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Singh H, Kumar R, Mazumder A, Salahuddin, Mazumder R, Abdullah MM. Insights into Interactions of Human Cytochrome P450 17A1: Review. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:172-187. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220401093833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Cytochrome P450s are a widespread and vast superfamily of hemeprotein monooxygenases that metabolize physiologically essential chemicals necessary for most species' survival, from protists to plants to humans. They catalyze the synthesis of steroid hormones, cholesterol, bile acids, and arachidonate metabolites and the degradation of endogenous compounds such as steroids, fatty acids, and other catabolizing compounds as an energy source and detoxifying xenobiotics such as drugs, procarcinogens, and carcinogens. The human CYP17A1 is one of the cytochrome P450 genes located at the 10q chromosome. The gene expression occurs in the adrenals and gonads, with minor amounts in the brain, placenta, and heart. This P450c17 cytochrome gene is a critical steroidogenesis regulator which performs two distinct activities: 17 alpha-hydroxylase activity (converting pregnenolone to 17-hydroxypregnenolone and progesterone to 17-hydroxyprogesterone, these precursors are further processed to provide glucocorticoids and sex hormones) and 17, 20-lyase activity (which converts 17-hydroxypregnenolone to DHEA). Dozens of mutations within CYP17A1 are found to cause 17-alpha-hydroxylase and 17, 20-lyase deficiency. This condition affects the function of certain hormone-producing glands, resulting in high blood pressure levels (hypertension), abnormal sexual development, and other deficiency diseases. This review highlights the changes in CYP17A1 associated with gene-gene interaction, drug-gene interaction, chemical-gene interaction, and its biochemical reactions; they have some insights to correlate with the fascinating functional characteristics of this human steroidogenic gene. The findings of our theoretical results will be helpful to further the design of specific inhibitors of CYP17A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater Noida, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater Noida, India
| | - Avijit Mazumder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater Noida, India
| | - Salahuddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater Noida, India
| | - Rupa Mazumder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater Noida, India
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Ling Y, Hao ZY, Liang D, Zhang CL, Liu YF, Wang Y. The Expanding Role of Pyridine and Dihydropyridine Scaffolds in Drug Design. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:4289-4338. [PMID: 34675489 PMCID: PMC8520849 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s329547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pyridine-based ring systems are one of the most extensively used heterocycles in the field of drug design, primarily due to their profound effect on pharmacological activity, which has led to the discovery of numerous broad-spectrum therapeutic agents. In the US FDA database, there are 95 approved pharmaceuticals that stem from pyridine or dihydropyridine, including isoniazid and ethionamide (tuberculosis), delavirdine (HIV/AIDS), abiraterone acetate (prostate cancer), tacrine (Alzheimer's), ciclopirox (ringworm and athlete's foot), crizotinib (cancer), nifedipine (Raynaud's syndrome and premature birth), piroxicam (NSAID for arthritis), nilvadipine (hypertension), roflumilast (COPD), pyridostigmine (myasthenia gravis), and many more. Their remarkable therapeutic applications have encouraged researchers to prepare a larger number of biologically active compounds decorated with pyridine or dihydropyridine, expandeing the scope of finding a cure for other ailments. It is thus anticipated that myriad new pharmaceuticals containing the two heterocycles will be available in the forthcoming decade. This review examines the prospects of highly potent bioactive molecules to emphasize the advantages of using pyridine and dihydropyridine in drug design. We cover the most recent developments from 2010 to date, highlighting the ever-expanding role of both scaffolds in the field of medicinal chemistry and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ling
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-You Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.,Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Fehl C, Vogt CD, Yadav R, Li K, Scott EE, Aubé J. Structure-Based Design of Inhibitors with Improved Selectivity for Steroidogenic Cytochrome P450 17A1 over Cytochrome P450 21A2. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4946-4960. [PMID: 29792703 PMCID: PMC6367708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of androgen biosynthesis is clinically effective for treating androgen-responsive prostate cancer. Abiraterone is a clinical first-in-class inhibitor of cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) required for androgen biosynthesis. However, abiraterone also causes hypertension, hypokalemia, and edema, likely due in part to off-target inhibition of another steroidogenic cytochrome P450, CYP21A2. Abiraterone analogs were designed based on structural evidence that B-ring substituents may favorably interact with polar residues in binding CYP17A1 and sterically clash with residues in the CYP21A2 active site. The best analogs increased selectivity of CYP17A1 inhibition up to 84-fold compared with 6.6-fold for abiraterone. Cocrystallization with CYP17A1 validated the intended new contacts with CYP17A1 active site residues. Docking these analogs into CYP21A2 identified steric clashes that likely underlie decreased binding and CYP21A2 inhibition. Overall, these analogs may offer a clinical advantage in the form of reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Fehl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of
Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, United States
| | - Caleb D. Vogt
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Rahul Yadav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kelin Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Emily E. Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Pharmacokinetic variations in cancer patients with liver dysfunction: applications and challenges of pharmacometabolomics. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016; 78:465-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-016-3028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Saikia P, Kaishap PP, Goswami J, Singh AK, Deka Boruah HP, Gogoi S, Boruah RC. Synthesis of steroidal and nonsteroidal vicinal heterocyclic alcohols, N-(1-cycloalkenyl)heterocycles and their antibacterial studies. Steroids 2014; 84:36-45. [PMID: 24686205 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A solvent free steroidal and nonsteroidal epoxide ring opening reaction by nitrogen containing heterocycles under microwave irradiation is described. Some of the epoxide ring opening compounds were converted to their corresponding N-(1-cycloalkenyl)heterocycles via an acid catalyzed dehydration reaction. The antimicrobial activities of the epoxide ring opening compounds and N-(1-cycloalkenyl)heterocyclic compounds were tested by agar diffusion assay. Compounds 6, 9-12, 24 and 27 showed moderate inhibition against the growth of pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas syringae, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallabi Saikia
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, India
| | - Partha Pratim Kaishap
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, India
| | - Jonalee Goswami
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, India
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, India
| | | | - Sanjib Gogoi
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, India.
| | - Romesh C Boruah
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, India.
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Rawlinson A, Mohammed A, Beatty J, Bell R, Miller M. The role of abiraterone in the management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2012; 12:429-37. [PMID: 22500680 DOI: 10.1586/era.12.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common solid-organ cancer affecting the male population. Men with metastatic prostate cancer treated with androgen ablation therapy often respond rapidly, with improvement in bone pain and decreases in serum prostate-specific antigen. However, almost all patients progress to the castrate-resistant state and until recently chemotherapy was the only treatment available with proven survival benefit. Abiraterone is a new class of anti-androgen with proven survival benefit post-chemotherapy. In this review we discuss the characteristics of abiraterone and the clinical trials that led to its approval for the treatment of patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Rawlinson
- Department of Urology, Northampton General Hospital, Northampton, UK.
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Abstract
Covalent drugs have proved to be successful therapies for various indications, but largely owing to safety concerns, they are rarely considered when initiating a target-directed drug discovery project. There is a need to reassess this important class of drugs, and to reconcile the discordance between the historic success of covalent drugs and the reluctance of most drug discovery teams to include them in their armamentarium. This review surveys the prevalence and pharmacological advantages of covalent drugs, discusses how potential risks and challenges may be addressed through innovative design, and presents the broad opportunities provided by targeted covalent inhibitors.
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Moreira VM, Salvador JAR, Beja AM, Paixão JA. The reaction of azoles with 17-chloro-16-formylandrosta-5,16-dien-3β-yl-acetate: synthesis and structural elucidation of novel 16-azolylmethylene-17-oxoandrostanes. Steroids 2011; 76:582-7. [PMID: 21352841 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structural elucidation, by 1D and 2D NMR and X-ray diffraction techniques, of novel E/Z 16-azolylmethylene-17-oxoandrostanes 2-9 prepared from the Vilsmeier-Hack reaction product 17-chloro-16-formylandrosta-5,16-dien-3β-yl acetate 1 is reported. The reaction proceeds with pyrrole and pyrrole-alike nitrogen heterocycles such as 7-azaindole, indole, and 3-methylindole, in DMF, at 80°C, in the presence of K(2)CO(3), and allowed the attachment of privileged heterocyclic moieties, through the nitrogen atom to the steroid core at C16 via a methine carbon bridge, which is unprecedented in the literature and of potential synthetic and biological interest. Considerations on the possible reaction mechanism are included. All the synthesized compounds are new and are currently being tested for biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia M Moreira
- Centro de Química de Coimbra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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