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Wahba MA, Mofed D, Ghareeb DA, Omran JI, Salem TZ. Baculovirus displaying SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD promotes neutralizing antibody production in a mouse model. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:16. [PMID: 36759349 PMCID: PMC9910779 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is always a need for a safe and efficient vaccine platform, especially when facing a pandemic such as COVID-19. Most of the SARS-CoV-2-based vaccines are based on the full spike protein, which is presented as a trimerized protein, and many viral vector vaccines express the spike protein into the host cells and do not display it on virus surfaces. However, the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD)-based vaccines are efficient and are currently under investigation and clinical trials. METHODOLOGY In this study, we are testing the efficacy of the RBD displayed on a baculovirus as a mean to formulate a safe and stable carrier to induce the immune system against SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, two pseudotyped baculoviruses were constructed to display the RBD, AcRBD-sfGFP-64, and AcRBD-sfGFP-V, using two different displaying strategies based on gp64 and VSV-G envelope glycoproteins, from Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), respectively. BALB/C mice were immunized with the pseudotyped baculoviruses in a dose-optimized manner. Dot blot and Western blot were used to screen and validate the polyclonal antibodies' specificity to the SARS-CoV-2 RBD. A plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) was used to measure the sera neutralization capacity against a SARS-CoV-2 wild-type isolate from Egypt. ELISA was used to quantify certain cytokines for the assessment of the immune response. RESULT The outcome of our investigation showed that the monomeric RBD proteins were properly displayed on baculovirus and efficiently triggered the mouse immune system. The produced sera efficiently neutralized about 50% of SARS-CoV-2 in more than 100-fold serum dilution. The immunized mice showed a significant increase (p<0.01) in the levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ and a significant decrease (p<0.01) and (p<0.001) in the levels of IL-4 and IL-10, respectively, which suggest that AcRBD-sfGFP-64 and AcRBD-sfGFP-V induce Th1 cellular immune response. CONCLUSION The produced recombinant viruses can induce the immune response without adjuvant, which needs dose optimization and further stability tests. Neutralizing antibodies were induced without affecting the health of immunized mice. Th1 response can be attainable through the system, which is of great benefit in SARS CoV-2 infection and the system can be tested for future applications including vaccine development and polyclonal antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Wahba
- grid.440881.10000 0004 0576 5483Molecular Biology and Virology lab, Biomedical Sciences program, UST, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza 12578 Egypt
| | - Dina Mofed
- grid.440881.10000 0004 0576 5483Molecular Biology and Virology lab, Biomedical Sciences program, UST, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza 12578 Egypt
| | - Doaa A. Ghareeb
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Bio-screening and preclinical trial lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21511, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Jihad I. Omran
- grid.440881.10000 0004 0576 5483Molecular Biology and Virology lab, Biomedical Sciences program, UST, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza 12578 Egypt
| | - Tamer Z. Salem
- grid.440881.10000 0004 0576 5483Molecular Biology and Virology lab, Biomedical Sciences program, UST, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza 12578 Egypt ,grid.482515.f0000 0004 7553 2175Department of Microbial Genetics, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERl), ARC, Giza, 12619 Egypt ,National Biotechnology Network of Expertise (NBNE), Academy of Science Research and Technology (ASRT), Cairo, 11334 Egypt
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Tao LN, Liu ZH, Xu HL, Lu Y, Liao M, He F. LvYY1 Activates WSSV ie1 Promoter for Enhanced Vaccine Production and Efficacy. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E510. [PMID: 32911686 PMCID: PMC7563808 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) has been used as a preferred platform for the production of recombinant protein complexes and efficacious vaccines. However, limited protein yield hinders the application of BEVS. It is well accepted that transcription enhancers are capable of increasing translational efficiency of mRNAs, thereby achieving better protein production. In this study, the ability of LvYY1 as a transcription enhancer was assessed. LvYY1 could interact with the WSSV ie1 promoter via binding to special DNA sites in BEVS. The effects of LvYY1 on protein expression mediated by WSSV ie1 promoter of BEVS was investigated using eGFP as a reporter gene. Enhanced eGFP expression was observed in Sf-9 cells with LvYY1. On this basis, a modified vector combining ie1 promoter and LvYY1 was developed to express either secreting CSFV E2 or baculovirus surface displayed H5 HA of AIVs. Compared to control groups without LvYY1, E2 protein yield increases to 1.6-fold, while H5 production improves as revealed by an upregulated hemagglutination titer of 8-fold at least. Moreover, with LvYY1, H5 displaying baculovirus driven by WSSV ie1 promoter (BV-LvYY1-ie1-HA) sustains the transduction activity in CEF cells. In chicken, BV-LvYY1-ie1-HA elicits a robust immune response against H5 AIVs in the absence of adjuvant, as indicated by specific antibody and cytokine responses. The findings suggest its potential function as both a vectored and subunit vaccine. These results demonstrate that the coexpression with LvYY1 serves as a promising strategy to extensively improve the efficiency of BEVS for efficacious vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Tao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.-N.T.); (Z.-H.L.); (H.-L.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ze-Hui Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.-N.T.); (Z.-H.L.); (H.-L.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hui-Ling Xu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.-N.T.); (Z.-H.L.); (H.-L.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ying Lu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.-N.T.); (Z.-H.L.); (H.-L.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Min Liao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Fang He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.-N.T.); (Z.-H.L.); (H.-L.X.); (Y.L.)
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Lim HX, Poh CL. Insights into innate and adaptive immune responses in vaccine development against EV-A71. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2019; 7:2515135519888998. [PMID: 31799495 PMCID: PMC6873268 DOI: 10.1177/2515135519888998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in the world, infecting mostly infants and young children (<5 years of age) in Asia. Approximately 2 million cases of HFMD were reported in China each year, of which approximately 45-50% were due to EV-A71. Most of the HFMD infections caused by EV-A71 usually result in mild symptoms with rashes and ulcers in the mouth. However, virulent strains of EV-A71 can infect the central nervous system and cause severe neurologic diseases, leading to reduced cognitive ability, acute flaccid paralysis and death. The lack of understanding of cellular immunity for long-term protection from the HFMD disease represents a major obstacle for vaccine development. In particular, the role of innate and T cell immunity during HFMD infection remains unclear and there is evidence suggesting the importance of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells for protective immunity. Currently, no US FDA-approved vaccine is available for EV-A71. Although the inactivated vaccines produced in China are highly effective (vaccine efficacy >95%), they lack the cellular immunity required for long-term protection. In this review, we discuss the findings that support the protective roles of innate and T cell immunity against EV-A71 infection, which will provide the knowledge needed for the urgent development of efficacious vaccines that will confer long-term protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xuan Lim
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
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4
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Molinari P, Molina GN, Tavarone E, Del Médico Zajac MP, Morón G, Taboga O. Baculovirus capsid display in vaccination schemes: effect of a previous immunity against the vector on the cytotoxic response to delivered antigens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:10139-10146. [PMID: 30238142 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) infects lepidopteran invertebrates as natural hosts, although it also has been used as display vector for vaccine development. In this work, we evaluated the effectiveness of repetitive doses of AcMNPV-based vectors on the cytotoxic immune response specific to the capsid-displayed heterologous antigen ovalbumin (OVA). Our results demonstrate that baculovirus vectors induce a boosting effect in the cytotoxic immune response to OVA, making possible to recover the levels obtained in the primary response. Moreover, mice preimmunized with wild-type baculovirus showed a complete lack of antigen-specific CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that may be related to the presence of antibodies directed to baculoviral surface proteins, particularly to GP64. However, baculovirus was able to induce the innate immune response in spite of a previous response against this vector, although some quantitative differences reflect a distinct activation of the immune cells in prime and boost. This is the first report in which the novel capsid display strategy is evaluated in prime-boost schemes to improve efficient CTL responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Molinari
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INTA Castelar, Nicolás Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N° (B1686IGC), Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Guido N Molina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Tavarone
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Paula Del Médico Zajac
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INTA Castelar, Nicolás Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N° (B1686IGC), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Morón
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Oscar Taboga
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INTA Castelar, Nicolás Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N° (B1686IGC), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Yuan J, Shen L, Wu J, Zou X, Gu J, Chen J, Mao L. Enterovirus A71 Proteins: Structure and Function. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:286. [PMID: 29515559 PMCID: PMC5826392 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection has grown to become a serious threat to global public health. It is one of the major causes of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in infants and young children. EV-A71 can also infect the central nervous system (CNS) and induce diverse neurological complications, such as brainstem encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, and acute flaccid paralysis, or even death. Viral proteins play a crucial role in EV-A71 infection. Many recent studies have discussed the structure and function of EV-A71 proteins, and the findings reported will definitely aid the development of vaccines and therapeutic approaches. This article reviews the progress in the research on the structure and function of EV-A71 proteins. Available literature can provide a basis for studying the pathogenesis of EV-A71 infection in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Clinical Laboratory, Danyang People's Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Shen
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinran Zou
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiaqi Gu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Effective in vivo therapeutic IgG antibody against VP3 of enterovirus 71 with receptor-competing activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46402. [PMID: 28422137 PMCID: PMC5395816 DOI: 10.1038/srep46402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization is an effective option for treatment against hand, foot and mouth disease caused by EV71, especially with cross-neutralizing IgG monoclonal antibodies. In this study, an EV71-specific IgG2a antibody designated 5H7 was identified and characterized. 5H7 efficiently neutralizes the major EV71 genogroups (A, B4, C2, C4). The conformational epitope of 5H7 was mapped to the highly conserved amino acid position 74 on VP3 capsid protein using escape mutants. Neutralization with 5H7 is mediated by the inhibition of viral attachment, as revealed by virus-binding and post-attachment assays. In a competitive pull-down assay with SCARB2, 5H7 blocks the receptor-binding site on EV71 for virus neutralization. Passive immunization of chimeric 5H7 protected 100% of two-week-old AG129 mice from lethal challenge with an EV71 B4 strain for both prophylactic and therapeutic treatments. In contrast, 10D3, a previously reported neutralizing antibody that takes effect after virus attachment, could only confer prophylactic protection. These results indicate that efficient interruption of viral attachment is critical for effective therapeutic activity with 5H7. This report documents a novel universal neutralizing IgG antibody for EV71 therapeutics and reveals the underlying mechanism.
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7
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Xu J, Zhang C. Human IgG Fc promotes expression, secretion and immunogenicity of enterovirus 71 VP1 protein. J Biomed Res 2016; 30:209-16. [PMID: 27533931 PMCID: PMC4885169 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20140157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV71) can cause severe neurological diseases, but the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear. The capsid protein, viral protein 1 (VP1), plays a critical role in the pathogenicity of EV71. High level expression and secretion of VP1 protein are necessary for structure, function and immunogenicity in its natural conformation. In our previous studies, 5 codon-optimized VP1 DNA vaccines, including wt-VP1, tPA-VP1, VP1-d, VP1-hFc and VP1-mFc, were constructed and analyzed. They expressed VP1 protein, but the levels of secretion and immunogenicity of these VP1 constructs were significantly different (P<0.05). In this study, we further investigated the protein levels of these constructs and determined that all of these constructs expressed VP1 protein. The secretion level was increased by including a tPA leader sequence, which was further increased by fusing human IgG Fc (hFc) to VP1. VP1-hFc demonstrated the most potent immunogenicity in mice. Furthermore, hFc domain could be used to purify VP1-hFc protein for additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases
- China-US Vaccine Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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Ng Q, He F, Kwang J. Recent Progress towards Novel EV71 Anti-Therapeutics and Vaccines. Viruses 2015; 7:6441-57. [PMID: 26670245 PMCID: PMC4690872 DOI: 10.3390/v7122949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a group of viruses that belongs to the Picornaviridae family, which also includes viruses such as polioviruses. EV71, together with coxsackieviruses, is widely known for its association with Hand Foot Mouth Disease (HFMD), which generally affects children age five and below. Besides HFMD, EV71 can also trigger more severe and life-threatening neurological conditions such as encephalitis. Considering the lack of a vaccine and antiviral drug against EV71, together with the increasing spread of these viruses, the development of such drugs and vaccines becomes the top priority in protecting our younger generations. This article, hence, reviews some of the recent progress in the formulations of anti-therapeutics and vaccine generation for EV71, covering (i) inactivated vaccines; (ii) baculovirus-expressed vaccines against EV71; (iii) human intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) treatment; and (iv) the use of monoclonal antibody therapy as a prevention and treatment for EV71 infections.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Antiviral Agents/isolation & purification
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Drug Discovery/methods
- Drug Discovery/trends
- Enterovirus A, Human/drug effects
- Enterovirus A, Human/immunology
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/drug therapy
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/prevention & control
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/isolation & purification
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyong Ng
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, 117604 Singapore.
| | - Fang He
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, 117604 Singapore.
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310013, China.
| | - Jimmy Kwang
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, 117604 Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117604 Singapore.
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Lin SY, Chiu HY, Chiang BL, Hu YC. Development of EV71 virus-like particle purification processes. Vaccine 2015; 33:5966-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lin SY, Yeh CT, Li WH, Yu CP, Lin WC, Yang JY, Wu HL, Hu YC. Enhanced enterovirus 71 virus-like particle yield from a new baculovirus design. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2005-15. [PMID: 25997678 PMCID: PMC7161748 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is responsible for the outbreaks of hand‐foot‐and‐mouth disease in the Asia‐Pacific region. To produce the virus‐like particle (VLP) vaccine, we previously constructed recombinant baculoviruses to co‐express EV71 P1 polypeptide and 3CD protease using the Bac‐to‐Bac® vector system. The recombinant baculoviruses resulted in P1 cleavage by 3CD and subsequent VLP assembly in infected insect cells, but caused either low VLP yield or excessive VLP degradation. To tackle the problems, here we explored various expression cassette designs and flashBAC GOLD™ vector system which was deficient in v‐cath and chiA genes. We found that the recombinant baculovirus constructed using the flashBAC GOLD™ system was insufficient to improve the EV71 VLP yield. Nonetheless, BacF‐P1‐C3CD, a recombinant baculovirus constructed using the flashBAC GOLDTM system to express P1 under the polh promoter and 3CD under the CMV promoter, dramatically improved the VLP yield while alleviating the VLP degradation. Infection of High FiveTM cells with BacF‐P1‐C3CD enhanced the total and extracellular VLP yield to ≈268 and ≈171 mg/L, respectively, which enabled the release of abundant VLP into the supernatant and simplified the downstream purification. Intramuscular immunization of mice with 5 μg purified VLP induced cross‐protective humoral responses and conferred protection against lethal virus challenge. Given the significantly improved extracellular VLP yield (≈171 mg/L) and the potent immunogenicity conferred by 5 μg VLP, one liter High FiveTM culture produced ≈12,000 doses of purified vaccine, thus rendering the EV71 VLP vaccine economically viable and able to compete with inactivated virus vaccines. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2005–2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yeh Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tsui Yeh
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hua Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ping Yu
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Lin
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Yuan Yang
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Ling Wu
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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