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Wood ME, Griebel P, Huizenga ML, Lockwood S, Hansen C, Potter A, Cashman N, Mapletoft JW, Napper S. Accelerated onset of chronic wasting disease in elk (Cervus canadensis) vaccinated with a PrP Sc-specific vaccine and housed in a prion contaminated environment. Vaccine 2018; 36:7737-7743. [PMID: 30414779 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal prion disease affecting multiple cervid species. Effective management tools for this disease, particularly in free-ranging populations, are currently limited. We evaluated a novel CWD vaccine in elk (Cervus canadensis) naturally exposed to CWD through a prion-contaminated environment. The vaccine targets a YYR disease-specific epitope to induce antibody responses specific to the misfolded (PrPSc) conformation. Female elk calves (n = 41) were captured from western Wyoming and transported to the Thorne-Williams Wildlife Research Center where CWD has been documented since 1979. Elk were held in contaminated pens for 14 to 20 days before being alternately assigned to either a vaccine (n = 21) or control group (n = 20). Vaccinated animals initially received two vaccinations approximately 42 days apart and annual vaccinations thereafter. Vaccination induced elevated YYR-specific antibody titers in all animals. Elk were genotyped for the prion protein gene at codon 132, monitored for clinical signs of CWD through daily observation, for disease status through periodic biopsy of rrectoanal mucosa-associated lympoid tissue (RAMALT), and monitored for YYR-specific serum antibody titres. Mean survival of vaccinated elk with the 132MM genotype (n = 15) was significantly shorter (800 days) than unvaccinated elk (n = 13) of the same genotype (1062 days; p = 0.003). Mean days until positive RAMALT biopsy for 132MM vaccinated elk (6 7 8) were significantly shorter than unvaccinated 132MM elk (990; p = 0.012). There was, however, no significant difference in survival between vaccinated (n = 4) and control (n = 5) elk with the 132ML genotype (p = 0.35) or in timing of positive RAMALT biopsies of 132ML elk (p = 0.66). There was no strong (p = 0.17) correlation between YYR-specific antibody titers and survival time. Determining the mechanism by which this vaccine accelerates onset of CWD will be important to direct further CWD vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Wood
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 1212 South Adams St, Laramie, WY, USA; Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Thorne-Williams Wildlife Research Center, 2362 HWY 34 Wheatland, WY, USA.
| | - Philip Griebel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, S7N 2Z4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Matthew L Huizenga
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Thorne-Williams Wildlife Research Center, 2362 HWY 34 Wheatland, WY, USA
| | - Samuel Lockwood
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Thorne-Williams Wildlife Research Center, 2362 HWY 34 Wheatland, WY, USA
| | - Cole Hansen
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Thorne-Williams Wildlife Research Center, 2362 HWY 34 Wheatland, WY, USA
| | - Andrew Potter
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Neil Cashman
- Department of Neurology, University of British Columbia, S192 - 2211 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2B5 Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John W Mapletoft
- Pan-Provincial Vaccine Enterprise Inc. University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Scott Napper
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, S7N 5E5 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, are fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterised by long incubation period, short clinical duration, and transmissibility to susceptible species. Neuronal loss, spongiform changes, gliosis and the accumulation in the brain of the misfolded version of a membrane-bound cellular prion protein (PrP(C)), termed PrP(TSE), are diagnostic markers of these diseases. Compelling evidence links protein misfolding and its accumulation with neurodegenerative changes. Accordingly, several mechanisms of prion-mediated neurotoxicity have been proposed. In this paper, we provide an overview of the recent knowledge on the mechanisms of neuropathogenesis, the neurotoxic PrP species and the possible therapeutic approaches to treat these devastating disorders.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia worldwide and is an emerging global epidemic. It is characterized by an imbalance between production and clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau proteins. Oligomeric forms of Aβ and tau are believed to be the most toxic. Dramatic results from AD animal models showed great promise for active and passive immune therapies targeting Aβ. However, there is very limited evidence in human studies of the clinical benefits from these approaches. Immunotherapies targeting only tau pathology have had some success but are limited so far to mouse models. The majority of current methods is based on immunological targeting of a self-protein; hence, benefits need to be balanced against risks of stimulating excessive autoimmune toxic inflammation. For greater efficacy the next generation of vaccines needs to focus more on concurrently targeting all the intermediate toxic conformers of oligomeric Aβ and tau species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Fernando Goñi
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Goñi F, Mathiason CK, Yim L, Wong K, Hayes-Klug J, Nalls A, Peyser D, Estevez V, Denkers N, Xu J, Osborn DA, Miller KV, Warren RJ, Brown DR, Chabalgoity JA, Hoover EA, Wisniewski T. Mucosal immunization with an attenuated Salmonella vaccine partially protects white-tailed deer from chronic wasting disease. Vaccine 2014; 33:726-33. [PMID: 25539804 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prion disease is a unique category of illness, affecting both animals and humans, in which the underlying pathogenesis is related to a conformational change of a normal, self-protein called PrP(C) (C for cellular) to a pathological and infectious conformer known as PrP(Sc) (Sc for scrapie). Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a prion disease believed to have arisen from feeding cattle with prion contaminated meat and bone meal products, crossed the species barrier to infect humans. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) infects large numbers of deer and elk, with the potential to infect humans. Currently no prionosis has an effective treatment. Previously, we have demonstrated we could prevent transmission of prions in a proportion of susceptible mice with a mucosal vaccine. In the current study, white-tailed deer were orally inoculated with attenuated Salmonella expressing PrP, while control deer were orally inoculated with vehicle attenuated Salmonella. Once a mucosal response was established, the vaccinated animals were boosted orally and locally by application of polymerized recombinant PrP onto the tonsils and rectal mucosa. The vaccinated and control animals were then challenged orally with CWD-infected brain homogenate. Three years post CWD oral challenge all control deer developed clinical CWD (median survival 602 days), while among the vaccinated there was a significant prolongation of the incubation period (median survival 909 days; p=0.012 by Weibull regression analysis) and one deer has remained CWD free both clinically and by RAMALT and tonsil biopsies. This negative vaccinate has the highest titers of IgA in saliva and systemic IgG against PrP. Western blots showed that immunoglobulins from this vaccinate react to PrP(CWD). We document the first partially successful vaccination for a prion disease in a species naturally at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Goñi
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Candace K Mathiason
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Lucia Yim
- Laboratory for Vaccine Research, Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Kinlung Wong
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Jeanette Hayes-Klug
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Amy Nalls
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Daniel Peyser
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Veronica Estevez
- Laboratory for Vaccine Research, Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nathaniel Denkers
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jinfeng Xu
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - David A Osborn
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, United States
| | - Karl V Miller
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, United States
| | - Robert J Warren
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, United States
| | - David R Brown
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK
| | - Jose A Chabalgoity
- Laboratory for Vaccine Research, Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Edward A Hoover
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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Chang B, Petersen R, Wisniewski T, Rubenstein R. Influence of Mabs on PrP(Sc) formation using in vitro and cell-free systems. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41626. [PMID: 22848548 PMCID: PMC3407222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PrPSc is believed to serve as a template for the conversion of PrPC to the abnormal isoform. This process requires contact between the two proteins and implies that there may be critical contact sites that are important for conversion. We hypothesized that antibodies binding to either PrPcor PrPSc would hinder or prevent the formation of the PrPC–PrPSc complex and thus slow down or prevent the conversion process. Two systems were used to analyze the effect of different antibodies on PrPSc formation: (i) neuroblastoma cells persistently infected with the 22L mouse-adapted scrapie stain, and (ii) protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), which uses PrPSc as a template or seed, and a series of incubations and sonications, to convert PrPC to PrPSc. The two systems yielded similar results, in most cases, and demonstrate that PrP-specific monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) vary in their ability to inhibit the PrPC–PrPSc conversion process. Based on the numerous and varied Mabs analyzed, the inhibitory effect does not appear to be epitope specific, related to PrPC conformation, or to cell membrane localization, but is influenced by the targeted PrP region (amino vs carboxy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Binggong Chang
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, State University New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert Petersen
- Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience, and Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard Rubenstein
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, State University New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Labro MT. Immunomodulation and infection: back to the future. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012; 10:245-7. [PMID: 22397554 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Thérèse Labro
- Inserm SC14 Centre d'Expertise Collective, Université Paris Diderot Paris, 7 Faculté de Médecine Site Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75890, Paris Cedex 18, France.
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Hussell T. Immune modulatory strategies: a playground with a swing and a seesaw. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012; 10:249-51. [PMID: 22397555 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Hussell
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, 368, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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