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Curtis KM, Nguyen AT, Tepper NK, Zapata LB, Snyder EM, Hatfield-Timajchy K, Kortsmit K, Cohen MA, Whiteman MK. U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use, 2024. MMWR Recomm Rep 2024; 73:1-77. [PMID: 39106301 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.rr7303a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2024 U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use (U.S. SPR) addresses a selected group of common, yet sometimes complex, issues regarding initiation and use of specific contraceptive methods. These recommendations for health care providers were updated by CDC after review of the scientific evidence and a meeting with national experts in Atlanta, Georgia, during January 25-27, 2023. The information in this report replaces the 2016 U.S. SPR (CDC. U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use, 2016. MMWR 2016;65[No. RR-4]:1-66). Notable updates include 1) updated recommendations for provision of medications for intrauterine device placement, 2) updated recommendations for bleeding irregularities during implant use, 3) new recommendations for testosterone use and risk for pregnancy, and 4) new recommendations for self-administration of injectable contraception. The recommendations in this report are intended to serve as a source of evidence-based clinical practice guidance for health care providers. The goals of these recommendations are to remove unnecessary medical barriers to accessing and using contraception and to support the provision of person-centered contraceptive counseling and services in a noncoercive manner. Health care providers should always consider the individual clinical circumstances of each person seeking contraceptive services. This report is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice for individual patients; when needed, patients should seek advice from their health care providers about contraceptive use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Curtis
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC
| | - Antoinette T Nguyen
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC
| | - Naomi K Tepper
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC
| | - Lauren B Zapata
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC
| | - Emily M Snyder
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC
| | - Kendra Hatfield-Timajchy
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC
| | - Katherine Kortsmit
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC
| | - Megan A Cohen
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC
| | - Maura K Whiteman
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC
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Chang C, Chen YL, Wang YW, Chen HW, Hsu CW, Lin KC, Ou YC, Liu T, Chen WL, Chu CA, Ho CL, Lee CT, Chow NH. Aberrant trophoblastic differentiation in human cancer: An emerging novel therapeutic target (Review). Oncol Rep 2024; 51:43. [PMID: 38240107 PMCID: PMC10823338 DOI: 10.3892/or.2024.8701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Various types of human cancer may develop aberrant trophoblastic differentiation, including histological changes and altered expression of β‑human chorionic gonadotropin (β‑hCG). Aberrant trophoblastic differentiation in epithelial cancer is usually associated with poor differentiation, tumor metastasis, unfavorable prognosis and treatment resistance. Since β‑hCG‑targeting vaccines have failed in an early phase II trial, it is crucial to obtain a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of trophoblastic differentiation in human cancer. The present review summarizes the clinical and translational research on this topic with the aim of accelerating the development of an effective targeted therapy. Ectopic expression of β‑hCG promotes proliferation, migration, invasion, vasculogenesis and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro, and enhances metastatic and tumorigenic capabilities in vivo. Signaling cascades modulated by β‑hCG include the TGF‑β receptor pathway, EMT‑related pathways, the c‑MET receptor tyrosine kinase and mitogen‑activated protein kinase/ERK pathways, and the SMAD2/4 pathway. Taken together, these findings indicated that TGF‑β receptors, c‑MET and ERK1/2 are potential therapeutic targets. Nevertheless, further investigation on the molecular basis of aberrant trophoblastic differentiation is mandatory to improve the design of precision therapy for this aggressive type of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chang
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Lin Chen
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Molecular Medicine Core Laboratory, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Wen Wang
- Department of Dental Technology, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 821, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hui-Wen Chen
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Che-Wei Hsu
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kun-Che Lin
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yin-Chien Ou
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tsunglin Liu
- The Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Bioinformatics Core Laboratory, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wan-Li Chen
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chien-An Chu
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chung-Liang Ho
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Molecular Medicine Core Laboratory, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chung-Ta Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Nan-Haw Chow
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Molecular Medicine Core Laboratory, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Mitchell KF, Burnham CAD, Gronowski AM. Urinary Tract Infection With Gram-Positive Bacteria Does Not Cause False-Positive Results with the Urine-Based Human Chorionic Gonadotropic Point-of-Care Assay. J Appl Lab Med 2020; 5:987-992. [PMID: 32761095 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND False-positive results for human chorionic gonadotropic (hCG) on point-of-care (POC) devices can occur for a variety of technical and biological reasons. It has been postulated that urinary tract infection can result in false-positive POC hCG assays, but the cause of this phenomenon remains elusive. Gram-positive bacteria have previously been reported to express an hCG-like molecule. We investigated whether urinary tract infection with Gram-positive bacteria can result in false-positive POC hCG. METHODS We utilized remnant clinical urine specimens that had been submitted for culture as part of evaluation for urinary tract infection. Urine specimens with >100,000 colony-forming units per milliliter of Gram-positive bacteria (n = 95) were tested on ICON 20 POC hCG tests (Beckman Coulter). Specimens from adult patients that had been collected for clinical testing in the prior 48 hours were included in the study, and only 1 specimen per patient was included. RESULTS Of 95 patients with Gram-positive urine specimens, 42 (44%) were female, and the median age was 62 years. The most common bacteria identified during clinical urine culture of these patients' specimens were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (36/95, 38%), Enterococcus species (34/95, 36%), and Streptococcus agalactiae (9/95, 9%). Five of 95 (5.3%) urine specimens were positive for POC hCG. Chart review revealed that 3 specimens were from pregnant women and 2 were from patients with cancer diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS Urine specimens from patients suspected to have urinary tract infection with Gram-positive organisms did not cause positive results on POC hCG test devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin F Mitchell
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Carey-Ann D Burnham
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ann M Gronowski
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether the use of a laboratory test specific for intact human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) would reduce the number of false-positive pregnancy test results. METHODS From October 21, 2014, to January 20, 2015, and April 1, 2015, to June 2, 2015, all serum samples sent for pregnancy screening at a large cancer center with a value of 5 milli-international units/mL or greater total β-hCG were frozen and stored and then retested using intact hCG reagent. We compared the accuracy of total β-hCG and intact hCG results for the diagnosis of clinically confirmed pregnancy. A negative test was defined as 14 milli-international units/mL or less, our current institutional cutoff. We also assessed a cutoff of less than 5 milli-international units/mL, a historical cutoff to rule out pregnancy. RESULTS We performed intact hCG testing on 64 patient samples, of which 34 had originally resulted positive when tested for total β-hCG. These included 21 cases of clinically confirmed pregnancy and 13 false-positive cases. No women were pregnant when their intact hCG concentration was 14 milli-international units/mL or less, and all pregnancies were detected at and above this concentration. Intact hCG reduced the number of false-positive pregnancy test results from 13 to 1, a 92% reduction (95% CI 64-99%), corresponding to a reduction in the false-positive rate from 38% (95% CI 22-56%) to 3% (95% CI 1-15%). CONCLUSION The use of intact hCG reagent in patients with cancer reduces the rate of false-positive pregnancy test results without increasing the rate of false-negative test results.
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Ramos E, Garner OB. Clinical Comparison of the NOWDiagnostics' ADEXUSDx Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Point-of-Care Test with the Roche Elecsys hCG + β2 for the Serum Measurement of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin. J Appl Lab Med 2017; 2:234-237. [PMID: 32630983 DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2017.023077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the emergency and urgent care setting, point-of-care (POC) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) testing is a clinical tool used to determine pregnancy status for risk assessment of potentially fetotoxic treatments and procedures in female patients of child-bearing age. METHODS We reassayed a cohort of remnant blood samples (n = 283; hCG concentrations, <1 mIU/mL to 10-157500 mIU/mL) previously analyzed using a reference laboratory hCG immunoassay (Roche Elecsys) with a novel Food and Drug Administration-cleared rapid hCG POC assay, the NOWDiagnostics' ADEXUSDx™, to assess performance of the rapid test. RESULTS We obtained the following characteristics compared with the reference laboratory hCG values at <1 mIU/mL and from 10 to 157500 mIU/mL: sensitivity, 97.6%; specificity, 99.1% (positive predictive value, 99.4%; negative predictive value, 96.6%). CONCLUSIONS The hCG point-of-care test assayed in this study accurately identified blood samples with hCG levels >10 mIU/mL. Because of its rapid turnaround time and ease of use, further field testing in the clinical setting is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Ramos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Omai B Garner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Tepper NK, Curtis KM, Jatlaoui TC, Whiteman MK. Removing barriers to contraception through use of criteria to assess pregnancy risk. Contraception 2017; 95:323-325. [PMID: 28214517 PMCID: PMC11000531 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi K Tepper
- Division of Reproductive Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F-74, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Kathryn M Curtis
- Division of Reproductive Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F-74, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Tara C Jatlaoui
- Division of Reproductive Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F-74, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Maura K Whiteman
- Division of Reproductive Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F-74, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Bolze PA, Slim R. Circulating Tumor DNA: A Potential Novel Diagnostic Approach in Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia. EBioMedicine 2016; 4:11-2. [PMID: 26981562 PMCID: PMC4776069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Adrien Bolze
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, Québec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Rima Slim
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, Québec H4A 3J1, Canada
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8
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Abstract
Point-of-care testing (POCT) refers to any diagnostic test administered outside the central laboratory at or near the location of the patient. By performing the sample collection and data analysis steps in the same location POCT cuts down on transport and processing delays, resulting in the rapid feedback of test results to medical decision-makers. Over the past decades the availability and use of POCT have steadily increased in Europe and throughout the international community. However, concerns about overall utility and the reliability of benefits to patient care have impeded the growth of POCT in some areas. While there is no agreed-upon standard for how success should be judged, the increases in speed and mobility provided by POCT can lead to substantial advantages over traditional laboratory testing. When properly utilized, POCT has been shown to yield measurable improvements in patient care, workflow efficiency, and even provide significant financial benefits. However, important organizational and quality assurance challenges must be addressed with the implementation of POCT in any health care environment. To ensure maximal benefits it may be necessary to evaluate critically and restructure existing clinical pathways to capitalize better on the rapid test turnaround times provided by POCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Albert Huisman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Discrepant serum and urine β-hCG results due to production of β-hCG by a cribriform-morular variant of thyroid papillary carcinoma. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 438:181-5. [PMID: 25181612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although patients with medullary thyroid cancer are known to present with paraneoplastic hormone production, this is much less common with papillary thyroid cancer. METHODS We present a patient with the cribriform morular variant of papillary thyroid cancer in association with familial adenomatous polyposis who developed a positive pregnancy test in the absence of known pregnancy. The patient had developed vaginal bleeding, and her laboratory testing was characterized by elevated serum human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) concentrations, but negative qualitative urine results. After a thorough gynecological evaluation to exclude unexpected normal, ectopic, or molar pregnancy, we pursued an evaluation for other sources of β-hCG production. RESULTS We showed that the elevated serum β-hCG concentrations were not the result of heterophile antibody interferences, and ultimately we proved that her recurrent tumor produced the ectopic β-hCG. This is the first report of β-hCG production by papillary thyroid cancer. Thus, the possibility of ectopic production of β-hCG by papillary thyroid cancer needs to be included in the differential diagnosis of elevated hCG concentration in the absence of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS This study of an unusual paraneoplastic syndrome highlights the importance of investigating discrepancies in the clinical laboratory.
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Głodek A, Kubiczak MJ, Walkowiak GP, Nowak-Markwitz E, Jankowska A. Methylation status of human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit promoter and TFAP2A expression as factors regulating CGB gene expression in placenta. Fertil Steril 2014; 102:1175-1182.e8. [PMID: 25063728 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate mechanisms regulating the expression of CGB genes in placental tissues from uncomplicated pregnancies and chorionic samples from spontaneous miscarriages. DESIGN Molecular analyses in human samples. SETTING Laboratory of molecular biology. PATIENT(S) Nine placental samples from term deliveries and 21 chorionic samples from miscarriages at 7-13 weeks of gestation. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The expression level of CGBs and genes encoding SP1, SP3, and AP2 transcription factors was analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The methylation status of the CGBs' promoter regions was determined using methylation-specific PCR. RESULT(S) The experiments showed significant differences in CGBs' expression and their regulation between placental and chorionic tissues. In placental tissues and chorionic tissues from 7 to 9 weeks of gestation, the expression level of CGBs was shown to be associated with the amount of TFAP2A transcripts. It was also demonstrated that variation in the expression level of CGB genes relies on changes in methylation of CGB3-9 and CGB1-2 promoter sequences. CONCLUSION(S) During pregnancy, regulation of hCG beta subunit genes expression correlates with both methylation of their promoters and TFAP2A expression level. The results suggest that these factors may be very influential in the early stages of pregnancy and may be associated with pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Głodek
- Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta J Kubiczak
- Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Grzegorz P Walkowiak
- Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Nowak-Markwitz
- Gynecologic Oncology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Jankowska
- Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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Clinical applications of analysis of plasma circulating complete hydatidiform mole pregnancy-associated miRNAs in gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: a preliminary investigation. Placenta 2014; 35:787-9. [PMID: 25016558 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical application of plasma complete hydatidiform mole pregnancy-associated microRNAs (CHM-miRNAs: hsa-miR-520b, hsa-miR-520f and hsa-miR-520c-3p). We measured plasma CHM-miRNA concentration by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in two cases of CHM resulting in gestational trophoblastic neoplasia later. As progress of treatments in both cases, the plasma concentrations of CHM-miRNAs showed a decreasing tendency similar to the pattern for serum hCG concentration, but exhibited a transient increasing tendency after each course of chemotherapy, suggesting that the plasma CHM-miRNAs could be an additional follow-up marker for malignant changes of CHM.
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Management of nonpregnant women with elevated human chorionic gonadotropin. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol 2013; 2013:580709. [PMID: 24251053 PMCID: PMC3819893 DOI: 10.1155/2013/580709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is useful in evaluating and monitoring early pregnancy as well as trophoblastic disease. Here we describe the management of women with elevated serum human chorionic gonadotropin in a case of a 51-year-old female who was unsuccessfully treated for ectopic pregnancy. She was subsequently diagnosed with pituitary hCG production, which should be considered as differential diagnosis before treatment is initiated.
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Roberts-Wilson TK, Spencer JB, Fantz CR. Using an algorithmic approach to secondary amenorrhea: Avoiding diagnostic error. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 423:56-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Tepper NK, Marchbanks PA, Curtis KM. Use of a checklist to rule out pregnancy: a systematic review. Contraception 2013; 87:661-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Sports drug testing using immuno-MS: clinical study comprising administration of human chorionic gonadotropin to males. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012. [PMID: 23203507 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6566-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of a mass spectrometry (MS)-based method for determination of various forms of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in doping analysis was demonstrated. A clinical study involving the hCG-containing pharmaceuticals Pregnyl and Ovitrelle was carried out, comprising a single injection of one pharmaceutical per participant to a total of 24 healthy male voluntaries. Hereafter, serum and urine samples were collected over a period of 14 days. The analysis of the samples using immuno-MS demonstrated elimination profiles of intact hCG for both pharmaceuticals, with last day of detection following administration at day 7 in serum, and at day 10 in urine, at limit of detections as defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Furthermore, the method allowed detection and differentiation of the various forms of hCG known to be present in serum and urine as a function of metabolism. For both pharmaceuticals, only the intact hCG was detected in serum, whereas in urine the injection of Pregnyl as hCG source (containing urinary hCG, i.e., most hCG variants) was shown to generate a more complex hCG variant pattern compared to Ovitrelle (contains only intact hCG). By detecting hCG using this MS-based approach in doping analysis, strong analytical evidence is provided minimizing the risk of false-positive and false-negative results.
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Gubala V, Harris LF, Ricco AJ, Tan MX, Williams DE. Point of Care Diagnostics: Status and Future. Anal Chem 2011; 84:487-515. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 832] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gubala
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Leanne F. Harris
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Antonio J. Ricco
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ming X. Tan
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - David E. Williams
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Altshuler EP, Serebryanaya DV, Katrukha AG. Generation of recombinant antibodies and means for increasing their affinity. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 75:1584-605. [PMID: 21417996 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910130067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Highly specific interaction with foreign molecules is a unique feature of antibodies. Since 1975, when Keller and Milstein proposed the method of hybridoma technology and prepared mouse monoclonal antibodies, many antibodies specific to various antigens have been obtained. Recent development of methods for preparation of recombinant DNA libraries and in silico bioinformatics approaches for protein structure analysis makes possible antibody preparation using gene engineering approaches. The development of gene engineering methods allowed creating recombinant antibodies and improving characteristics of existing antibodies; this significantly extends the applicability of antibodies. By modifying biochemical and immunochemical properties of antibodies by changing their amino acid sequences it is possible to create antibodies with properties optimal for certain tasks. For example, application of recombinant technologies resulted in antibody preparation of high affinity significantly exceeding the initial affinity of natural antibodies. In this review we summarize information about the structure, modes of preparation, and application of recombinant antibodies and their fragments and also consider the main approaches used to increase antibody affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Altshuler
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
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19
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Cowden ES, Krauth GH, Ledden DJ. Response to a third-party evaluation of Clinitest® hCG sensitivity to various isoforms of human chorionic gonadotropin. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2011; 11:131-2. [PMID: 21405962 DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Patterns and risks of human disease have evolved. In this article, I review evidence regarding the importance of recent adaptive evolution, positive selection, and genomic conflicts in shaping the genetic and phenotypic architectures of polygenic human diseases. Strong recent selection in human populations can create and maintain genetically based disease risk primarily through three processes: increased scope for dysregulation from recent human adaptations, divergent optima generated by intraspecific genomic conflicts, and transient or stable deleterious by-products of positive selection caused by antagonistic pleiotropy, ultimately due to trade-offs at the levels of molecular genetics, development, and physiology. Human disease due to these processes appears to be concentrated in three sets of phenotypes: cognition and emotion, reproductive traits, and life-history traits related to long life-span. Diverse, convergent lines of evidence suggest that a small set of tissues whose pleiotropic patterns of gene function and expression are under especially strong selection-brain, placenta, testis, prostate, breast, and ovary-has mediated a considerable proportion of disease risk in modern humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Crespi
- Department of Biosciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B. C., Canada V5A 1S6.
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21
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Abstract
Gestational trophoblastic disease encompasses a range of pregnancy-related disorders, consisting of the premalignant disorders of complete and partial hydatidiform mole, and the malignant disorders of invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and the rare placental-site trophoblastic tumour. These malignant forms are termed gestational trophoblastic tumours or neoplasia. Improvements in management and follow-up protocols mean that overall cure rates can exceed 98% with fertility retention, whereas most women would have died from malignant disease 60 years ago. This success can be explained by the development of effective treatments, the use of human chorionic gonadotropin as a biomarker, and centralisation of care. We summarise strategies for management of gestational trophoblastic disease and address some of the controversies and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Seckl
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Charing Cross Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Centre, Charing Cross Hospital Campus of Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Tsivou M, Dimopoulou HA, Georgakopoulos DG, Koupparis MΑ, Atta-Politou J, Georgakopoulos CG. Stabilization of human urine doping control samples: IV. Human chorionic gonadotropin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1313-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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