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Reichardt
- HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch GmbH, Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caitlin D Lowery
- Eli Lilly and Company, Oncology Translational Research, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Louis F Stancato
- Eli Lilly and Company, Oncology Translational Research, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Gabriele Zybarth
- cpo - Cellular Phenomics & Oncology Berlin-Buch GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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Bonuccelli G, Avnet S, Grisendi G, Salerno M, Granchi D, Dominici M, Kusuzaki K, Baldini N. Role of mesenchymal stem cells in osteosarcoma and metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:7575-88. [PMID: 25277190 PMCID: PMC4202145 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays an important role in cancer progression. Here, we focused on the role of reactive mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in osteosarcoma (OS), and used human adipose MSC and a panel of OS cell lines (Saos-2, HOS, and 143B) to investigate the mutual effect of normal-cancer cell metabolic programming. Our results showed that MSC are driven by oxidative stress induced by OS cells to undergo Warburg metabolism, with increased lactate production. Therefore, we analyzed the expression of lactate monocarboxylate transporters. By real time PCR and immunofluorescence, in MSC we detected the expression of MCT-4, the transporter for lactate efflux, whereas MCT-1, responsible for lactate uptake, was expressed in OS cells. In agreement, silencing of MCT-1 by siRNA significantly affected the ATP production in OS cancer cells. Thus, cancer cells directly increase their mitochondrial biogenesis using this energy-rich metabolite that is abundantly provided by MSC as an effect of the altered microenvironmental conditions induced by OS cells. We also showed that lactate produced by MSC promotes the migratory ability of OS cells. These data provide novel information to be exploited for cancer therapies targeting the mutual metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells and their stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Bonuccelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotion Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sofia Avnet
- Laboratory for Orthopedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Grisendi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Salerno
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotion Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Donatella Granchi
- Laboratory for Orthopedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Katsuyuki Kusuzaki
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotion Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Laboratory for Orthopedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
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9
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Hu Y, Wang L, Wang L, Wu X, Wu X, Gu Y, Shu Y, Sun Y, Shen Y, Xu Q. Preferential cytotoxicity of bortezomib toward highly malignant human liposarcoma cells via suppression of MDR1 expression and function. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 283:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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10
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Yang J, Ren Z, Du X, Hao M, Zhou W. The role of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells in sarcoma: update and dispute. Stem Cell Investig 2014; 1:18. [PMID: 27358864 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2306-9759.2014.10.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoma is the collective name for a relatively rare, yet heterogeneous group of cancers, most probably derived from mesenchymal tissues. There are currently over 50 sarcoma subtypes described underscoring the clinical and biologic diversity of this group of malignant cancers. This wide lineage range might suggest that sarcomas originate from either many committed different cell types or from a multipotent cell. Mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) are able to differentiate into many cell types and these multipotent cells have been isolated from several adult human tumors, making them available for research as well as potential beneficial therapeutical agents. Recent accomplishments in the field have broadened our knowledge of MSCs in relation to sarcoma origin and sarcoma treatment in therapeutic settings. However, numerous concerns and disputes have been raised about whether they are the putative originating cells of sarcoma and their questionable role in sarcomagenesis and progression. We summarize the update and dispute about MSC investigations in sarcomas including the definition, cell origin hypothesis, functional and descriptive assays, roles in sarcomagenesis and targeted therapy, with the purpose to give a comprehensive view of the role of MSCs in sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilong Yang
- 1 Departments of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, 2 National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China ; 3 Departments of Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 30060, China
| | - Zhiwu Ren
- 1 Departments of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, 2 National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China ; 3 Departments of Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 30060, China
| | - Xiaoling Du
- 1 Departments of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, 2 National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China ; 3 Departments of Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 30060, China
| | - Mengze Hao
- 1 Departments of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, 2 National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China ; 3 Departments of Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 30060, China
| | - Wenya Zhou
- 1 Departments of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, 2 National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China ; 3 Departments of Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 30060, China
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11
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Gorden BH, Saha J, Khammanivong A, Schwartz GK, Dickerson EB. Lysosomal drug sequestration as a mechanism of drug resistance in vascular sarcoma cells marked by high CSF-1R expression. Vasc Cell 2014; 6:20. [PMID: 25295160 PMCID: PMC4188569 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-6-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human angiosarcoma and canine hemangiosarcoma are thought to arise from vascular tissue or vascular forming cells based upon their histological appearance. However, recent evidence indicates a hematopoietic or angioblastic cell of origin for these tumors. In support of this idea, we previously identified an endothelial-myeloid progenitor cell population with high expression of endothelial cell markers and the myeloid cell marker, colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R). Here, we further characterized these cells to better understand how their cellular characteristics may impact current therapeutic applications. Methods We performed cell enrichment studies from canine hemangiosarcoma and human angiosarcoma cell lines to generate cell populations with high or low CSF-1R expression. We then utilized flow cytometry, side population and cell viability assays, and fluorescence based approaches to elucidate drug resistance mechanisms and to determine the expression of hematopoietic and endothelial progenitor cell markers. Results We demonstrated that cells with high CSF-1R expression enriched from hemangiosarcoma and angiosarcoma cell lines are more drug resistant than cells with little or no CSF-1R expression. We determined that the increased drug resistance may be due to increased ABC transporter expression in hemangiosarcoma and increased drug sequestration within cellular lysosomes in both hemangiosarcoma and angiosarcoma. Conclusions We identified drug sequestration within cellular lysosomes as a shared drug resistance mechanism in human and canine vascular sarcomas marked by high CSF-1R expression. Taken together, our results demonstrate that studies in highly prevalent canine hemangiosarcoma may be especially relevant to understanding and addressing drug resistance mechanisms in both the canine and human forms of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi H Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jhuma Saha
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Ali Khammanivong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Gary K Schwartz
- Laboratory of New Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA ; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin B Dickerson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA ; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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12
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Zhu D, Tan Y, Yang X, Qiao J, Yu C, Wang L, Li J, Zhang Z, Zhong L. Phospholipase C gamma 1 is a potential prognostic biomarker for patients with locally advanced and resectable oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 43:1418-26. [PMID: 25085076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic and predictive values of phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCG1) expression in patients with locally advanced and resectable oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), who were treated in a prospective, randomized, phase 3 trial evaluating standard treatment with surgery and postoperative radiation preceded or not by induction docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil (TPF). Immunohistochemical staining for PLCG1 was performed on the biopsies of 232 out of 256 OSCC patients at clinical stage III/IVA; the PLCG1 positive score was determined by immunoreactive scoring system. The survival analysis was performed by Kaplan-Meier method; hazard ratios were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model. Patients with a low PLCG1 expression had a significantly better overall survival (P=0.022), and a trend towards better disease-free survival (P=0.087), loco-regional recurrence-free survival (P=0.058), distant metastasis-free survival (P=0.053), and a high response rate to TPF induction chemotherapy with regard to clinical response (P=0.052) and pathological response (P=0.061), compared to those with high PLCG1 expression. Our results suggest that PLCG1 expression could be used as a prognostic biomarker for patients with advanced OSCC; however, it was not an adequate predictive biomarker for TPF induction chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Tan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - X Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - J Qiao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - C Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - L Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - J Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - L Zhong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Ahmed AA, Zia H, Wagner L. Therapy resistance mechanisms in Ewing's sarcoma family tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 73:657-63. [PMID: 24469502 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2392-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma family tumors are aggressive small round cell malignancies that arise in bone or soft tissues in adolescents and young adults. The addition of chemotherapy to local control measures has remarkably improved the survival of patients with localized disease. However, metastatic tumors are often refractory to conventional chemotherapy and irradiation, and the outcome of patients with metastatic or recurrent disease remains dismal. Despite growing understanding of the molecular biology of this tumor and the discovery of new therapeutic targets such as the insulin growth factor-1 receptor, tumor resistance continues to be a formidable challenge. Numerous adaptive mechanisms have been identified which allow tumor cells to escape the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapeutic agents. This review focuses on these mechanisms in an effort to highlight opportunities for more effective disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif A Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, USA,
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14
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Owens C, Abbott LS, Gupta AA. Optimal management of Ewing sarcoma family of tumors: recent developments in systemic therapy. Paediatr Drugs 2013; 15:473-92. [PMID: 23760780 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-013-0037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) is defined by cell surface expression of CD99 and a translocation involving EWS and an ETS partner. Cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the benchmark of first- and second-line therapy, and although the majority of patients with localized disease are cured, almost one third of patients relapse or progress from their disease. Moreover, cure remains elusive in most patients who present with distant metastases. In recent years, the ESFT literature has been dominated by reports of attempts at modulating the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor (IGFR). Unfortunately, three phase II studies examining inhibiting antibodies to IGFR-1 published disappointing results. Whether these results were due to failure to modulate the pathway or other limitations in study design and/or patient selection remain unclear. Other novel strategies currently being investigated in ESFT include tyrosine kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac Owens
- The Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1N6, Canada,
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15
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Bertucci F, Bouvier-Labit C, Finetti P, Metellus P, Adelaide J, Mokhtari K, Figarella-Branger D, Decouvelaere AV, Miquel C, Coindre JM, Birnbaum D. Gene expression profiling of solitary fibrous tumors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64497. [PMID: 23734203 PMCID: PMC3667191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are rare spindle-cell tumors. Their cell-of-origin and molecular basis are poorly known. They raise several clinical problems. Differential diagnosis may be difficult, prognosis is poorly apprehended by histoclinical features, and no effective therapy exists for advanced stages. Methods We profiled 16 SFT samples using whole-genome DNA microarrays and analyzed their expression profiles with publicly available profiles of 36 additional SFTs and 212 soft tissue sarcomas (STSs). Immunohistochemistry was applied to validate the expression of some discriminating genes. Results SFTs displayed whole-genome expression profiles more homogeneous and different from STSs, but closer to genetically-simple than genetically-complex STSs. The SFTs/STSs comparison identified a high percentage (∼30%) of genes as differentially expressed, most of them without any DNA copy number alteration. One of the genes most overexpressed in SFTs encoded the ALDH1 stem cell marker. Several upregulated genes and associated ontologies were also related to progenitor/stem cells. SFTs also overexpressed genes encoding therapeutic targets such as kinases (EGFR, ERBB2, FGFR1, JAK2), histone deacetylases, or retinoic acid receptors. Their overexpression was found in all SFTs, regardless the anatomical location. Finally, we identified a 31-gene signature associated with the mitotic count, containing many genes related to cell cycle/mitosis, including AURKA. Conclusion We established a robust repertoire of genes differentially expressed in SFTs. Certain overexpressed genes could provide new diagnostic (ALDH1A1), prognostic (AURKA) and/or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bertucci
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Institut Paoli-Calmettes (IPC), UMR1068 Inserm; Marseille, France
- Département d'Oncologie Médicale, IPC, CRCM, UMR1068 Inserm, Marseille, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Corinne Bouvier-Labit
- Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Département d’Anatomopathologie, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Finetti
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Institut Paoli-Calmettes (IPC), UMR1068 Inserm; Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Metellus
- Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Département de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - José Adelaide
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Institut Paoli-Calmettes (IPC), UMR1068 Inserm; Marseille, France
| | - Karima Mokhtari
- Département de Neuropathologie, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Figarella-Branger
- Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Département d’Anatomopathologie, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | - Catherine Miquel
- Département de Neuropathologie, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Paris, France
| | | | - Daniel Birnbaum
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Institut Paoli-Calmettes (IPC), UMR1068 Inserm; Marseille, France
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16
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Hsu W, Mohyeldin A, Shah SR, Gokaslan ZL, Quinones-Hinojosa A. Role of cancer stem cells in spine tumors: review of current literature. Neurosurgery 2012; 71:117-25. [PMID: 22418583 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e3182532e71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of spinal column tumors continues to be a challenge for clinicians. The mechanisms of tumor recurrence after surgical intervention as well as resistance to radiation and chemotherapy continue to be elucidated. Furthermore, the pathophysiology of metastatic spread remains an area of active investigation. There is a growing body of evidence pointing to the existence of a subset of tumor cells with high tumorigenic potential in many spine cancers that exhibit characteristics similar to those of stem cells. The ability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple lineages is the hallmark of stem cells, and tumor cells that exhibit these characteristics have been described as cancer stem cells (CSCs). The mechanisms that allow nonmalignant stem cells to promote normal developmental programming by way of enhanced proliferation, promotion of angiogenesis, and increased motility may be used by CSCs to fuel carcinogenesis. The purpose of this review is to discuss what is known about the role of CSCs in tumors of the osseous spine. First, this article reviews the fundamental concepts critical to understanding the role of CSCs with respect to chemoresistance, radioresistance, and metastatic disease. This discussion is followed by a review of what is known about the role of CSCs in the most common primary tumors of the osseous spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Hsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1029, USA.
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17
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Sette G, Salvati V, Memeo L, Fecchi K, Colarossi C, Di Matteo P, Signore M, Biffoni M, D’Andrea V, De Antoni E, Canzonieri V, De Maria R, Eramo A. EGFR inhibition abrogates leiomyosarcoma cell chemoresistance through inactivation of survival pathways and impairment of CSC potential. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46891. [PMID: 23056514 PMCID: PMC3466184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor cells with stem-like phenotype and properties, known as cancer stem cells (CSC), have been identified in most solid tumors and are presumed to be responsible for driving tumor initiation, chemoresistance, relapse, or metastasis. A subpopulation of cells with increased stem-like potential has also been identified within sarcomas. These cells are endowed with increased tumorigenic potential, chemoresistance, expression of embryonic markers, and side population(SP) phenotype. Leiomyosarcomas (LMS) are soft tissue sarcomas presumably arising from undifferentiated cells of mesenchymal origin, the Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC). Frequent recurrence of LMS and chemoresistance of relapsed patients may likely result from the failure to target CSC. Therefore, therapeutic cues coming from the cancer stem cell (CSC) field may drastically improve patient outcome. Methodology/Principal Findings We expanded LMS stem-like cells from patient samples in vitro and examined the possibility to counteract LMS malignancy through a stem-like cell effective approach. LMS stem-like cells were in vitro expanded both as “tumor spheres” and as “monolayers” in Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) conditions. LMS stem-like cells displayed MSC phenotype, higher SP fraction, and increased drug-extrusion, extended proliferation potential, self-renewal, and multiple differentiation ability. They were chemoresistant, highly tumorigenic, and faithfully reproduced the patient tumor in mice. Such cells displayed activation of EGFR/AKT/MAPK pathways, suggesting a possibility in overcoming their chemoresistance through EGFR blockade. IRESSA plus Vincristine treatment determined pathway inactivation, impairment of SP phenotype, high cytotoxicity in vitro and strong antitumor activity in stem-like cell-generated patient-like xenografts, targeting both stem-like and differentiated cells. Conclusions/Significance EGFR blockade combined with vincristine determines stem-like cell effective antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo against LMS, thus providing a potential therapy for LMS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sette
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Salvati
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Katia Fecchi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Di Matteo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Signore
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Biffoni
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Vito D’Andrea
- Department of Surgical Sciences, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico De Antoni
- Department of Surgical Sciences, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Division of Pathology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Aviano, Italy
| | | | - Adriana Eramo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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18
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Sarcoma stem cells: do we know what we are looking for? Sarcoma 2012; 2012:291705. [PMID: 22654552 PMCID: PMC3357604 DOI: 10.1155/2012/291705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas represent a heterogeneous group of cancers thought to originate from malignant transformation of mesenchymal cells. There is increasing evidence that many, if not all, sarcomas contain within them tumor-initiating, or "cancer stem," cells responsible for the initiation, maintenance, and potentially relapse and metastasis of the tumor. Various techniques have been adopted in recent years to identify putative sarcoma stem cell populations. The goal of this paper is to summarize the criteria used to identify a stem cell population, describe the more prominent markers and techniques used to isolate cancer stem cells in sarcomas, and review the evidence for the existence of cancer stem cells in sarcomas.
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19
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Wu CL, Ping SY, Yu CP, Yu DS. Tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor-targeted combined chemotherapy for metastatic bladder cancer. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2012; 28:194-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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20
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Shaffer BC, Gillet JP, Patel C, Baer MR, Bates SE, Gottesman MM. Drug resistance: still a daunting challenge to the successful treatment of AML. Drug Resist Updat 2012; 15:62-9. [PMID: 22409994 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy remains a challenging issue for patients and their physicians. P-glycoprotein (Pgp, MDR1, ABCB1), as well as a family of structurally and functionally related proteins, are plasma membrane transporters able to efflux a variety of substrates from the cell cytoplasm, including chemotherapeutic agents. The discovery of ABCB1 made available a potential target for pharmacologic down-regulation of efflux-mediated chemotherapy resistance. In patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a neoplasm characterized by proliferation of poorly differentiated myeloid progenitor cells, leukemic cells often express ABCB1 at high levels, which may lead to the development of resistance to chemotherapy. Thus, AML seemed to be a likely cancer for which the addition of drug efflux inhibitors to the chemotherapeutic regimen would improve outcomes in patients. Despite this rational hypothesis, the majority of clinical trials evaluating this strategy have failed to reach a positive endpoint, most recently the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group E3999 trial. Here we review data suggesting the importance of ABCB1 in AML, address the failure of clinical trials to support a therapeutic strategy aimed at modulating ABCB1-mediated resistance, and consider the type of research that should be conducted in this field going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Shaffer
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
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21
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Abstract
BACKGROUND To review the current progress in osteosarcoma stem cells, including isolation and identification, special cell surface markers, relationship between drug-resistance and metastasis, and the involving signal pathways. METHODS A review of the literature encompassing osteosarcoma stem cells was performed. RESULTS Although the cancer stem cells hypothesis was first proposed about 50 years ago, it is only in the last 10 years that advances in stem cell biology have provided increasing experimental evidence supporting this hypothesis. It has been postulated that within a tumor, a minor subpopulation of cells, termed cancer stem cells (CSC), drive the self-renewal and differentiation that account for the initiation, proliferation, metastasis, therapeutic resistance and recurrence of cancer. The CSC hypothesis opens up a novel conceptual approach for curing tumors that selectively kills CSCs, making it possible to eradicate cancer. Currently, osteosarcoma stem cells have been isolated and identified using various methods. Given the specific stem cell features, the study of CSCs has important implications in osteosarcoma prevention, detection and treatment, especially in curing early metastasis and preventing drug resistance. Focusing on their stem-like character, CSCs can be appropriately targeted by identifying links between the cells and their microenvironment. CONCLUSION All of this research is in its infancy - many problems still exist. Further studies are needed to search for specific targeted therapies for osteosarcoma, in-depth study of mechanism of drug resistance, identifying the role that CSCs play in tumor metastasis, and demonstrate the imbalance of specific pathways in osteosarcoma stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
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22
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Rodriguez R, Rubio R, Menendez P. Modeling sarcomagenesis using multipotent mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Res 2011; 22:62-77. [PMID: 21931359 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their unique properties, multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent one of the most promising adult stem cells being used worldwide in a wide array of clinical applications. Overall, compelling evidence supports the long-term safety of ex vivo expanded human MSCs, which do not seem to transform spontaneously. However, experimental data reveal a link between MSCs and cancer, and MSCs have been reported to inhibit or promote tumor growth depending on yet undefined conditions. Interestingly, solid evidence based on transgenic mice and genetic intervention of MSCs has placed these cells as the most likely cell of origin for certain sarcomas. This research area is being increasingly explored to develop accurate MSC-based models of sarcomagenesis, which will be undoubtedly valuable in providing a better understanding about the etiology and pathogenesis of mesenchymal cancer, eventually leading to the development of more specific therapies directed against the sarcoma-initiating cell. Unfortunately, still little is known about the mechanisms underlying MSC transformation and further studies are required to develop bona fide sarcoma models based on human MSCs. Here, we comprehensively review the existing MSC-based models of sarcoma and discuss the most common mechanisms leading to tumoral transformation of MSCs and sarcomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Rodriguez
- Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Government Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENyO), Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain.
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23
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Mohseny AB, Hogendoorn PCW. Concise review: mesenchymal tumors: when stem cells go mad. Stem Cells 2011; 29:397-403. [PMID: 21425403 DOI: 10.1002/stem.596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas are nonepithelial, nonhematopoietic malignant tumors that arise from the embryonic mesoderm. Despite their rarity, less than 10% of all cancers, sarcomas are accountable for relatively high morbidity and mortality especially in children and adolescents. Although there are some hereditary conditions predisposing sarcoma, such as the Li-Fraumeni and Retinoblastoma syndrome, the vast majority of these tumors are sporadic. Based on their histological morphology, sarcomas have been divided into a broad spectrum of subtypes recognized in the 2002 WHO classification of tumors. This wide lineage range suggests that sarcomas originate from either many committed different cell types or from a multipotent cell, subsequently driven into a certain lineage. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are able to differentiate into many cell types needed to create mature structures like vessels, muscle, and bone. These multipotent cells can be isolated from several adult human tissues and massively expanded in culture, making them both of use for research as well as potential beneficial therapeutical agents. For this reason MSCs are being extensively studied, however, concerns have raised about whether they are the putative originating cells of sarcoma and their questionable role in cancer progression. Recent accomplishments in the field have broadened our knowledge of MSCs in relation to sarcoma origin, sarcoma treatment and the safety of MSCs usage in therapeutic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Mohseny
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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24
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A synthetic cantharidin analog for the enhancement of doxorubicin suppression of stem cell-derived aggressive sarcoma. Biomaterials 2010; 31:9535-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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