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Jin Y, Edalatian Zakeri S, Bahal R, Wiemer AJ. New Technologies Bloom Together for Bettering Cancer Drug Conjugates. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:680-711. [PMID: 35710136 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug conjugates, including antibody-drug conjugates, are a step toward realizing Paul Ehrlich's idea from over 100 years ago of a "magic bullet" for cancer treatment. Through balancing selective targeting molecules with highly potent payloads, drug conjugates can target specific tumor microenvironments and kill tumor cells. A drug conjugate consists of three parts: a targeting agent, a linker, and a payload. In some conjugates, monoclonal antibodies act as the targeting agent, but new strategies for targeting include antibody derivatives, peptides, and even small molecules. Linkers are responsible for connecting the payload to the targeting agent. Payloads impact vital cellular processes to kill tumor cells. At present, there are 12 antibody-drug conjugates on the market for different types of cancers. Research on drug conjugates is increasing year by year to solve problems encountered in conjugate design, such as tumor heterogeneity, poor circulation, low drug loading, low tumor uptake, and heterogenous expression of target antigens. This review highlights some important preclinical research on drug conjugates in recent years. We focus on three significant areas: improvement of antibody-drug conjugates, identification of new conjugate targets, and development of new types of drug conjugates, including nanotechnology. We close by highlighting the critical barriers to clinical translation and the open questions going forward. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The development of anticancer drug conjugates is now focused in three broad areas: improvements to existing antibody drug conjugates, identification of new targets, and development of new conjugate forms. This article focuses on the exciting preclinical studies in these three areas and advances in the technology that improves preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | | | - Raman Bahal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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Huang Z, Pan J, Wang H, Du X, Xu Y, Wang Z, Chen D. Prognostic Significance and Tumor Immune Microenvironment Heterogenicity of m5C RNA Methylation Regulators in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:657547. [PMID: 33928086 PMCID: PMC8076743 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.657547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The m5C RNA methylation regulators are closely related to tumor proliferation, occurrence, and metastasis. This study aimed to investigate the gene expression, clinicopathological characteristics, and prognostic value of m5C regulators in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and their correlation with the tumor immune microenvironment (TIM). Methods The TNBC data, Luminal BC data and HER2 positive BC data set were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus, and 11 m5C RNA methylation regulators were analyzed. Univariate Cox regression and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression models were used to develop a prognostic risk signature. The UALCAN and cBioportal databases were used to analyze the gene characteristics and gene alteration frequency of prognosis-related m5C RNA methylation regulators. Gene set enrichment analysis was used to analyze cellular pathways enriched by prognostic factors. The Tumor Immune Single Cell Hub (TISCH) and Timer online databases were used to explore the relationship between prognosis-related genes and the TIM. Results Most of the 11 m5C RNA methylation regulators were differentially expressed in TNBC and normal samples. The prognostic risk signature showed good reliability and an independent prognostic value. Prognosis-related gene mutations were mainly amplified. Concurrently, the NOP2/Sun domain family member 2 (NSUN2) upregulation was closely related to spliceosome, RNA degradation, cell cycle signaling pathways, and RNA polymerase. Meanwhile, NSUN6 downregulation was related to extracellular matrix receptor interaction, metabolism, and cell adhesion. Analysis of the TISCH and Timer databases showed that prognosis-related genes affected the TIM, and the subtypes of immune-infiltrating cells differed between NSUN2 and NSUN6. Conclusion Regulatory factors of m5C RNA methylation can predict the clinical prognostic risk of TNBC patients and affect tumor development and the TIM. Thus, they have the potential to be a novel prognostic marker of TNBC, providing clues for understanding the RNA epigenetic modification of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Huang
- Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Junfan Pan
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Helin Wang
- Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xianqiang Du
- Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yusheng Xu
- Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Zhitang Wang
- Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Debo Chen
- Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
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Quandt E, Ribeiro MPC, Clotet J. Atypical cyclins in cancer: New kids on the block? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 107:46-53. [PMID: 32417219 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atypical cyclins have recently emerged as a new subfamily of cyclins characterized by common structural features and interactor pattern. Interestingly, atypical cyclins are phylogenetically close to canonical cyclins, which have well-established roles in cell cycle regulation and cancer. Therefore, although the function of atypical cyclins is still poorly characterized, it seems likely that they are involved in cancer pathogenesis as well. Here, we coupled gene expression and prognostic significance analysis to bibliographic search in order to provide new insights into the role of atypical cyclins in cancer. The information gathered suggests that atypical cyclins intervene in critical processes to sustain cancer growth and have potential to become novel prognostic markers and drug targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Quandt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional De Catalunya, 08195, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariana P C Ribeiro
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional De Catalunya, 08195, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Clotet
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional De Catalunya, 08195, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
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Song X, Du R, Gui H, Zhou M, Zhong W, Mao C, Ma J. Identification of potential hub genes related to the progression and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma through integrated bioinformatics analysis. Oncol Rep 2019; 43:133-146. [PMID: 31746405 PMCID: PMC6908929 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among cancer patients. Genes correlated with the progression and prognosis of HCC are critically needed to be identified. In the present study, 3 Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (GSE46408, GSE65372 and GSE84402) were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between HCC and non-tumor liver tissues. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted to clarify the functional roles of DEGs. A protein-protein interaction network was established to screen the hub genes associated with HCC. The prognostic values of hub genes in HCC patients were analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The expression levels of hub genes were validated based on ONCOMINE, TCGA and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases. Notably, 56 upregulated and 33 downregulated DEGs were markedly enriched under various GO terms and four KEGG terms. Among these DEGs, 10 hub genes with high connectivity degree were identified, including cyclin B1, cyclin A2, cyclin B2, condensin complex subunit 3, PDZ binding kinase, nucleolar and spindle-associated protein 1, aurora kinase A, ZW10 interacting kinetochore protein, protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 and kinesin family member 4A. The upregulated expression levels of these hub genes in HCC tissues were further confirmed by ONCOMINE, TCGA, and HPA databases. Additionally, the increased mRNA expression of each hub gene was related to the unfavorable disease-free survival and overall survival of HCC patients. The present study identified ten genes associated with HCC, which may help to provide candidate targets for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudao Song
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China
| | - Rao Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Huan Gui
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Chenmei Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Jin Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
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Zhang HP, Li SY, Wang JP, Lin J. Clinical significance and biological roles of cyclins in gastric cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:6673-6685. [PMID: 30349301 PMCID: PMC6186297 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s171716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Cyclins have been reported to be overexpressed with poor prognosis in several human cancers. However, limited numbers of studies evaluated the expressions and prognostic roles of cyclins in gastric cancer (GC). We aim to evaluate the expressions and prognostic roles of cyclins. Also, further efforts were made to explore biological function of the differentially expressed cyclins. Methods Cyclins expressions were analyzed by Oncomine and The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets, and the prognostic roles of cyclins in GC patients were investigated by the Kaplan–Meier Plotter database. Then, a comprehensive PubMed literature search was performed to identify expression and prognosis of cyclins in GC. Biological functions of the differentially expressed cyclins were explored through Enrich R platform, and KEGG and transcription factor were analyzed. Results The expression levels of CCNA2 (cyclin A2), CCNB1 (cyclin B1), CCNB2 (cyclin B2), and CCNE1 (cyclin E1) mRNAs were identified to be significantly higher in GC tissues than in normal tissues in both Oncomine and The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets. High expressions of CCNA2, CCNB1, and CCNB2 mRNAs were identified to be related with poor overall survival in Kaplan–Meier Plotter dataset. Evidence from clinical studies showed that CCNB1 was related with overall survival in GC patients. Cyclins were associated with several biological pathways, including cell cycle, p53 signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, viral carcinogenesis, and AMPK signaling pathway. Enrichment analysis also showed that cyclins interacted with some certain transcription factors, such as FOXM1, SIN3A, NFYA, and E2F4. Conclusion Based on our results, high expressions of cyclins were related with poor prognosis in GC patients. The above information might be useful for better understanding the clinical and biological roles of cyclins mRNA and guiding individualized treatments for GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ping Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430071, China,
| | - Shu-Yu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430071, China,
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430071, China,
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Correlation of CCNA1 promoter methylation with malignant tumors: a meta-analysis introduction. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:134027. [PMID: 25654082 PMCID: PMC4310450 DOI: 10.1155/2015/134027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes by promoter methylation plays vital roles in the process of carcinogenesis. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine whether the aberrant methylation of cyclin A1 (CCNA1) may be of great significance to human malignant tumors. By searching both English and Chinese language-based electronic databases carefully, we tabulated and analyzed parameters from each study. All human-associated case-control studies were included providing available data for CCNA1 methylation and reporting the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) conducted with the use of Version 12.0 STATA software. A total of 10 case-control studies (619 patients with cancers and 292 healthy controls) were included for the following statistical analysis. Pooled OR values from all articles revealed that the frequency of CCNA1 methylation in cancer tissues was significantly higher than those of normal tissues (P < 0.001). Further ethnicity indicated that the frequency of CCNA1 methylation was correlated with the development of malignant tumors among all those included experimental subgroups (all P < 0.05). These data from results indicated a significant connection of CCNA1 methylation with poor progression in human malignant tumors among both Caucasian and Asian populations.
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WANG TIANEN, WANG YONGKANG, JIN JING, XU BAILING, CHEN XIAOGUANG. A novel derivative of quinazoline, WYK431 induces G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in human gastric cancer BGC823 cells through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:771-81. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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An appraisal of the therapeutic value of lycopene for the chemoprevention of prostate cancer: A nutrigenomic approach. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wennhold K, Theurich S, von Bergwelt-Baildon M. Cyclin A1, a promising tumor antigen: the devil is in the amino acids. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2013; 13:243-5. [PMID: 23477508 DOI: 10.1586/era.12.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wafa K, MacLean J, Zhang F, Pasumarthi KBS. Characterization of growth suppressive functions of a splice variant of cyclin D2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53503. [PMID: 23326442 PMCID: PMC3542336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently cloned a novel splice variant of cyclin D2 termed as cycD2SV. CycD2SV overexpression in several immortalized cell lines led to formation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates accompanied by a significant decrease in cell proliferation. Based on immuno co-localization and ultrastructural analysis experiments, cycD2SV protein aggregates were frequently found in various subcellular compartments such as endosomes, autophagosomes, lysosomes and the microtubule organizing centre. Secondary structure analysis revealed that the amino terminal α-helix in cycD2SV is not tightly packed with the cyclin box suggesting a misfolded conformation compared to other cyclins. Deletion analysis suggests that 1–53 amino acid region of cycD2SV may be required for protein aggregation and 54–136 amino acid region may mediate cell cycle inhibition. Based on co-immunoprecipitation experiments, we have shown that cycD2SV binds to cycD2 as well as CDK4. In addition, gene expression analysis demonstrated an upregulation in GADD45α and dynamin 2 mRNA levels in cycD2SV overexpressing cells. These two proteins are known to play critical roles in the DNA damage response and apoptosis pathways. TUNEL experiments were negative for apoptosis, however, cycD2SV expressing cells were more sensitive to cell death induced by external stressors such as trypsinization. Collectively our results suggest that cycD2SV mediates cell cycle inhibition by sequestering endogenous cell cycle proteins, such as cycD2 and CDK4, and possibly targeting them for ubiquitin mediated protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Wafa
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jessica MacLean
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Feixiong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Li Y, Zhang P, Qiu F, Chen L, Miao C, Li J, Xiao W, Ma E. Inactivation of PI3K/Akt signaling mediates proliferation inhibition and G2/M phase arrest induced by andrographolide in human glioblastoma cells. Life Sci 2012; 90:962-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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