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Biswas A, Rao PD, Madhavan S, Natarajan M, Solomon JM. Video parameters for action observation training in stroke rehabilitation: a scoping review. Disabil Rehabil 2024; 46:1256-1265. [PMID: 37021345 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2023.2191016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Action observation training (AOT) is a therapeutic approach used in stroke rehabilitation. Videos form the core of AOT, and knowledge of constituent parameters is essential to make the intervention robust and generalizable. Currently, there is a dearth of available information on video parameters to be used for AOT. Our purpose was to identify and describe the parameters that constitute AOT videos for stroke rehabilitation. METHOD Electronic databases like PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, and Ovid SP from inception to date according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Title, abstract, and full-text screening were done independently by two authors, with a third author for conflict resolution. Data on video parameters like length, quality, perspective, speed, screen size and distance, sound, and control videos were extracted. RESULTS Seventy studies were included in this review. The most-reported parameters were video length (85.71%) and perspective of view (62.85%). Movement speed (7.14%) and sound (8.57%) were the least reported. Static landscapes or geometrical patterns were found suitable as control videos. CONCLUSION Most video parameters except for length and perspective of view remain underreported in AOT protocols. Future studies with better descriptions of video parameters are required for comprehensive AOT interventions and result generalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Biswas
- Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Prajna D Rao
- College of Physiotherapy, Srinivas University, Mangalore, India
| | - Sangeetha Madhavan
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Manikandan Natarajan
- Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- Centre for Comprehensive Stroke Rehabilitation and Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - John M Solomon
- Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- Centre for Comprehensive Stroke Rehabilitation and Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Borges LR, Fernandes AB, Oliveira Dos Passos J, Rego IAO, Campos TF. Action observation for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 8:CD011887. [PMID: 35930301 PMCID: PMC9354942 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011887.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Action observation (AO) is a physical rehabilitation approach that facilitates the occurrence of neural plasticity through the activation of the mirror-neural system, promoting motor recovery in people with stroke. OBJECTIVES To assess whether AO enhances upper limb motor function in people with stroke. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (last searched 18 May 2021), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (18 May 2021), MEDLINE (1946 to 18 May 2021), Embase (1974 to 18 May 2021), and five additional databases. We also searched trial registries and reference lists. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of AO alone or associated with physical practice in adults after stroke. The primary outcome was upper limb (arm and hand) motor function. Secondary outcomes included dependence on activities of daily living (ADL), motor performance, cortical activation, quality of life, and adverse effects. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials according to the predefined inclusion criteria, extracted data, assessed risk of bias using RoB 1, and applied the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of the evidence. The reviews authors contacted trial authors for clarification and missing information. MAIN RESULTS We included 16 trials involving 574 individuals. Most trials provided AO followed by the practice of motor actions. Training varied between 1 day and 8 weeks of therapy, 10 to 90 minutes per session. The time of AO ranged from 1 minute to 10 minutes for each motor action, task or movement observed. The total number of motor actions ranged from 1 to 3. Control comparisons included sham observation, physical therapy, and functional activity practice. PRIMARY OUTCOMES AO improved arm function (standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17 to 0.61; 11 trials, 373 participants; low-certainty evidence); and improved hand function (mean difference (MD) 2.76, 95% CI 1.04 to 4.49; 5 trials, 178 participants; low-certainty evidence). SECONDARY OUTCOMES AO did not improve ADL performance (SMD 0.37, 95% CI -0.34 to 1.08; 7 trials, 302 participants; very low-certainty evidence), or quality of life (MD 5.52, 95% CI -30.74 to 41.78; 2 trials, 30 participants; very low-certainty evidence). We were unable to pool the other secondary outcomes (motor performance and cortical activation). Only two trials reported adverse events without significant adverse effects. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The effects of AO are small for arm function compared to any control group; for hand function the effects are large, but not clinically significant. For both, the certainty of evidence is low. There is no evidence of benefit or detriment from AO on ADL and quality of life of people with stroke; however, the certainty of evidence is very low. As such, our confidence in the effect estimate is limited because it will likely change with future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenna Rdm Borges
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Aline Bgs Fernandes
- Faculty of Health Sciences of Trairi, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tania F Campos
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Effects of a Combined Motor Imagery and Action Observation Intervention on Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 101:358-366. [DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cabral DAC, Campos FMS, Silva MCPD, Medeiros JPDV, Batista PDS, Jardim GC, Machado JLP, Cabral LGC, Mello VJD, Hamoy M. Characterization of electrocorticographic, electromyographic and electrocardiographic recordings after the use of caffeine in Wistar rats. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2021; 19:eAO6417. [PMID: 34787292 PMCID: PMC8577317 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2021ao6417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To describe electrocorticographic, electromyographic and electrocardiographic profiles to report the electrophysiological effects of caffeine in Wistar rats. Methods: Male adult Wistar rats weighing 230g to 250g were used. Rats were allocated to one of two groups, as follows: Group 1, Control, intraperitoneal injection of 0.9% saline solution (n=27); and Group 2, treated with intraperitoneal injection of caffeine (50mg/kg; n=27). The rats were submitted to electrocorticographic, electromyographic and electrocardiographic assessment. Results: Brain oscillations (delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma) in the frequency range up to 40Hz varied after caffeine administration to rats. Powers in delta and theta oscillations ranges were preponderant. The contractile force of the skeletal striated and cardiac muscles increased. Electrocardiogram analysis revealed shorter RR, QRS and QT intervals under the effect of caffeine. Conclusion: In the central nervous system, there was an increase in the delta, theta and alpha amplitude spectrum, which are related to memory encoding and enhanced learning. With regard to skeletal muscle, increased contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle was demonstrated, a clear indication of how caffeine can be used to enhance performance of some physical activities. Electrocardiographic changes observed after caffeine administration are primarily related to increased heart rate and energy consumption.
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Silva S, Borges LR, Santiago L, Lucena L, Lindquist AR, Ribeiro T. Motor imagery for gait rehabilitation after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 9:CD013019. [PMID: 32970328 PMCID: PMC8094749 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013019.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor imagery (MI) is defined as a mentally rehearsed task in which movement is imagined but is not performed. The approach includes repetitive imagined body movements or rehearsing imagined acts to improve motor performance. OBJECTIVES To assess the treatment effects of MI for enhancing ability to walk among people following stroke. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group registry, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and seven other databases. We also searched trial registries and reference lists. The last searches were conducted on 24 February 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using MI alone or associated with action observation or physical practice to improve gait in individuals after stroke. The critical outcome was the ability to walk, assessed using either a continuous variable (walking speed) or a dichotomous variable (dependence on personal assistance). Important outcomes included walking endurance, motor function, functional mobility, and adverse events. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected the trials according to pre-defined inclusion criteria, extracted the data, assessed the risk of bias, and applied the GRADE approach to evaluate the certainty of the evidence. The review authors contacted the study authors for clarification and missing data. MAIN RESULTS We included 21 studies, involving a total of 762 participants. Participants were in the acute, subacute, or chronic stages of stroke, and had a mean age ranging from 50 to 78 years. All participants presented at least some gait deficit. All studies compared MI training versus other therapies. Most of the included studies used MI associated with physical practice in the experimental groups. The treatment time for the experimental groups ranged from two to eight weeks. There was a high risk of bias for at least one assessed domain in 20 of the 21 included studies. Regarding our critical outcome, there was very low-certainty evidence that MI was more beneficial for improving gait (walking speed) compared to other therapies at the end of the treatment (pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.44; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.06 to 0.81; P = 0.02; six studies; 191 participants; I² = 38%). We did not include the outcome of dependence on personal assistance in the meta-analysis, because only one study provided information regarding the number of participants that became dependent or independent after interventions. For our important outcomes, there was very low-certainty evidence that MI was no more beneficial than other interventions for improving motor function (pooled mean difference (MD) 2.24, 95% CI -1.20 to 5.69; P = 0.20; three studies; 130 participants; I² = 87%) and functional mobility at the end of the treatment (pooled SMD 0.55, 95% CI -0.45 to 1.56; P = 0.09; four studies; 116 participants; I² = 64.2%). No adverse events were observed in those studies that reported this outcome (seven studies). We were unable to pool data regarding walking endurance and all other outcomes at follow-up. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found very low-certainty evidence regarding the short-term benefits of MI on walking speed in individuals who have had a stroke, compared to other therapies. Evidence was insufficient to estimate the effect of MI on the dependence on personal assistance and walking endurance. Compared with other therapies, the evidence indicates that MI does not improve motor function and functional mobility after stroke (very low-certainty evidence). Evidence was also insufficient to estimate the effect of MI on gait, motor function, and functional mobility after stroke compared to placebo or no intervention. Motor Imagery and other therapies used for gait rehabilitation after stroke do not appear to cause significant adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephano Silva
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Lorenna Rdm Borges
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Lorenna Santiago
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Larissa Lucena
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ana R Lindquist
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Ribeiro
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Buchignani B, Beani E, Pomeroy V, Iacono O, Sicola E, Perazza S, Bieber E, Feys H, Klingels K, Cioni G, Sgandurra G. Action observation training for rehabilitation in brain injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol 2019; 19:344. [PMID: 31881854 PMCID: PMC6935205 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To systematically review and analyse the effects of Action Observation Training on adults and children with brain damage. Methods Seven electronic databases (Cochrane, EBSCO, Embase, Eric, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched up to 16 September 2018 to select Randomized Controlled Trials focused on adults and children with brain damage that included AOT training on upper and/or lower limb carried out for at least 1 week. Identification of studies and data extraction was conducted with two reviewers working independently. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine (March2009) – Levels of Evidence and Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale were used to grade studies. The data collected from the articles were analysed using software R, version 3.4.3. Hedge’s g values were calculated and effect size estimates were pooled across studies. Separate meta-analyses were carried out for each ICF domain (i.e. body function and activity) for upper and lower limb. Results Out of the 210 records identified after removing duplicates, 22 were selected for systematic review and 19 were included in the meta-analysis. Thirteen studies included in the meta-analysis focused on upper limb rehabilitation (4 in children and 9 in adults) and 6 on lower limb rehabilitation (only studies in adults). A total of 626 patients were included in the meta-analysis. An overall statistically significant effect size was found for upper limb body function (0.44, 95% CI: [0.24, 0.64], p < 0.001) and upper limb activity domain (0.47, 95% CI: [0.30, 0.64], p < 0.001). For lower limb, only the activity domain was analysed, revealing a statistically significant overall effect size (0.56, 95% CI: [0.28, 0.84], p < 0.001). Conclusions Action Observation Training (AOT) is an innovative rehabilitation tool for individuals with brain damage, which shows promising results in improving the activity domain for upper and lower limbs, and also the body function domain for the upper limb. However, the examined studies lack uniformity and further well-designed, larger controlled trials are necessary to determine the most suitable type of AOT particularly in children. Systematic review registration CRD42019119600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Buchignani
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Beani
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valerie Pomeroy
- Acquired Brain Injury Rehabilitation Alliance, School of health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Research Park, Norwich, NR31 9HL, UK
| | - Oriana Iacono
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Sicola
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Perazza
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Bieber
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Hilde Feys
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrijn Klingels
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Giovanni Cioni
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sgandurra
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy. .,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Borges LRDM, Fernandes ABGS, Melo LP, Guerra RO, Campos TF. Action observation for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 10:CD011887. [PMID: 30380586 PMCID: PMC6517007 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011887.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Action observation (AO) is a physical rehabilitation approach that facilitates the occurrence of neural plasticity through the activation of the mirror-neural system, promoting motor recovery in people with stroke. OBJECTIVES To assess whether action observation enhances motor function and upper limb motor performance and cortical activation in people with stroke. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (last searched 4 September 2017), the Central Register of Controlled Trials (24 October 2017), MEDLINE (1946 to 24 October 2017), Embase (1974 to 24 October 2017) and five additional databases. We also searched trial registries and reference lists. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of AO, alone or associated with physical practice in adults after stroke. The primary outcome was upper limb motor function. Secondary outcomes included dependence on activities of daily living (ADL), motor performance, cortical activation, quality of life, and adverse effects. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials according to the pre-defined inclusion criteria, extracted data, assessed risk of bias, and applied the GRADE approach to assess the quality of the evidence. The reviews authors contacted trial authors for clarification and missing information. MAIN RESULTS We included 12 trials involving 478 individuals. A number of trials showed a high risk of bias and others an unclear risk of bias due to poor reporting. The quality of the evidence was 'low' for most of the outcomes and 'moderate' for hand function, according to the GRADE system. In most of the studies, AO was followed by some form of physical activity. PRIMARY OUTCOME the impact of AO on arm function showed a small significant effect (standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.36, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.60; 8 studies; 314 participants; low-quality evidence); and a large significant effect (mean difference (MD) 2.90, 95% CI 1.13 to 4.66; 3 studies; 132 participants; moderate-quality evidence) on hand function. SECONDARY OUTCOMES there was a large significant effect for ADL outcome (SMD 0.86, 95% CI 0.11 to 1.61; 4 studies, 226 participants; low-quality evidence). We were unable to pool other secondary outcomes to extract the evidence. Only two studies reported adverse effects without significant adverse AO events. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found evidence that AO is beneficial in improving upper limb motor function and dependence in activities of daily living (ADL) in people with stroke, when compared with any control group; however, we considered the quality of the evidence to be low. We considered the effect of AO on hand function to be large, but it does not appear to be clinically relevant, although we considered the quality of the evidence as moderate. As such, our confidence in the effect estimate is limited because it will likely change with future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenna RDM Borges
- Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteDepartment of Physical TherapyAv. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000.NatalRio Grande do NorteBrazil59078‐970
| | - Aline BGS Fernandes
- Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteDepartment of Physical TherapyAv. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000.NatalRio Grande do NorteBrazil59078‐970
| | - Luciana Protásio Melo
- Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteDepartment of Physical TherapyAv. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000.NatalRio Grande do NorteBrazil59078‐970
| | - Ricardo O Guerra
- Federal University of Rio Grande do NortePhD Program in Physical TherapyRua Senador Salgado, Filho 3000Lagoa NovaNatalRio Grande do NorteBrazil59072‐970
| | - Tania F Campos
- Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteDepartment of Physical TherapyAv. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000.NatalRio Grande do NorteBrazil59078‐970
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Oliveira SMSD, Medeiros CSPD, Pacheco TBF, Bessa NPOS, Silva FGM, Tavares NSA, Rego IAO, Campos TF, Cavalcanti FADC. Electroencephalographic changes using virtual reality program: technical note. Neurol Res 2018; 40:160-165. [DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1420584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Síria Monyelle Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Virtual Reality and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Candice Simões Pimenta de Medeiros
- Laboratory of Virtual Reality and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Thaiana Barbosa Ferreira Pacheco
- Laboratory of Virtual Reality and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Gabrielle Mendonça Silva
- Laboratory of Virtual Reality and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Nathália Stéphany Araújo Tavares
- Laboratory of Virtual Reality and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Isabelle Ananda Oliveira Rego
- Laboratory of Virtual Reality and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Tania Fernandes Campos
- Laboratory of Virtual Reality and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Pacheco TBF, Oliveira Rego IA, Campos TF, Cavalcanti FADC. Brain activity during a lower limb functional task in a real and virtual environment: A comparative study. NeuroRehabilitation 2017; 40:391-400. [PMID: 28222559 DOI: 10.3233/nre-161426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virtual Reality (VR) has been contributing to Neurological Rehabilitation because of its interactive and multisensory nature, providing the potential of brain reorganization. Given the use of mobile EEG devices, there is the possibility of investigating how the virtual therapeutic environment can influence brain activity. OBJECTIVE To compare theta, alpha, beta and gamma power in healthy young adults during a lower limb motor task in a virtual and real environment. METHODS Ten healthy adults were submitted to an EEG assessment while performing a one-minute task consisted of going up and down a step in a virtual environment - Nintendo Wii virtual game "Basic step" - and in a real environment. RESULTS Real environment caused an increase in theta and alpha power, with small to large size effects mainly in the frontal region. VR caused a greater increase in beta and gamma power, however, with small or negligible effects on a variety of regions regarding beta frequency, and medium to very large effects on the frontal and the occipital regions considering gamma frequency. CONCLUSIONS Theta, alpha, beta and gamma activity during the execution of a motor task differs according to the environment that the individual is exposed - real or virtual - and may have varying size effects if brain area activation and frequency spectrum in each environment are taken into consideration.
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Kim TW, Lee BH. Clinical usefulness of brain-computer interface-controlled functional electrical stimulation for improving brain activity in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:2491-2494. [PMID: 27799677 PMCID: PMC5080159 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Evaluating the effect of brain-computer interface (BCI)-based functional electrical stimulation (FES) training on brain activity in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) was the aim of this study. [Subjects and Methods] Subjects were randomized into a BCI-FES group (n=9) and a functional electrical stimulation (FES) control group (n=9). Subjects in the BCI-FES group received wrist and hand extension training with FES for 30 minutes per day, 5 times per week for 6 weeks under the BCI-based program. The FES group received wrist and hand extension training with FES for the same amount of time. Sensorimotor rhythms (SMR) and middle beta waves (M-beta) were measured in frontopolar regions 1 and 2 (Fp1, Fp2) to determine the effects of BCI-FES training. [Results] Significant improvements in the SMR and M-beta of Fp1 and Fp2 were seen in the BCI-FES group. In contrast, significant improvement was only seen in the SMR and M-beta of Fp2 in the control group. [Conclusion] The results of the present study suggest that BCI-controlled FES training may be helpful in improving brain activity in patients with cerebral palsy and may be applied as effectively as traditional FES training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Woo Kim
- Graduate School of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hee Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University, Republic of Korea
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Kawasaki T, Aramaki H, Tozawa R. An effective model for observational learning to improve novel motor performance. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:3829-32. [PMID: 26834362 PMCID: PMC4713801 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] To investigate whether for observational learning involving a ball rotation
task, an unskilled model showing clumsy finger movements is more effective than a skilled
model. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty-six young adults were randomly assigned to one of
three groups. The unskilled model observation group observed a video of a ball rotation
task practiced by a person for a short time. The skilled model observation group observed
another video of the same task practiced by the person for a relatively long time. The
non-observation group did not observe any video. Regarding rotation speed, the unskilled
model was faster than the participants’ but slower than the skilled model. The unskilled
model had the highest number of ball drops. [Results] After the observation, the unskilled
model observation group showed significantly faster rotation speed than the other groups.
There were no significant differences between the groups in the number of ball drops.
[Conclusion] An unskilled model whose performance is better than the participants’ is
beneficial for improving motor performance but a model showing less skill than the
participants is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Kawasaki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Ryotokuji University, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Aramaki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Ryotokuji University, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tozawa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Ryotokuji University, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Kasai Clinic of Orthopedic and Internal Medicine, Japan
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Nishizawa H, Kimura T, Goh AC. The effect of different imitation models on theaccuracy and speed of imitation of movement. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:3417-20. [PMID: 26696710 PMCID: PMC4681917 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy, speed and subjective
ease of imitation of movement using three different imitation models. [Subjects]
Thirty-four right-handed healthy males participated in this study. [Methods] The imitation
task chosen for this study was an asymmetric combined motion of the upper and lower limbs.
Three kinds of imitation models were displayed on a screen as follows: a) third person
perspective mirror imitation (3PM), b) third person perspective anatomical imitation
(3PA), and c) first person perspective ipsilateral imitation (1PI). Subjects were
instructed to imitate the movement shown on a screen as quickly and as accurately as
possible. They executed four sets of the movement with each set consisting of one trial of
each of the three imitation models. [Results] 3PM was the most accurate, and 1PI was the
fastest in speed and subjective ease of imitation, compared with the other two imitation
models. [Conclusion] These results suggest that 1PI and 3PM, which do not require mental
rotation of the movement task as required by 3PA, should be considered more suitable
imitation models for teaching healthy subjects how to move.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Nishizawa
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shinshu University, Japan
| | - Teiji Kimura
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shinshu University, Japan
| | - Ah-Cheng Goh
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shinshu University, Japan
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Kim SS, Lee BH. Motor imagery training improves upper extremity performance in stroke patients. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:2289-91. [PMID: 26311968 PMCID: PMC4540865 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.2289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate whether motor imagery training has
a positive influence on upper extremity performance in stroke patients. [Subjects and
Methods] Twenty-four patients were randomly assigned to one of the following two groups:
motor imagery (n = 12) or control (n = 12). Over the
course of 4 weeks, the motor imagery group participated in 30 minutes of motor imagery
training on each of the 18 tasks (9 hours total) related to their daily living activities.
After the 4-week intervention period, the Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity outcomes
and Wolf Motor Function Test outcomes were compared. [Results] The post-test score of the
motor imagery group on the Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity outcomes was
significantly higher than that of the control group. In particular, the shoulder and wrist
sub-items demonstrated improvement in the motor imagery group. [Conclusion] Motor imagery
training has a positive influence on upper extremity performance by improving functional
mobility during stroke rehabilitation. These results suggest that motor imagery training
is feasible and beneficial for improving upper extremity function in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Sik Kim
- Graduate School of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hee Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University, Republic of Korea
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14
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Kim SS, Lee BH. Measuring cerebral hemodynamic changes during action observation with functional transcranial doppler. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:1379-81. [PMID: 26157224 PMCID: PMC4483402 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of action observation
training (AOT) on cerebral hemodynamic changes including cerebral blood flow velocity
(CBFV) and cerebral blood flow volume (CBFvol) in healthy subjects. [Subjects] Fifteen
healthy subjects participated in this study. [Methods] All subjects were educated
regarding AOT, and systolic peak velocity (Vs) as well as mean flow velocity (Vm) in the
middle cerebral artery (MCA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA), and posterior cerebral
artery (PCA) were evaluated using functional transcranial doppler with a 2-MHz probe,
before and after performing AOT. [Results] Healthy subjects showed significant differences
in Vs and Vm in the MCA, ACA, and PCA after AOT compared with those before AOT.
[Conclusion] Our findings indicate that AOT has a positive effect in terms of an increase
in CBFV and CBFvol in healthy subjects, since the brain requires more blood to meet the
metabolic demand during AOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Sik Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University: 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hee Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University: 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
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15
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Chung E, Kim JH, Park DS, Lee BH. Effects of brain-computer interface-based functional electrical stimulation on brain activation in stroke patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:559-62. [PMID: 25931680 PMCID: PMC4395664 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study sought to determine the effects of brain-computer interface-based
functional electrical stimulation (BCI-FES) on brain activation in patients with stroke.
[Subjects] The subjects were randomized to in a BCI-FES group (n=5) and a functional
electrical stimulation (FES) group (n=5). [Methods] Patients in the BCI-FES group received
ankle dorsiflexion training with FES for 30 minutes per day, 5 times under the
brain-computer interface-based program. The FES group received ankle dorsiflexion training
with FES for the same amount of time. [Results] The BCI-FES group demonstrated significant
differences in the frontopolar regions 1 and 2 attention indexes, and frontopolar 1
activation index. The FES group demonstrated no significant differences. There were
significant differences in the frontopolar 1 region activation index between the two
groups after the interventions. [Conclusion] The results of this study suggest that
BCI-FES training may be more effective in stimulating brain activation than only FES
training in patients recovering from stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- EunJung Chung
- Department of Physical Therapy, Andong Science College, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Sung Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, Konyang University, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hee Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University, Republic of Korea
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16
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Chung E, Park SI, Jang YY, Lee BH. Effects of brain-computer interface-based functional electrical stimulation on balance and gait function in patients with stroke: preliminary results. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:513-6. [PMID: 25729205 PMCID: PMC4339175 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of brain-computer interface (BCI)-based functional electrical stimulation (FES) on balance and gait function in patients with stroke. [Subjects] Subjects were randomly allocated to a BCI-FES group (n=5) and a FES group (n=5). [Methods] The BCI-FES group received ankle dorsiflexion training with FES according to a BCI-based program for 30 minutes per day for 5 days. The FES group received ankle dorsiflexion training with FES for the same duration. [Results] Following the intervention, the BCI-FES group showed significant differences in Timed Up and Go test value, cadence, and step length on the affected side. The FES group showed no significant differences after the intervention. However, there were no significant differences between the 2 groups after the intervention. [Conclusion] The results of this study suggest that BCI-based FES training is a more effective exercise for balance and gait function than FES training alone in patients with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- EunJung Chung
- Department of Physical Therapy, Andong Science College,
Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-In Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Health
and Sports, Daejeon University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Yung Jang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University: 815
Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hee Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University: 815
Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
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