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Casseb J, Lopes LR. Reflection About the Ancient Emergence of HTLV-2 Infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2022; 38:933-938. [PMID: 35833459 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2022.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
During millions of years, viruses have emerged and reemerged, with imbalance of photogenicity and transmissivity overtime. This letter describes that sometimes the nomenclature is uncertain what may actually happen during retrovirus evolution nowadays. This article discusses a possibility that human T-lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) has been processed to incorporate the human genome in the last millions of years. Persistent viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HIV-2, and human T cell lymphotropic type 2 may also have potential of endogenization instead of a cytolytic process in a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Casseb
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil/Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Rodrigo Lopes
- Bioinformatics and Biomedical Data Science Division, Health Informatics Department, Federal University of Sao Paulo-Unifesp, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mótyán JA, Kassay N, Matúz K, Tőzsér J. Different Mutation Tolerance of Lentiviral (HIV-1) and Deltaretroviral (BLV and HTLV) Protease Precursors. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091888. [PMID: 36146695 PMCID: PMC9505669 DOI: 10.3390/v14091888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and the human T-lymphothropic viruses (HTLVs) are members of the deltaretrovirus genus of Retroviridae family. An essential event of the retroviral life cycle is the processing of the polyproteins by the viral protease (PR); consequently, these enzymes became important therapeutic targets of the anti-retroviral drugs. As compared to human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs), the deltaretroviruses have a different replication strategy, as they replicate predominantly in the DNA form, by forcing the infected cell to divide, unlike HIV-1, which replicates mainly by producing a vast number of progeny virions and by reinfection. Due to bypassing the error-prone reverse transcription step of replication, the PRs of deltaretroviruses did not undergo such extensive evolution as HIV PRs and remained more highly conserved. In this work, we studied the abilities of wild-type and modified BLV, HTLV (type 1, 2 and 3), and HIV-1 PRs (fused to an N-terminal MBP tag) for self-processing. We designed a cleavage site mutant MBP-fused BLV PR precursor as well, this recombinant enzyme was unable for self-proteolysis, the MBP fusion tag decreased its catalytic efficiency but showed an unusually low Ki for the IB-268 protease inhibitor. Our results show that the HTLV and BLV deltaretrovirus PRs exhibit lower mutation tolerance as compared to HIV-1 PR, and are less likely to retain their activity upon point mutations at various positions, indicating a higher flexibility of HIV-1 PR in tolerating mutations under selective pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- János András Mótyán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: (J.A.M.); (J.T.); Tel.: +36-52-512-900 (J.A.M. & J.T.)
| | - Norbert Kassay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Matúz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Tőzsér
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: (J.A.M.); (J.T.); Tel.: +36-52-512-900 (J.A.M. & J.T.)
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Ramezani S, Rezaee SA, Farjami Z, Ebrahimi N, Abdullabass HK, Ibrahim Jebur MI, Rafatpanah H, Akbarin MM. HTLV, a multi organ oncovirus. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105622. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Kassay N, Mótyán JA, Matúz K, Golda M, Tőzsér J. Biochemical Characterization, Specificity and Inhibition Studies of HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and HTLV-3 Proteases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020127. [PMID: 33562087 PMCID: PMC7915765 DOI: 10.3390/life11020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) are causative agents of severe diseases including adult T-cell leukemia. Similar to human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs), the viral protease (PR) plays a crucial role in the viral life-cycle via the processing of the viral polyproteins. Thus, it is a potential target of anti-retroviral therapies. In this study, we performed in vitro comparative analysis of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, 2, and 3 (HTLV-1, -2, and -3) proteases. Amino acid preferences of S4 to S1′ subsites were studied by using a series of synthetic oligopeptide substrates representing the natural and modified cleavage site sequences of the proteases. Biochemical characteristics of the different PRs were also determined, including catalytic efficiencies and dependence of activity on pH, temperature, and ionic strength. We investigated the effects of different HIV-1 PR inhibitors (atazanavir, darunavir, DMP-323, indinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir) on enzyme activities, and inhibitory potentials of IB-268 and IB-269 inhibitors that were previously designed against HTLV-1 PR. Comparative biochemical analysis of HTLV-1, -2, and -3 PRs may help understand the characteristic similarities and differences between these enzymes in order to estimate the potential of the appearance of drug-resistance against specific HTLV-1 PR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Kassay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (N.K.); (K.M.); (M.G.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János András Mótyán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (N.K.); (K.M.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.A.M.); (J.T.); Tel.: +36-52-512-900 (J.A.M. & J.T.)
| | - Krisztina Matúz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (N.K.); (K.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Mária Golda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (N.K.); (K.M.); (M.G.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Tőzsér
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (N.K.); (K.M.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.A.M.); (J.T.); Tel.: +36-52-512-900 (J.A.M. & J.T.)
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Mindel A, Dwyer D, Herring B, Cunningham AL. Global Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Sex Transm Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391059-2.00001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Treviño A, Aguilera A, Caballero E, Benito R, Parra P, Eiros JM, Hernandez A, Calderón E, Rodríguez M, Torres A, García J, Ramos JM, Roc L, Marcaida G, Rodríguez C, Trigo M, Gomez C, de Lejarazu RO, de Mendoza C, Soriano V. Trends in the prevalence and distribution of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections in Spain. Virol J 2012; 9:71. [PMID: 22444832 PMCID: PMC3337814 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although most HTLV infections in Spain have been found in native intravenous drug users carrying HTLV-2, the large immigration flows from Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa in recent years may have changed the prevalence and distribution of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections, and hypothetically open the opportunity for introducing HTLV-3 or HTLV-4 in Spain. To assess the current seroprevalence of HTLV infection in Spain a national multicenter, cross-sectional, study was conducted in June 2009. Results A total of 6,460 consecutive outpatients attending 16 hospitals were examined. Overall, 12% were immigrants, and their main origin was Latin America (4.9%), Africa (3.6%) and other European countries (2.8%). Nine individuals were seroreactive for HTLV antibodies (overall prevalence, 0.14%). Evidence of HTLV-1 infection was confirmed by Western blot in 4 subjects (prevalence 0.06%) while HTLV-2 infection was found in 5 (prevalence 0.08%). Infection with HTLV types 1, 2, 3 and 4 was discarded by Western blot and specific PCR assays in another two specimens initially reactive in the enzyme immunoassay. All but one HTLV-1 cases were Latin-Americans while all persons with HTLV-2 infection were native Spaniards. Conclusions The overall prevalence of HTLV infections in Spain remains low, with no evidence of HTLV-3 or HTLV-4 infections so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Treviño
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Carlos III, Calle Sinesio Delgado 10, Madrid 28029, Spain.
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Abrams A, Akahata Y, Jacobson S. The prevalence and significance of HTLV-I/II seroindeterminate Western blot patterns. Viruses 2011; 3:1320-31. [PMID: 21994781 PMCID: PMC3185804 DOI: 10.3390/v3081320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infects an estimated 15–20 million persons worldwide. A number of diseases have been associated with the virus including adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), HTLV-I uveitis, and HTLV-I-associated infective dermatitis. Once it was shown that there is an increased risk for developing HAM/TSP associated with blood transfusion, screening for HTLV-1 among blood banks was implemented in Japan, United States, France, and the Netherlands. This process includes detection by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) followed by a confirmatory Western blot (WB) in which recombinant proteins specific for HTLV-I Env glycoproteins are incorporated into WB strips. HTLV-I seropositive results are defined by the presence of antibodies against either gp46 or gp62/68 (both Env protein bands) and either p19, p24, or p53 (one of the gag bands). HTLV-II seropositivity is confirmed by the presence of rgp46-II. However, numerous cases have been documented in which serum samples are reactive by EIA, but an incomplete banding pattern is displayed by subsequent confirmatory WB. Although the significance of these HTLV-I/II seroindeterminates is unclear, it may suggest a much higher incidence of exposure to HTLV-I/II than previously estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Abrams
- Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Treviño A, Benito R, Caballero E, Ramos JM, Parra P, Roc L, Eiros JM, Aguilera A, García J, Cifuentes C, Marcaida G, Rodríguez C, Trigo M, Arroyo LA, de Mendoza C, de Lejarazu RO, Soriano V. HTLV infection among foreign pregnant women living in Spain. J Clin Virol 2011; 52:119-22. [PMID: 21782504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overall seroprevalence of HTLV infection among pregnant women in Spain is below 0.02% and accordingly universal antenatal screening is not recommended. However, as the number of immigrants has significantly increased during the last decade, this population might warrant specific considerations. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the seroprevalence of HTLV infection among immigrant pregnant women living in Spain. METHODS From January 2009 to December 2010 a cross-sectional study was carried out in all foreign pregnant women attended at 14 Spanish clinics. All were tested for HTLV antibodies using a commercial enzyme-immunoassay, being reactive samples confirmed by Western blot or PCR. RESULTS A total of 3337 foreign pregnant women were examined. Their origin was as follows: Latin America 1579 (47%), North Africa 507 (16%), East Europe 606 (18%), Sub-Saharan Africa 316 (9%), North America and West Europe 116 (3.5%) and Asia and Australia 163 (5%). A total of 7 samples were confirmed as HTLV positive, of which 6 were HTLV-1 and 1 HTLV-2. HTLV-1 infection was found in 5 women coming from Latin America and 1 from Morocco. The only woman with HTLV-2 came from Ghana. The overall HTLV seroprevalence was 0.2%, being 0.3% among Latin Americans and 0.2% among Africans. It was absent among women coming from other regions. CONCLUSIONS The seroprevalence of HTLV infection among foreign pregnant women in Spain is 0.2%, being all cases found in immigrants from Latin America and Africa. Given the benefit of preventing vertical transmission, antenatal screening should be recommended in pregnant women coming from these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Treviño
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Carlos III, Calle Sinesio Delgado 10, Madrid, Spain.
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Treviño A, Soriano V. [Current situation of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and Human T lymphotropic virus in Spain]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2010; 28:442-5. [PMID: 20570417 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Spanish HIV-2 and HTLV Group was founded in 1989. Since then, a total of 144 cases of HTLV-1 and 717 cases of infection with HTLV-2 have been reported. Most patients infected with HTLV-1 are immigrants from Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. A total of 34 patients had developed diseases associated with HTLV-1: 21 tropical spastic paraparesis and 13 leukemias. The profile of patients infected with HTLV-2 is of males, native Spaniards, intravenous drug users and coinfected with HIV-1. The majority of transfusion centres in Spain have recently introduced anti-HTLV screening of blood donors, at the moment only among persons coming from HTLV-1 endemic areas. In 2009 a total of 30 new HIV-2 cases were reported, making a total of 216 so far. Most are male, originating from Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Treviño
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, España.
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Soriano V, Treviño A. Nuevos retrovirus humanos. Med Clin (Barc) 2010; 135:65-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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