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Bouamrane S, Khaldan A, Hajji H, El-Mernissi R, Alaqarbeh M, Alsakhen N, Maghat H, Ajana MA, Sbai A, Bouachrine M, Lakhlifi T. In silico identification of 1,2,4-triazoles as potential Candida Albicans inhibitors using 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and ADMET profiling. Mol Divers 2023; 27:2111-2132. [PMID: 36239842 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fluconazole and Voriconazole are individual antifungal inhibitors broadly adopted for treating fungal infections, including Candida Albicans. Unfortunately, these medicines clinically used have significant side effects. Consequently, the improvement of safer and better therapy became more indispensable. In this study, a set of 27 1,2,4-triazole compounds have been tested as potential Candida Albicans inhibitors by using different theoretical methods. The created comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) contour maps significantly impacted the development of novel Candida Albicans inhibitors with valuable activities. The mode of interactions between the 1,2,4-triazole inhibitors and the targeted receptor was studied by molecular docking simulation. The proposed new molecule P1 showed satisfied stability in the active pocket of the targeted receptor compared to the more active molecule in the dataset compared to Fluconazole medication. Meanwhile, the binding energy obtained by molecular docking for molecule P1 is - 9.3 kcal/mol compared with - 6.7 kcal/mol for Fluconazole medication. Also, MM/GBSA value obtained by molecular dynamics simulations at 100 ns for molecule P1 is - 33.34 kcal/mol compared with - 15.85 kcal/mol for Fluconazole medication. In addition, molecule P1 showed good oral bioavailability and was non-toxic according to ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) properties. Therefore, the results indicated compound P1 might be a future inhibitor of Candida Albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Bouamrane
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes, Morocco.
| | - Ayoub Khaldan
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Halima Hajji
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Reda El-Mernissi
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Marwa Alaqarbeh
- National Agricultural Research Center, Al-Baqa, 19381, Jordan
| | - Nada Alsakhen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Hamid Maghat
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Aziz Ajana
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Abdelouahid Sbai
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Bouachrine
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes, Morocco
- EST Khenifra, Sultan Moulay Sliman University, Benimellal, Morocco
| | - Tahar Lakhlifi
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes, Morocco
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Malūkaitė D, Grybaitė B, Vaickelionienė R, Vaickelionis G, Sapijanskaitė-Banevič B, Kavaliauskas P, Mickevičius V. Synthesis of Novel Thiazole Derivatives Bearing β-Amino Acid and Aromatic Moieties as Promising Scaffolds for the Development of New Antibacterial and Antifungal Candidates Targeting Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010074. [PMID: 35011308 PMCID: PMC8746625 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly growing antimicrobial resistance among clinically important bacterial and fungal pathogens accounts for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, it is critical to look for new small molecules targeting multidrug-resistant pathogens. Herein, in this paper we report a synthesis, ADME properties, and in vitro antimicrobial activity characterization of novel thiazole derivatives bearing β-amino acid, azole, and aromatic moieties. The in silico ADME characterization revealed that compounds 1-9 meet at least 2 Lipinski drug-like properties while cytotoxicity studies demonstrated low cytotoxicity to Vero cells. Further in vitro antimicrobial activity characterization showed the selective and potent bactericidal activity of 2a-c against Gram-positive pathogens (MIC 1-64 µg/mL) with profound activity against S. aureus (MIC 1-2 µg/mL) harboring genetically defined resistance mechanisms. Furthermore, the compounds 2a-c exhibited antifungal activity against azole resistant A. fumigatus, while only 2b and 5a showed antifungal activity against multidrug resistant yeasts including Candida auris. Collectively, these results demonstrate that thiazole derivatives 2a-c and 5a could be further explored as a promising scaffold for future development of antifungal and antibacterial agents targeting highly resistant pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dovilė Malūkaitė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.M.); (B.G.); (G.V.); (B.S.-B.); (P.K.); (V.M.)
| | - Birutė Grybaitė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.M.); (B.G.); (G.V.); (B.S.-B.); (P.K.); (V.M.)
| | - Rita Vaickelionienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.M.); (B.G.); (G.V.); (B.S.-B.); (P.K.); (V.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-6001-6958
| | - Giedrius Vaickelionis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.M.); (B.G.); (G.V.); (B.S.-B.); (P.K.); (V.M.)
| | - Birutė Sapijanskaitė-Banevič
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.M.); (B.G.); (G.V.); (B.S.-B.); (P.K.); (V.M.)
| | - Povilas Kavaliauskas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.M.); (B.G.); (G.V.); (B.S.-B.); (P.K.); (V.M.)
- Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, 527 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Institute for Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Biological Research Center, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Pathogenic Microbiology, Birštono Str. 38A, LT-59116 Prienai, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Mickevičius
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.M.); (B.G.); (G.V.); (B.S.-B.); (P.K.); (V.M.)
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Nagaraj S, Manivannan S, Narayan S. Potent antifungal agents and use of nanocarriers to improve delivery to the infected site: A systematic review. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:849-873. [PMID: 34351655 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
There are four major classes of antifungals with the predominant mechanism of action being targeting of cell wall or cell membrane. As in other drugs, low solubility of these compounds has led to low bioavailability in target tissues. Enhanced drug dosages have effects such as toxicity, drug-drug interactions, and increased drug resistance by fungi. This article reviews the current state-of-the-art of antifungals, structure, mechanism of action, other usages, and toxic side effects. The emergence of nanoformulations to transport and uniformly release cargo at the target site is a boon in antifungal treatment. The article details research that lead to the development of nanoformulations of antifungals and potential advantages and avoidance of the lacunae characterizing conventional drugs. A range of nanoformulations based on liposomes, polymers are in various stages of research and their potential advantages have been brought out. It could be observed that under similar dosages, test models, and duration, nanoformulations provided enhanced activity, reduced toxicity, higher uptake and higher immunostimulatory effects. In most instances, the mechanism of antifungal activity of nanoformulations was similar to that of regular antifungal. There are possibilities of coupling multiple antifungals on the same nano-platform. Increased activity coupled with multiple mechanisms of action presents for nanoformulations a tremendous opportunity to overcome antifungal resistance. In the years to come, robust methods for the preparation of nanoformulations taking into account the repeatability and reproducibility in action, furthering the studies on nanoformulation toxicity and studies of human models are required before extensive use of nanoformulations as a prescribed drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraswathi Nagaraj
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sivakami Manivannan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shoba Narayan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
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Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of novel triazole agents with strong antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126951. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.126951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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In Vitro Activity of APX001A (Manogepix) and Comparator Agents against 1,706 Fungal Isolates Collected during an International Surveillance Program in 2017. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00840-19. [PMID: 31182527 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00840-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antifungal agents cover a majority of opportunistic fungal pathogens; however, breakthrough invasive fungal infections continue to occur and increasingly involve relatively uncommon yeasts and molds, which often exhibit decreased susceptibility. APX001A (manogepix) is a first-in-class small-molecule inhibitor of the conserved fungal Gwt1 protein. This enzyme is required for acylation of inositol during glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthesis. APX001A is active against the major fungal pathogens, i.e., Candida (except Candida krusei), Aspergillus, and hard-to-treat molds, including Fusarium and Scedosporium In this study, we tested APX001A and comparators against 1,706 contemporary clinical fungal isolates collected in 2017 from 68 medical centers in North America (37.3%), Europe (43.4%), the Asia-Pacific region (12.7%), or Latin America (6.6%). Among the isolates tested, 78.5% were Candida spp., 3.9% were non-Candida yeasts, including 30 (1.8%) Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii isolates, 14.7% were Aspergillus spp., and 2.9% were other molds. All isolates were tested by CLSI reference broth microdilution. APX001A (MIC50, 0.008 μg/ml; MIC90, 0.06 μg/ml) was the most active agent tested against Candida sp. isolates; corresponding anidulafungin, micafungin, and fluconazole MIC90 values were 16- to 64-fold higher. Similarly, APX001A (MIC50, 0.25 μg/ml; MIC90, 0.5 μg/ml) was ≥8-fold more active than anidulafungin, micafungin, and fluconazole against C. neoformans var. grubii Against Aspergillus spp., AXP001A (50% minimal effective concentration [MEC50], 0.015 μg/ml; MEC90, 0.03 μg/ml) was comparable in activity to anidulafungin and micafungin. Aspergillus isolates (>98%) exhibited a wild-type phenotype for the mold-active triazoles (itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole). APX001A was highly active against uncommon species of Candida, non-Candida yeasts, and rare molds, including 11 isolates of Scedosporium spp. (MEC values, 0.015 to 0.06 μg/ml). APX001A demonstrated potent in vitro activity against recent fungal isolates, including echinocandin- and fluconazole-resistant strains. The extended spectrum of APX001A was also notable for its potency against many less common but antifungal-resistant strains. Further studies are in progress to evaluate the clinical utility of the methyl phosphate prodrug, APX001, in difficult-to-treat resistant fungal infections.
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Sun B, Zhang H, Liu M, Hou Z, Liu X. Structure-based virtual screening and ADME/T-based prediction analysis for the discovery of novel antifungal CYP51 inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1178-1187. [PMID: 30109006 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00230d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing incidence of pathogenic fungi and drug-resistant fungi in clinic, it has become very important to develop the novel rate-limiting enzyme 14α-demethylase (CYP51) as an antifungal inhibitor. In this study, a method involving structure-based virtual screening was employed. First, a publicly available database was obtained from the Dow Chemical Company, and the database was screened by the designed pharmacophore model of CYP51 inhibitors. Then, the pharmacophore search hits were docked into the CYP51 crystal structure. Finally, sixteen compounds were selected for in vitro antifungal inhibition assay, and most of the compounds showed a certain degree of antifungal activity. In particular, compounds 3, 4, and 9 exhibited significant antifungal and anti-drug resistance activities by blocking the synthesis of ergosterol. The molecular docking and ADME/T properties of the compounds 3, 4, and 9 were further predicted, and the results indicated that they can form hydrophobic and coordination interactions with the active sites of CYP51. At the same time, compounds 4 and 9 showed promising drug-like properties. This study reveals that the compounds can be further optimized and developed as lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , Jinan 250012 , PR China . .,Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research , Liaocheng University , 1 Hunan Road , Liaocheng 252000 , PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Liaocheng People's Hospital , 67 Dongchang Road , Liaocheng 252000 , PR China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research , Liaocheng University , 1 Hunan Road , Liaocheng 252000 , PR China
| | - Zhuang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education , School of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District , Shenyang 110016 , PR China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , Jinan 250012 , PR China .
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McCarthy MW, Moriyama B, Petraitiene R, Walsh TJ, Petraitis V. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Isavuconazole. Clin Pharmacokinet 2018; 57:1483-1491. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-018-0673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yamaguchi H. Potential of Ravuconazole and its Prodrugs as the New OralTherapeutics for Onychomycosis. Med Mycol J 2017; 57:E93-E110. [PMID: 27904057 DOI: 10.3314/mmj.16-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail apparatus caused by dermatophytes, Candida and non-dermatophytic molds. It is highly prevalent in the general population worldwide and also responsible for significant morbidity and complications and does not usually cure itself. Thus, the condition needs to be treated in view of physical and psychological problems produced. Currently, oral medications using terbinafine are the most effective therapy, but it has relatively limited therapeutic success, particularly for long-term management. Such existing oral therapies are associated with high recurrence rates and treatment failure, as well as with potential adverse events and drug-drug interactions. In the light of these issues, development of more efficacious and safer alternatives for the treatment of onychomycosis is warranted.Ravuconazole and its prodrugs are promising new drug candidates for oral therapy of onychomycosis, among which a water-soluble prodrug, mono-lysine phosphoester derivative (E1224 or BFE1224) is in the most advanced stage of clinical development; a Phase II dose-finding study has been successfully completed and Phase III comparative studies are in progress in Japan.This review aims to summarize our current status of knowledge and information on ravuconazole and its prodrugs, particularly BFE1224, as the potential oral treatment option for onychomycosis. It also summarize the clinical features of onychomycosis with particular stress on its etiology, epidemiology, and current therapeutic options and their limitations. Given its clinical usefulness, BFE1224 may become a valuable addition to the current armamentarium for the treatment of onychomycosis.
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Ghezzi MC, Brunetti G, Visconti V, Giordano A, Raponi G. Candidaemia in a tertiary care academic hospital in Italy. The impact of C. parapsilosis complex on the species distribution and antifungal susceptibility. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:990-998. [PMID: 28686553 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyse the species distribution and the susceptibility profiles to the major antifungal agents of Candida isolated from bloodstream infections (BSIs) in both intensive care units (ICUs) and non-ICU wards in a tertiary care hospital in Italy from 2010 until 2015. METHODOLOGY Episodes of Candida BSI were recorded in a retrospective observational cohort study. Yeasts were isolated from both blood and intravascuIar devices (IVDs) and their susceptibility to antifungal drugs was tested using the microdilution method. RESULTS 514 Candida BSIs were evidenced and 19 % of these episodes were associated with the presence of an IVD. The trend of the general incidence increased significantly throughout the study period, ranging from 1.42 to 3.63 (mean 2.52) episodes/1000 admissions. The incidence of Candida BSIs and IVD-associated candidaemia was significantly higher in ICUs relative to the other wards. The most frequently isolated species were C. albicans and C. parapsilosis complex, with the latter presenting a significant increased trend of isolation. C. parapsilosis complex was most frequently involved in IVD-related candidaemia, coinfections and late recurrent infections. Furthermore, the MIC50s of C. parapsilosis complex were significantly enhanced for echinocandins compared to the MIC50s for the same drugs and the other yeasts, while the MIC50s of C. albicans for amphotericin B showed a significant increase during the study period, ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 µg ml-1. CONCLUSIONS A progressively enhanced incidence of Candida BSIs, a relatively high impact of C. parapsilosis complex and changes in the susceptibility profiles of the isolated yeasts were evidenced during the observation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Ghezzi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Grazia Brunetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Visconti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Giordano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Giammarco Raponi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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Evaluation of the combination mode of azoles antifungal inhibitors with CACYP51 and the influence of Site-directed mutation. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 73:157-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Chen HJ, Jiang YJ, Zhang YQ, Jing QW, Liu N, Wang Y, Zhang WN, Sheng CQ. New triazole derivatives containing substituted 1,2,3-triazole side chains: Design, synthesis and antifungal activity. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
By definition, an antifungal agent is a drug that selectively destroys fungal pathogens with minimal side effects to the host. Despite an increase in the prevalence of fungal infections particularly in immunocompromised patients, only a few classes of antifungal drugs are available for therapy, and they exhibit limited efficacy in the treatment of life-threatening infections. These drugs include polyenes, azoles, echinocandins, and nucleoside analogs. This chapter focuses on the currently available classes and representatives of systemic antifungal drugs in clinical use. We further discuss the unmet clinical needs in the antifungal research field; efforts in reformulation of available drugs such as Amphotericin B nanoparticles for oral drug delivery; development of new agents of known antifungal drug classes, such as albaconazole, SCY-078, and biafungin; and new drugs with novel targets for treatment of invasive fungal infections, including nikkomycin Z, sordarin derivatives, VT-1161 and VT-1129, F901318, VL-2397, and T-2307.
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Kyriakidis I, Tragiannidis A, Munchen S, Groll AH. Clinical hepatotoxicity associated with antifungal agents. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2016; 16:149-165. [PMID: 27927037 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2017.1270264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients with bone marrow failure syndromes, hematological malignancies, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), those admitted in intensive care units (ICUs) and those with prolonged febrile neutropenia. IFDs occur in a setting of multiple morbidities and are associated with case fatality rates between 30 and 70%. Along with the development of classes and compounds, the last two decades have seen substantial improvements in the prevention and management of these infections and an overall increased use of antifungal agents. Areas covered: All antifungal agents, including amphotericin B formulations, echinocandins and the triazoles, may cause hepatic toxicity that ranges from mild and asymptomatic abnormalities in liver function tests to substantial liver injury and fulminant hepatic failure. Expert opinion: The present article reviews incidence and severity of hepatotoxicity associated with different classes and agents to provide a better understanding of this specific end organ toxicity and safer use of antifungal agents A thorough understanding of the distribution, metabolism, elimination and drug-drug interactions of antifungal agents used for management of IFDs in combination with safety data from clinical trials, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies may guide the use of antifungal treatment in patients at high risk for the development of hepatic dysfunction and in those with underlying liver damage due to cytotoxic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kyriakidis
- a Hematology Oncology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Department , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University General Hospital AHEPA , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Athanasios Tragiannidis
- a Hematology Oncology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Department , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University General Hospital AHEPA , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Silke Munchen
- b Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Andreas H Groll
- c Infectious Disease Research Program, Center for Bone Marrow Transplantation and Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology , University Children's Hospital of Münster , Münster , Germany
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Abstract
There has been a global upsurge in fungal infections due to rise in immunodeficiencies, debilitation and situations of violated anatomical barriers. The available antifungal repertoire has limited activity and is fraught with toxicity concerns. Drug resistance has also shown a rapid upward trend. This has resulted in increased treatment failures, mortality and health care costs. Novel effective and safe antimycotics are needed. Analogues of existing antifungal compounds and new molecules are being developed. New targets are being explored for their putative role in curtailing fungal infections. Newer antigens as vaccine candidates are being researched into. Focused efforts in this direction have yielded encouraging results. This review illuminates the various antifungal strategies which hold promise for the future.
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Pouliot M, Jeanmart S. Pan Assay Interference Compounds (PAINS) and Other Promiscuous Compounds in Antifungal Research. J Med Chem 2015; 59:497-503. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pouliot
- Syngenta Crop Protection Research, Schaffhauserstrasse, 4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Jeanmart
- Syngenta Crop Protection Research, Schaffhauserstrasse, 4332 Stein, Switzerland
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Cao X, Xu Y, Cao Y, Wang R, Zhou R, Chu W, Yang Y. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of novel thienopyrrolidone derivatives with strong antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigates. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:471-6. [PMID: 26310892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to further enhance the anti-Aspergillus efficacy of our previously discovered antifungal lead compounds (I), two series of novel azoles featuring thieno[2,3-c]pyrrolidone and thieno[3,2-c]pyrrolidone nuclei were designed and evaluated for their in vitro activity on the basis of the binding mode of albaconazole using molecular docking, along with SARs of antifungal triazoles. Most of target compounds exhibited excellent activity against Candida and Cryptococcus spp., with MIC values in the range of 0.0625 μg/ml to 0.0156 μg/ml. The thieno[3,2-c]pyrrolidone unit was more suited for improving activity against Aspergillus spp. The most potent compound, 18a, was selected for further development due to its significant in vitro activity against Aspergillus spp. (MIC = 0.25 μg/ml), as well as its high metabolic stability in human liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongbing Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ruilian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ran Zhou
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenjing Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yushe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Seyedmousavi S, Verweij PE, Mouton JW. Isavuconazole, a broad-spectrum triazole for the treatment of systemic fungal diseases. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:9-27. [PMID: 25488140 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.990382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The prodrug isavuconazonium sulfate (BAL8557) is an extended-spectrum water-soluble triazole, developed for the treatment of severe invasive and life-threatening fungal diseases. Its active moiety, BAL4815, is a potent inhibitor of ergosterol biosynthesis, resulting in the disruption of fungal membrane structure and function. The active compound shows broad-spectrum of activity and potency against all major opportunistic fungi, such as Aspergillus spp., Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp., Mucorales, Black yeasts and their filamentous relatives and the true pathogenic fungi, including Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis. It is currently in Phase III clinical development for treatment of aspergillosis, candidiasis and mucormycosis, as well as other rare fungi infections. We reviewed the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of isavuconazole, and its microbiological and clinical investigation progress in advanced stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box. 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Chitasombat MN, Kontoyiannis DP. The 'cephalosporin era' of triazole therapy: isavuconazole, a welcomed newcomer for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015; 16:1543-58. [PMID: 26100603 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2015.1057500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Invasive fungal infections remain frequent life-threatening complications in immunocompromised patients. Each of the currently available antifungals has limitations in terms of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile, spectrum of efficacy, and tolerability. Isavuconazole (ISA) is a new generation, broad-spectrum triazole that has a favorable spectrum of efficacy and is available in both intravenous and oral forms. Recent Phase III clinical studies showed that ISA had comparable efficacy to voriconazole for the treatment of a variety of mould infections. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the literature on the use of ISA. PubMed was searched for publications in English from 2006 to December 2014 using the terms 'ISA', 'BAL4815', and 'BAL 8557'. Relevant publications were reviewed and reference lists were examined for further publications. Conference abstracts from the meeting during 2013 - 2014 were also reviewed. EXPERT OPINION ISA is a new broad spectrum triazole antifungal for the treatment of invasive fungal disease available as oral and intravenous formulations, and the ability to be administered as a once-daily regimen. ISA has broad-spectrum in vitro activity, favorable pharmacokinetic profile, and good tolerability. ISA may be considered for primary treatment for a vast variety of invasive fungal infections. Further study of ISA given as prophylaxis, combination, or salvage therapy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N Chitasombat
- Mahidol University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital , Bangkok , Thailand
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Antifungal susceptibility profiles of bloodstream yeast isolates by Sensititre YeastOne over nine years at a large Italian teaching hospital. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:3944-55. [PMID: 25896705 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00285-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensititre YeastOne (SYO) is an affordable alternative to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) reference method for antifungal susceptibility testing. In this study, the MICs of yeast isolates from 1,214 bloodstream infection episodes, generated by SYO during hospital laboratory activity (January 2005 to December 2013), were reanalyzed using current CLSI clinical breakpoints/epidemiological cutoff values to assign susceptibility (or the wild-type [WT] phenotype) to systemic antifungal agents. Excluding Candida albicans (57.4% of all isolates [n = 1,250]), the most predominant species were Candida parapsilosis complex (20.9%), Candida tropicalis (8.2%), Candida glabrata (6.4%), Candida guilliermondii (1.6%), and Candida krusei (1.3%). Among the non-Candida species (1.9%), 7 were Cryptococcus neoformans and 17 were other species, mainly Rhodotorula species. Over 97% of Candida isolates were susceptible (WT phenotype) to amphotericin B and flucytosine. Rates of susceptibility (WT phenotype) to fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole were 98.7% in C. albicans, 92.3% in the C. parapsilosis complex, 96.1% in C. tropicalis, 92.5% in C. glabrata, 100% in C. guilliermondii, and 100% (excluding fluconazole) in C. krusei. The fluconazole-resistant isolates consisted of 6 C. parapsilosis complex isolates, 3 C. glabrata isolates, 2 C. albicans isolates, 2 C. tropicalis isolates, and 1 Candida lusitaniae isolate. Of the non-Candida isolates, 2 C. neoformans isolates had the non-WT phenotype for susceptibility to fluconazole, whereas Rhodotorula isolates had elevated azole MICs. Overall, 99.7% to 99.8% of Candida isolates were susceptible (WT phenotype) to echinocandins, but 3 isolates were nonsusceptible (either intermediate or resistant) to caspofungin (C. albicans, C. guilliermondii, and C. krusei), anidulafungin (C. albicans and C. guilliermondii), and micafungin (C. albicans). However, when the intrinsically resistant non-Candida isolates were included, the rate of echinocandin nonsusceptibility reached 1.8%. In summary, the SYO method proved to be able to detect yeast species showing antifungal resistance or reduced susceptibility.
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He X, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Wu S, Dong G, Liu N, Liu Y, Yao J, Miao Z, Wang Y, Zhang W, Sheng C. Discovery of highly potent triazoleantifungal agents with piperidine-oxadiazole side chains. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00505h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel triazole antifungal agents containing piperidine-oxadiazole side chains were designed and synthesized. Compound 11b was highly active against Candida albicans with a MIC value of 0.016 μg mL−1.
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Dias MFRG, Bernardes-Filho F, Quaresma-Santos MVP, Amorim AGDF, Schechtman RC, Azulay DR. Treatment of superficial mycoses: review. Part II. An Bras Dermatol 2014; 88:937-44. [PMID: 24474103 PMCID: PMC3900345 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20132018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Superficial fungal infections of the hair, skin and nails are a major cause of
morbidity in the world. Choosing the right treatment is not always simple because of
the possibility of drug interactions and side effects. The first part of the article
discusses the main treatments for superficial mycoses - keratophytoses,
dermatophytosis, candidiasis, with a practical approach to the most commonly-used
topical and systemic drugs , referring also to their dosage and duration of use.
Promising new, antifungal therapeutic alternatives are also highlighted, as well as
available options on the Brazilian and world markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Reis Gavazzoni Dias
- Prof. Rubem David Azulay Dermatology Institute, Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de JaneiroRJ, Brazil, MD, PhD, Professor of the Post-Graduation program at Prof. Rubem David Azulay Dermatology Institute at Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro (IDPRDA - SCMRJ) - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
| | - Fred Bernardes-Filho
- Prof. Rubem David Azulay Dermatology Institute, Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de JaneiroRJ, Brazil, MD, Post-graduation in course at Prof. Rubem David Azulay Dermatology Institute at Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro (IDPRDA - SCMRJ) - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
| | - Maria Victória Pinto Quaresma-Santos
- Prof. Rubem David Azulay Dermatology Institute, Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de JaneiroRJ, Brazil, MD, Post-graduation in course at Prof. Rubem David Azulay Dermatology Institute at Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro (IDPRDA - SCMRJ) - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
| | | | - Regina Casz Schechtman
- London University, MD, PhD in Dermatology at London University. Coordinator of the Dermatology post-graduation program and chief of the mycology sector at Prof. Rubem David Azulay Dermatology Institute at Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro (IDPRDA - SCMRJ) - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
| | - David Rubem Azulay
- Dermatology Service, Prof. Rubem David Azulay Dermatology Institute, Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de JaneiroRJ, Brazil, MD, MSc, Chief of the Dermatology Service at Prof. Rubem David Azulay Dermatology Institute at Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro (IDPRDA -SCMRJ) - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. Chair Professor of the Post-graduation Program at Rio de Janeiro Pontifical Catholic University (PUC-RJ). Professor at Souza Marques Foundation and Rio de Janeiro Federal University (UFRJ) - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
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Wu S, Zhang Y, He X, Che X, Wang S, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Liu N, Dong G, Yao J, Miao Z, Wang Y, Zhang W, Sheng C. From antidiabetic to antifungal: discovery of highly potent triazole-thiazolidinedione hybrids as novel antifungal agents. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:2639-46. [PMID: 25196996 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to discover a new generation of triazole antifungal agents, a series of triazole-thiazolidinedione hybrids were designed and synthesized by molecular hybridization of the antifungal agent fluconazole and rosiglitazone (an antidiabetic). Most of the target compounds showed good to excellent inhibitory activity against a variety of clinically important fungal pathogens. In particular, compounds (Z)-5-(2,4-dichlorobenzylidene)-3-(2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione) (15 c), (Z)-3-(2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl)-5-(furan-3-ylmethylene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (15 j), and (Z)-3-(2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl)-5-(furan-3-ylmethylene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (15 r) were highly active against Candida albicans, with MIC80 values in the range of 0.03-0.15 μM. Moreover, compounds 15 j and 15 r were found to be effective against four fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates; these two compounds are particularly promising antifungal leads for further optimization. Molecular docking studies revealed that the hydrogen bonding interactions between thiazolidinedione and CYP51 from C. albicans are important for antifungal activity. This study also demonstrates the effectiveness of molecular hybridization in antifungal drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanchao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433 (China)
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23
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Posteraro B, Sanguinetti M. The future of fungal susceptibility testing. Future Microbiol 2014; 9:947-67. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The antifungal treatment failures and the emergence of resistant fungal strains have stimulated the need for reproducible and clinically relevant antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST). While the standard reference methods are not intended for routine use, commercial methods are widely used for performing AFST. However, to accelerate AFST and to improve the detection of antifungal resistance, which is the most challenging goal of AFST, novel assays have been developed. Following brief drug exposures of fungal cells, the new antifungal susceptibility end points seem to provide a reliable means of identifying fungal isolates, which harbor mutations that have been associated with antifungal resistance. This article summarizes the recent progress in AFST that is destined to enhance its clinical utility in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunella Posteraro
- Institute of Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
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24
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Jiang Z, Gu J, Wang C, Wang S, Liu N, Jiang Y, Dong G, Wang Y, Liu Y, Yao J, Miao Z, Zhang W, Sheng C. Design, synthesis and antifungal activity of novel triazole derivatives containing substituted 1,2,3-triazole-piperdine side chains. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 82:490-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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25
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Cao X, Sun Z, Cao Y, Wang R, Cai T, Chu W, Hu W, Yang Y. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of novel fused heterocycles-linked triazoles with good activity and water solubility. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3687-706. [PMID: 24564525 DOI: 10.1021/jm4016284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Triazoles with fused-heterocycle nuclei were designed and evaluated for their in vitro activity on the basis of the binding mode of albaconazole using molecular docking, along with SAR of antifungal triazoles. Tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrazine and tetrahydro-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine nuclei were preferable to the other four fused-heterocycle nuclei investigated. Potent in vitro activity, broad spectrum and better water solubility were attained when triazoles containing nitrogen aromatic heterocycles were attached to these two nuclei. The most potent compounds 27aa and 45x, with low hERG inhibition and hepatocyte toxicity, both exhibited excellent activity against Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus spp., as well as selected fluconazole-resistant strains. A high water-soluble compound 58 (the disulfate salt of 45x) displayed unsatisfactory in vivo activity because of its poor PK profiles. Mice infected with C.alb. SC5314 and C.alb. 103 (fluconazole-resistant strain) and administered with 27aa displayed significantly improved survival rates. 27aa also showed favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, China
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26
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Innocente A, Casanova BB, Klein F, Lana AD, Pereira D, Muniz MN, Sonnet P, Gosmann G, Fuentefria AM, Gnoatto SCB. Synthesis of isosteric triterpenoid derivatives and antifungal activity. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 83:344-9. [PMID: 24138556 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dermatomycoses are among the most widespread and common superficial and cutaneous fungal infections in humans. There is an urgent need to develop efficient and non-toxic antimycotic agents with a specific spectrum of activity. Triterpenes have been demonstrated to exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antifungal activities. In this study, through hemisynthesis, we aimed to obtain triterpene-isosteric molecules from betulinic and ursolic acids to improve the antifungal activity and spectrum of action of these compounds. Six compounds were resynthesized and tested against eleven mucocutaneous and cutaneous mycotic agents. The results of the susceptibility assays were expressed as the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC values of the piperazinyl derivatives of ursolic and betulinic acids that were active against pathogenic yeasts were in the range of 16-32 μg/mL and 4-16 μg/mL, respectively, whereas fungicidal effects were observed at concentrations ranging from 16 to 128 μg/mL and 8 to 128 μg/mL, respectively. The piperazinyl derivative of betulinic acid exhibited an antifungal profile similar to that of terbinafine and was the most effective derivative against dermatophytes. This strategy led to a promising candidate for the development of a new antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrine Innocente
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica e Síntese Orgânica, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, RS, Brazil
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27
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Costanzo CDG, Fernandes VC, Zingaretti S, Beleboni RO, Pereira AMS, Marins M, Taleb-Contini SH, Pereira PS, Fachin AL. Isolation of flavonoids from Anemopaegma arvense (Vell) Stellf. ex de Souza and their antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502013000300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemopaegma arvense (Vell) Stellf. ex de Souza belongs to the family Bignoniaceae, and is popularly known as catuaba. To evaluate the cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of A. arvense, fraction F3 and flavonoids 1 (quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside) (rutin) and flavonoid 2 (quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-galactopyranoside) were isolated from the leaves of this plant. Fraction F3 and flavonoids 1 and 2 exhibited no antibacterial activity. Furthermore, no cytotoxic activity of fraction 3 or flavonoids 1 and 2 was observed against the tumor cells tested. However, analysis of the antifungal activity of flavonoids 1 and 2 revealed minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.5 and 0.25 mg/mL, respectively, against the Trichophyton rubrum strains tested (wild type and mutant). This study demonstrates for the first time the antifungal activity of isolated flavonoids, validating the same activity for A. arvense.
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Tragiannidis A, Tsoulas C, Kerl K, Groll AH. Invasive candidiasis: update on current pharmacotherapy options and future perspectives. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 14:1515-28. [PMID: 23724798 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.805204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Invasive candidiasis (IC), mainly candidemia, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients and those admitted to intensive care units. Despite the recognition of risk factors and advances in disease prevention, Candida-related hospitalizations and mortality continue to rise. For treatment, four classes of older and newer antifungal agents are currently available. Adjunctive immunotherapies and a monoclonal antibody against heat shock protein 90 (efungumab) are promising novel therapeutic approaches. AREAS COVERED In this article, approaches and therapeutic agents for candidemia and other forms of IC are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION The thorough understanding of the available antifungal agents in combination with the increasing knowledge of the mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of Candida infections and the development of newer approaches such as efungumab and immunotherapy with adjunctive cytokines may improve the prognosis of patients with life-threatening invasive Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Tragiannidis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 2nd Pediatric Department, Hematology Oncology Unit, Thessaloniki, Greece
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Helou
- Department of Dermatology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Beirut, Lebanon
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31
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Guillon R, Pagniez F, Picot C, Hédou D, Tonnerre A, Chosson E, Duflos M, Besson T, Logé C, Le Pape P. Discovery of a novel broad-spectrum antifungal agent derived from albaconazole. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:288-92. [PMID: 24900660 DOI: 10.1021/ml300429p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of a strict structural analogue of albaconazole in which the quinazolinone ring is fused by a thiazole moiety led to the discovery of a new triazole with broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Compound I exhibited high in vitro activity against pathogenic Candida species and filamentous fungi and showed preliminary in vivo antifungal efficacy in a mice model of systemic candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Guillon
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire
de Chimie Thérapeutique, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections
et du Cancer, IICIMED-EA 1155, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 1 rue
Gaston Veil, Nantes F-44035 Cedex 1, France
| | - Fabrice Pagniez
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire
de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Cibles et Médicaments
des Infections et du Cancer, IICIMED-EA 1155, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques,
1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes F-44035 Cedex 1, France
| | - Carine Picot
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire
de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Cibles et Médicaments
des Infections et du Cancer, IICIMED-EA 1155, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques,
1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes F-44035 Cedex 1, France
| | - Damien Hédou
- Université de Rouen, Laboratoire C.O.B.R.A., CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Institut de Recherche en Chimie Organique Fine (I.R.C.O.F.), rue Tesnière, 76130 Mont Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Alain Tonnerre
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire
de Chimie Thérapeutique, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections
et du Cancer, IICIMED-EA 1155, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 1 rue
Gaston Veil, Nantes F-44035 Cedex 1, France
| | - Elizabeth Chosson
- Université de Rouen, Laboratoire C.O.B.R.A., CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Institut de Recherche en Chimie Organique Fine (I.R.C.O.F.), rue Tesnière, 76130 Mont Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Muriel Duflos
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire
de Chimie Thérapeutique, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections
et du Cancer, IICIMED-EA 1155, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 1 rue
Gaston Veil, Nantes F-44035 Cedex 1, France
| | - Thierry Besson
- Université de Rouen, Laboratoire C.O.B.R.A., CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Institut de Recherche en Chimie Organique Fine (I.R.C.O.F.), rue Tesnière, 76130 Mont Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Cédric Logé
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire
de Chimie Thérapeutique, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections
et du Cancer, IICIMED-EA 1155, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 1 rue
Gaston Veil, Nantes F-44035 Cedex 1, France
| | - Patrice Le Pape
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire
de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Cibles et Médicaments
des Infections et du Cancer, IICIMED-EA 1155, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques,
1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes F-44035 Cedex 1, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In recent years there has been an evolution of a better understanding of the pharmacology and clinical indications of existing antifungal agents and also the development of new broad-spectrum triazoles and a newer class of antifungal agents, the echinocandins. The availability of these agents has broadened the therapeutic options of invasive fungal disease among children and consequently antifungal therapy has become increasingly complex. RECENT FINDINGS Adoption of adult guidelines' recommendations has been used to guide pediatric treatment as specific pediatric data were often lacking. This approach has not always selected the most appropriate therapy for newborns or young infants, as the under-dosage of voriconazole based on adult data revealed. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the available antifungal agents in children is crucial for the successful treatment of these serious infections. SUMMARY In this review we summarize the main findings regarding antifungal treatment among children that have been recently published, focusing on the pharmacology and pediatric use of newer antifungal agents.
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Uso actual de los antifúngicos triazoles en niños. INFECTIO 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0123-9392(12)70031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Guillon R, Pagniez F, Rambaud C, Picot C, Duflos M, Logé C, Le Pape P. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 1-[(biarylmethyl)methylamino]-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ols as potent antifungal agents: new insights into structure-activity relationships. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1806-15. [PMID: 21748853 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported the design and synthesis of azole antifungal agents with a focus on modifications to the side chain appended to the propanol group. Herein we have identified a series of new 1-[(biarylmethyl)methylamino] derivatives with broad-spectrum antifungal activities against the most prevalent human pathogenic fungi (Candida spp. and Aspergillus fumigatus). Compounds containing a flexible benzylamine moiety were clearly shown to yield the best antifungal activities, without the need for a hydrogen-bond acceptor substituent directly attached to the para position. We were also able to determine that selected compounds are able to overcome gene overexpression and point mutations that lead to reduced susceptibility or resistance against current treatments, such as fluconazole. As the minor differences observed with small structural modifications cannot be explain with only a three-dimensional model of CYP51, adequate physicochemical parameters must be evaluated in terms of antifungal potency, bioavailability, and toxicity. Therefore, structure-activity relationship studies such as these reveal new insights for the development of future antifungal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Guillon
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Département de Pharmacochimie, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections de l'Immunité et du Cancer, IICIMED-EA 1155, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes 44035 Cedex 1, France
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