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Chandrashekhar R, Perez LF, Wang H. Characterization of Great Toe Extension Strength Using ToeScale-A Novel Portable Device. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4841. [PMID: 39123887 PMCID: PMC11314734 DOI: 10.3390/s24154841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Great toe strength (GTS) weakness is linked to declines in balance and mobility. Accurately assessing GTS, particularly great toe extension strength (GTES), is often neglected in clinical evaluations due to cumbersome and subjective methods. This study aims to characterize the force development curve output from the ToeScale and examine GTES variations with age, sex, BMI, and grip strength (GS) using traditional analyses and machine learning (ML). We conducted a pilot, cross-sectional feasibility study with convenience samples. We assessed GS using a hand-grip dynamometer and GTES using the ToeScale. The data analysis included descriptive statistics, correlations, independent samples t-tests, and accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) scores for three ML models. Thirty-one participants (males: 9; females: 22), 14 young (18-24 years) and 17 older (>65 years) adults, participated in the study. Males had significantly higher peak GTES than females in both age groups. The associations of GTES parameters with BMI and GS varied by age and sex. The ML model accuracies and AUC scores were low-moderate but aligned with traditional analyses. Future studies with larger samples and optimized ML models are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuveer Chandrashekhar
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Luciana Fonseca Perez
- John Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Hongwu Wang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
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Willemse L, Wouters EJM, Pisters MF, Vanwanseele B. Effects of a 12-week intrinsic foot muscle strengthening training (STIFF) on gait in older adults: a parallel randomized controlled trial protocol. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:158. [PMID: 39033125 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Falling is highly prevalent among older adults and has serious impact. Age-induced mobility impairments, such as gait modifications, are strongly associated with increased fall risk. Among fall prevention interventions, those including exercises are most effective. However, there is an urgent need to further improve these kinds of interventions. Strengthening the plantar intrinsic foot muscles might benefit mobility in older adults, which may contribute to the reduction of fall risk. The aim of this paper is to provide a protocol to investigate the effect of a plantar intrinsic foot muscle strengthening training versus no training on gait and intrinsic foot muscle function in older adults who are involved in a functional exercise program. METHODS For this assessor-blinded RCT, older adults (> 65 years) are recruited who are involved in a group-based functional exercise program. Eligibility criteria include: being able to ambulate 10 m barefoot without using a walking aid and reporting to have either fear of falling or experienced a fall in the previous 12 months or have difficulties with mobility, gait, or balance in daily life. Participants are randomly assigned to an intervention and a control group. The intervention group follows a 12-week plantar intrinsic foot muscle strengthening training. The training consists of isolated and functional foot exercises to be performed 5 times a week, each session lasting approximately 20 min. The training is supervised once a week and the intensity gradually increases based on the participant's progression. Both groups keep a diary to report physical activities, fall incidents and movement related discomfort. The control condition is limited to keeping this diary. Data are collected at baseline and post-intervention. The trial outcomes are the between group differences in the mean change from baseline in maximum gait speed (primary outcome measure), capacity and strength of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles, foot and ankle biomechanics during gait, and various other fall risk-related variables. ANCOVA's are used to analyze the trial outcomes. DISCUSSION The results of this RCT will offer recommendations, related to plantar intrinsic foot muscle strengthening, to existing fall preventive exercise programs. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered in the United States National Library of Medicine through ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05531136, 07/26/2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Willemse
- Fontys University of Applied Sciences, PO Box 347, Eindhoven, AH, 5600, The Netherlands.
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101 - box 1500, Louvain, 3001, Belgium.
- Tranzo, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, Tilburg, LE, 5000, The Netherlands.
| | - Eveline J M Wouters
- Fontys University of Applied Sciences, PO Box 347, Eindhoven, AH, 5600, The Netherlands
- Tranzo, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, Tilburg, LE, 5000, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn F Pisters
- Fontys University of Applied Sciences, PO Box 347, Eindhoven, AH, 5600, The Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy Science & Sport, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, GA, 3508, The Netherlands
- Center for Physical Therapy Research and Innovation in Primary Care, Julius Health Care Centers, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, GA, 3508, The Netherlands
| | - Benedicte Vanwanseele
- Fontys University of Applied Sciences, PO Box 347, Eindhoven, AH, 5600, The Netherlands
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101 - box 1500, Louvain, 3001, Belgium
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Gabriel A, Fuchs K, Haller B, Sulowska-Daszyk I, Horstmann T, Konrad A. A four-week minimalist shoe walking intervention influences foot posture and balance in young adults-a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304640. [PMID: 38900749 PMCID: PMC11189255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Minimalist shoes (MS) are beneficial for foot health. The foot is a part of the posterior chain. It is suggested that interventions on the plantar foot sole also affect the upper segments of the body. This study aimed to investigate the local and remote effects along the posterior chain of four weeks of MS walking in recreationally active young adults. METHODS 28 healthy participants (15 female, 13 male; 25.3 ± 5.3 years; 70.2 ± 11.9 kg; 175.0 ± 7.8 cm) were randomly assigned to a control- or intervention group. The intervention group undertook a four-week incremental MS walking program, which included 3,000 steps/day in the first week, increasing to 5,000 steps/day for the remaining three weeks. The control group walked in their preferred shoe (no MS). We assessed the following parameters in a laboratory at baseline [M1], after the four-week intervention [M2], and after a four-week wash-out period [M3]: Foot parameters (i.e., Foot Posture Index-6, Arch Rigidity Index), static single-leg stance balance, foot-, ankle-, and posterior chain range of motion, and muscle strength of the posterior chain. We fitted multiple hierarchically built mixed models to the data. RESULTS In the MS group, the Foot Posture Index (b = -3.72, t(51) = -6.05, p < .001, [-4.94, 2.51]) and balance (b = -17.96, t(49) = -2.56, p = .01, [-31.54, 4.37]) significantly improved from M1 to M2, but not all other parameters (all p >.05). The improvements remained at M3 (Foot Posture Index: b = -1.71, t(51) = -2.73, p = .009, [-4,94,0.48]; balance: b = -15.97, t(49) = -2.25, p = .03, [-29.72, 2.21]). DISCUSSION Walking in MS for four weeks might be advantageous for foot health of recreationally active young adults but no chronic remote effects should be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gabriel
- Professorship for Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Fuchs
- Professorship for Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Haller
- Institute of AI and Informatics in Medicine, School of Medicine and Health, University Hospital Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Iwona Sulowska-Daszyk
- Institute of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Thomas Horstmann
- Professorship for Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
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Ogawa Y, Maemichi T, Yamaguchi R, Okunuki T, Kinoshita O, Nagamoto H, Kumai T. Differences in muscle activity of extrinsic and intrinsic foot muscles in toe grip and push-down movements of the great toe. Foot (Edinb) 2024; 60:102111. [PMID: 38924935 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2024.102111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Toe flexor strength is generated primarily by the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) of the extrinsic foot muscles (EFMs) and the plantar intrinsic foot muscles (PIFMs) of the great toe. Toe flexion methods can be broadly classified into toe grip (TG) and toe push-down (TP). Additionally, TP's interphalangeal joint (IPJ) position may influence the FHL and PIFMs activity ratios. This study aimed to elucidate the differences in the muscle activity and muscle activity ratios of the FHL and AbdH during TG, TP with IPJ flexion (TPIF), and TP with IPJ extension (TPIE). Surface electromyography and a custom-made instrument were used to measure the FHL and AbdH muscle activity during TG, TPIF, and TPIE of the great toe in 28 healthy men. The muscle activity and AbdH/FHL muscle activity ratio in the three conditions were statistically compared. The FHL activity was significantly higher during TG and TPIF than during TPIE. The AbdH muscle activity was significantly higher during TPIF and TPIE than that during TG. The AbdH/FHL muscle activity ratio was significantly higher for TPIE, TPIF, and TG in that order. This study showed that the FHL and AbdH muscle activity differed depending on the TG and TP of the great toe, and that the AbdH/FHL muscle activity ratio was different in the IPJ position. These results suggest that selecting a toe flexion method according to the target muscle when measuring and training the great toe flexor strength is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ogawa
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan; Wako Rehabilitation Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Ryusei Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takumi Okunuki
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hideaki Nagamoto
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Kumai
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan.
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Kamasaki T, Otao H, Hachiya M, Tanaka S, Ochishi K, Shimokihara S, Maruta M, Han G, Akasaki Y, Hidaka Y, Tabira T. Association between Toe Pressure Strength in the Standing Position and Maximum Walking Speed in Older Adults. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2023; 27:338-345. [PMID: 37743683 PMCID: PMC10772338 DOI: 10.4235/agmr.23.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering concerns about conventional toe grip strength, we devised a method to measure toe pressure strength in the standing position, which is close to the actual motion. This study examined the association between toe pressure strength in the standing position and walking speed among older adults. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 150 community-dwelling older adults (81±8 years, 73% female) who participated in the physical fitness test. We analyzed the correlation between the participants' maximum walking speed and physical function. Furthermore, we performed regression analysis with the maximum walking speed as the dependent variable to examine the association with toe pressure strength in the standing position. We also examined the association between maximum walking speed and toe pressure strength in the standing position by introducing a covariate. RESULTS Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between maximum walking speed and toe pressure strength in the standing position, with a moderate effect size (r=0.48, p<0.001). Moreover, multiple regression analysis with covariates showed an association between maximum walking speed and toe pressure strength in the standing position (standardization factor=0.13, p<0.026). CONCLUSION Toe pressure strength in the standing position was associated with maximum walking speed. This finding clarifies the significance of assessing toe pressure strength in the standing position and suggests that enhanced toe pressure strength in the standing position may increase maximum walking speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishiro Kamasaki
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishikyushu University, Kanzaki, Japan
- Doctoral Program of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Otao
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishikyushu University, Kanzaki, Japan
| | - Mizuki Hachiya
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishikyushu University, Kanzaki, Japan
| | - Shinichi Tanaka
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Science, Reiwa Health Sciences University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohei Ochishi
- Medical Corporation Ito Clinic Day-Care Rehabilitation, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Suguru Shimokihara
- Doctoral Program of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Michio Maruta
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Gwanghee Han
- Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Akasaki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tarumizu Chuo Hospital, Tarumizu, Japan
| | - Yuma Hidaka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Medical Corporation, Sanshukai, Okatsu Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tabira
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Haelewijn N, Peters Dickie JL, Staes F, Vereecke E, Deschamps K. Current evidence regarding 2D ultrasonography monitoring of intrinsic foot muscle properties: A systematic review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18252. [PMID: 37520980 PMCID: PMC10374929 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ultrasonography can discriminate between intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscle properties and has therefore gained considerable popularity as an indirect strength evaluation. However, an overview on the use of ultrasound for assessing intrinsic foot musculature (IFM) is currently lacking. Research question What is the current evidence regarding (1) 2D ultrasonography protocols and its reliability? (2) Reference values for cross-sectional area and dorso-plantar thickness evaluation in asymptomatic and symptomatic persons? Methods The PRISMA guidelines were used to conduct this systematic review. Eight databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus and EuropePMC) were searched up to November 1, 2021. Studies reporting quantitative 2D ultrasound findings of the intrinsic foot muscles with no limitation to sex, BMI, ethnicity or physical activity were included. Studies were assessed for methodological quality using the Downs and Black checklist. Results Fifty-three studies were retained. Protocols showed an overall good to great reliability, suggesting limits of agreement between 8 and 30% of relative muscle size with minimal detectable changes varying from 0.10 to 0.29 cm2 for cross-sectional area and 0.03-0.23 cm for thickness. Reference values are proposed for both cross-sectional area and thickness measurements of the abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, flexor hallucis brevis and quadratus plantae in asymptomatic persons. This could not be performed in the symptomatic studies due to a limited number of relevant studies addressing the symptomatic population, therefore a clinical overview is outlined. Clinically, IFM properties have been studied in ten distinct pathological conditions, predominantly pointing towards decreased muscle properties of the abductor hallucis. Significance We provide a clear and comprehensive overview of the literature regarding 2D ultrasonography of the IFM, making the available evidence more accessible to decision makers and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Haelewijn
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Group, KU Leuven, Spoorwegstraat 12, 8200 Brugge, Belgium
| | - Jean-Louis Peters Dickie
- Neuromusculoskeletal Lab (NMSK), Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Filip Staes
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Group, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evie Vereecke
- Department of Development & Regeneration, Muscles & Movement Group, KU Leuven, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kevin Deschamps
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Group, KU Leuven, Spoorwegstraat 12, 8200 Brugge, Belgium
- Haute Ecole Leonard De Vinci, Division of Podiatry, Avenue E. Mounier 84, 1200 Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe, Belgium
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García-García D, Llamas-Ramos R, Calvo-Lobo C, Rodríguez-Sanz D, San Antolín-Gil M, Cabanillas-García JL, Sánchez-Gómez MC, Llamas-Ramos I. Activation Capacity of the Intrinsic Musculature of the Foot in Handball Athletes with Chronic Ankle Instability. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2115. [PMID: 37626612 PMCID: PMC10452644 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a common pathology in handball. The role of the intrinsic musculature of the foot in these players in relation to proprioception and stability has not been stablished. The objective of this study was to compare the ultrasound morphology of the heel fat pad of the foot in professional handball players to CAI in healthy players and establish relationships between CAI and physical and psychological variables. The study has been a descriptive observational case-control study in which 20 professional handball male players over 18 years of age were divided into 8 cases (CAI) and 12 controls (healthy). An ultrasound evaluation, the thickness and/or cross-sectional area at rest and the contraction measurement of the Abductor Digiti Minimi, Abductor Hallucis, Flexor Digitorum Brevis and Quadratus Plantae muscles were analyzed. Moreover, the compressibility index of the heel fat pad and the activation of the abdominal wall musculature (ultrasound), the flexion strength of the hallux and lesser toes (dynamometry), the foot functionality (Bristol Foot Score (BFS) questionnaire) and the psychological variables (self-reported questionnaires) were measured. There were no significant differences between the activation capacity values of the foot muscles of healthy and CAI athletes. Significant differences were found between groups regarding the BFS score (p = 0.007), d = 1.404), and significant correlations were also found between hallux flexion strength and lesser toes flexion strength in the total sample. Although there were no differences between the two groups, the identification of the activation pattern of these muscles in handball athletes is essential to the improvement of performance and preventing injuries such as CAI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocío Llamas-Ramos
- Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - César Calvo-Lobo
- Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez-Sanz
- Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Luis Cabanillas-García
- Departamento de Didáctica, Organización y Métodos de Investigación, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mari Cruz Sánchez-Gómez
- Departamento de Didáctica, Organización y Métodos de Investigación, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Inés Llamas-Ramos
- Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Kusagawa Y, Kurihara T, Maeo S, Sugiyama T, Kanehisa H, Isaka T. Associations between the size of individual plantar intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles and toe flexor strength. J Foot Ankle Res 2022; 15:22. [PMID: 35313927 PMCID: PMC8935701 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-022-00532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The size of the plantar intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles has been shown to be associated with toe flexor strength (TFS). Previous studies adopted the size of limited plantar intrinsic foot muscles or a compartment containing several muscles as an independent variable for TFS. Among the plantar intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles, therefore, it is unclear which muscle(s) primarily contributes to TFS production. The present study aimed to clarify this subject. Methods In 17 young adult men, a series of anatomical cross-sectional area of individual plantar intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles was obtained along the foot length and the lower leg length, respectively, using magnetic resonance imaging. Maximal anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSAmax) and muscle volume (MV) for each constituent muscle of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles (flexor hallucis brevis; flexor digitorum brevis, FDB; abductor hallucis; adductor hallucis oblique head, ADDH-OH; adductor hallucis transverse head, ADDH-TH; abductor digiti minimi; quadratus plantae) and extrinsic foot muscles (flexor hallucis longus; flexor digitorum longus) were measured. TFS was measured with a toe grip dynamometry. Results TFS was significantly associated with the ACSAmax for each of the ADDH-OH (r = 0.674, p = 0.003), ADDH-TH (r = 0.523, p = 0.031), and FDB (r = 0.492, p = 0.045), and the MV of the ADDH-OH (r = 0.582, p = 0.014). As for the ADDH-OH, the correlation coefficient with TFS was not statistically different between ACSAmax and MV (p = 0.189). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis indicated that ACSAmax and MV of the ADDH-OH alone explained 42 and 29%, respectively, of the variance in TFS. Conclusion The ADDH-OH is the primary contributor to TFS production among the plantar intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles as the result of the stepwise multiple linear regression analysis.
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Quinlan S, Sinclair P, Hunt A, Yan AF. The long-term effects of wearing moderate minimalist shoes on a child's foot strength, muscle structure and balance: A randomised controlled trial. Gait Posture 2022; 92:371-377. [PMID: 34923257 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND From retrospective research, it is believed that children who predominantly spend their time shod have poorer foot strength and performance than those who are predominantly barefoot. Children's foot motion has been shown to be adversely affected by standard school shoes; however, the long-term effect of moderate minimalist shoes on foot strength, muscle structure and balance in children is unknown. RESEARCH QUESTION Does wearing moderate minimalist shoes, compared to stiff shoes, benefit a child's foot strength, muscle structure and performance over time? METHODS Seventy healthy children (9-12 yr) were randomly assigned to wear standard (control), or minimalist shoes (experimental) at school, for nine months. Cross-sectional areas (CSA) of Abductor Hallucis (AH) and Flexor Digitorum Brevis (FDB) muscles, and toe flexor strength (TFS) of hallux and lesser toes separately, were primary outcome measures. Single leg balance (SLB), Y-balance test (YBT) and standing long jump (SLJ) were secondary outcome measures. Pre- and post-intervention measurements were analysed for between group differences with ANCOVA. RESULTS Minimalist shoes resulted in moderate but statistically non-significant increases in muscle CSA (AH η2p =.04, FDB η2p =.05) and TFS (hallux η2p =.05, lesser toes η2p =.04). Significant moderate to large improvements in YBT in the experimental group were found in the postero-medial (P = .04, η2p =.07) and postero-lateral (P = .01, η2p =.10) directions. YBT (anterior, postero-medial and postero-lateral) was correlated with hallux TFS (R =.29,.27 and.33 respectively), lesser toes TFS (R =.28,.35 and.38 respectively) and SLJ (R =.30,.39 and.57 respectively). CSA of FDB was correlated with SLJ (R =.34) and SLB (R =.42). SIGNIFICANCE Wearing moderate minimalist shoes long-term improves balance in children. TFS is correlated with better balance and SLJ. Moderate minimalist school shoes are recommended for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Quinlan
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - Peter Sinclair
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Adrienne Hunt
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Alycia Fong Yan
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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Willemse L, Wouters EJM, Pisters MF, Vanwanseele B. Intra-assessor reliability and measurement error of ultrasound measures for foot muscle morphology in older adults using a tablet-based ultrasound machine. J Foot Ankle Res 2022; 15:6. [PMID: 35078499 PMCID: PMC8788121 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-022-00510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To gain insight into the role of plantar intrinsic foot muscles in fall-related gait parameters in older adults, it is fundamental to assess foot muscles separately. Ultrasonography is considered a promising instrument to quantify the strength capacity of individual muscles by assessing their morphology. The main goal of this study was to investigate the intra-assessor reliability and measurement error for ultrasound measures for the morphology of selected foot muscles and the plantar fascia in older adults using a tablet-based device. The secondary aim was to compare the measurement error between older and younger adults and between two different ultrasound machines. Methods Ultrasound images of selected foot muscles and the plantar fascia were collected in younger and older adults by a single operator, intensively trained in scanning the foot muscles, on two occasions, 1–8 days apart, using a tablet-based and a mainframe system. The intra-assessor reliability and standard error of measurement for the cross-sectional area and/or thickness were assessed by analysis of variance. The error variance was statistically compared across age groups and machines. Results Eighteen physically active older adults (mean age 73.8 (SD: 4.9) years) and ten younger adults (mean age 21.9 (SD: 1.8) years) participated in the study. In older adults, the standard error of measurement ranged from 2.8 to 11.9%. The ICC ranged from 0.57 to 0.97, but was excellent in most cases. The error variance for six morphology measures was statistically smaller in younger adults, but was small in older adults as well. When different error variances were observed across machines, overall, the tablet-based device showed superior repeatability. Conclusions This intra-assessor reliability study showed that a tablet-based ultrasound machine can be reliably used to assess the morphology of selected foot muscles in older adults, with the exception of plantar fascia thickness. Although the measurement errors were sometimes smaller in younger adults, they seem adequate in older adults to detect group mean hypertrophy as a response to training. A tablet-based ultrasound device seems to be a reliable alternative to a mainframe system. This advocates its use when foot muscle morphology in older adults is of interest. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13047-022-00510-1.
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Pakosz P, Lukanova-Jakubowska A, Łuszczki E, Gnoiński M, García-García O. Asymmetry and changes in the neuromuscular profile of short-track athletes as a result of strength training. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261265. [PMID: 34919582 PMCID: PMC8682892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to identify the biomedical signals of short-track athletes by evaluating the effects of monthly strength training on changes in their neuromuscular profile, strength, and power parameters of the lower limb muscles. Muscle asymmetry, which can cause a risk of injury, was also evaluated. Methods and results This study involved female athletes, age 18.8 ± 2.7 years, with a height of 162 ± 2.4 cm, and weight of 55.9 ± 3.9 kg. Before and after the monthly preparatory period prior to the season, strength measurements were assessed through the Swift SpeedMat platform, and reactivity of the lower limb muscles was assessed with tensiomyography (TMG). The athletes were also tested before and after the recovery training period. In the test after strength training, all average countermovement jump (CMJ) results improved. Flight time showed an increase with a moderate to large effect, using both legs (5.21%). Among the TMG parameters, time contraction (Tc) changed globally with a decrease (-5.20%). Changes in the results of the test after recovery training were most often not significant. Conclusion A monthly period of strength training changes the neuromuscular profile of short-track female athletes, with no significant differences between the right and left lower limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Pakosz
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Edyta Łuszczki
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszow, Poland
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Mahmoud WS. Examining the efficacy of short foot exercises as an effective stand-alone treatment for mechanical low back pain associated with foot overpronation. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-210178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Abnormal foot mechanics in foot over-pronation has an identified relationship with mechanical low back pain (MLBP). OBJECTIVE: To explore the use of short foot exercises (SFEs) as a standalone treatment for MLBP with foot over-pronation. METHODS: Forty-six patients with MLBP (PwMLBP) presenting with and foot over-pronation were analyzed. They were randomized into the SFE (short foot exercise), SFE plus traditional physical therapy treatment (SFE+TPT), and control (CG) groups. Functional disability and pain level were measured using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and visual analog scale (VAS), respectively. Ultrasonography measured the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the abductor hallucis (AbdH) muscle. The foot posture and navicular drop (ND) were investigated using the foot posture index-6 (FPI) score and ND test, respectively. RESULTS: The CSA of the AbdH and VAS scores improved significantly (p< 0.001) between the groups, more in the SFE+TPT group than in the SFE group (p< 0.001). The ND, FPI, and ODI measures improved significantly among the groups (p< 0.001), with no significant difference (p> 0.002) between the SFE and SFE+TPT groups. The CG did not show significant differences in the outcome measures (p> 0.002). Based on the effect size, SFEs significantly improved all the variables of interest (d>1). CONCLUSION: SFEs, with or without TPT may offer an effective treatment for PwMLBP with foot over-pronation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed S. Mahmoud
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Ultrasound Measures of Intrinsic Foot Muscle Size and Activation Following Lateral Ankle Sprain and Chronic Ankle Instability. J Sport Rehabil 2021; 30:1008-1018. [PMID: 33837169 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2020-0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Tibial nerve impairment and reduced plantarflexion, hallux flexion, and lesser toe flexion strength have been observed in individuals with recent lateral ankle sprain (LAS) and chronic ankle instability (CAI). Diminished plantar intrinsic foot muscles (IFMs) size and contraction are a likely consequence. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of ankle injury on IFM size at rest and during contraction in young adults with and without LAS and CAI. SETTING Laboratory. DESIGN Cross-sectional. PATIENTS A total of 22 healthy (13 females; age = 19.6 [0.9], body mass index [BMI] = 22.5 [3.2]), 17 LAS (9 females; age =21.8 [4.1], BMI = 24.1 [3.7]), 21 Copers (13 females; age = 20.8 [2.9], BMI = 23.7 [2.9]), and 20 CAI (15 females; age = 20.9 [4.7], BMI = 25.1 [4.5]). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Foot Posture Index (FPI), Foot Mobility Magnitude (FMM), and ultrasonographic cross-sectional area of the abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, quadratus plantae, and flexor hallucis brevis were assessed at rest, and during nonresisted and resisted contraction. RESULTS Multiple linear regression analyses assessing group, sex, BMI, FPI, and FMM on resting and contracted IFM size found sex (B = 0.45; P < .001), BMI (B = 0.05; P = .01), FPI (B = 0.07; P = .05), and FMM × FPI interaction (B = -0.04; P = .008) accounted for 19% of the variance (P = .002) in resting abductor hallucis measures. Sex (B = 0.42, P < .001) and BMI (B = 0.03, P = .02) explained 24% of resting flexor digitorum brevis measures (P < .001). Having a recent LAS (B = 0.06, P = .03) and FMM (B = 0.04, P = .02) predicted 11% of nonresisted quadratus plantae contraction measures (P = .04), with sex (P < .001) explaining 13% of resting quadratus plantae measures (B = 0.24, P = .02). Both sex (B = 0.35, P = .01) and FMM (B = 0.15, P = .03) predicted 16% of resting flexor hallucis brevis measures (P = .01). There were no other statistically significant findings. CONCLUSIONS IFM resting ultrasound measures were primarily determined by sex, BMI, and foot phenotype and not injury status. Routine ultrasound imaging of the IFM following LAS and CAI cannot be recommended at this time but may be considered if neuromotor impairment is suspected.
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Sulowska-Daszyk I, Mika A, Oleksy Ł. Impact of Short Foot Muscle Exercises on Quality of Movement and Flexibility in Amateur Runners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186534. [PMID: 32911733 PMCID: PMC7558208 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The flexibility and proper functioning of all myofascial chains are crucial for athletes, especially for long-distance runners. Due to the continuity of the myofascial structures, restrictions in one part of the body may cause excessive tension in others. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of short foot muscle exercises on muscle flexibility and the quality of movement patterns in amateur runners. Eighty long-distance runners, aged 20–45, were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 48) and Group 2 (n = 32). Participants in Group 1 performed foot exercises daily for six weeks. Subjects in Group 2 were without any intervention. At baseline and after six weeks, the quality of movement patterns with the Functional Movement Screen and muscle flexibility was evaluated. In Group 1, significantly higher Functional Movement Screen values in individual tasks and in the total score were noted after six weeks. The total score increased from 17 to 18 points (Median (Me) ± half of interquartile range (IQR/2) (Standard Error of Measurement - SEM) 17 ± 1.5 (0.23) at baseline and 18 ± 1.5 (0.24) after six weeks) (p < 0.01), whereas in Group 2, its level remained at 16 points (Me ± IQR/2 (SEM) 16 ± 1.5 (0.31) at baseline and 16 ± 1.25 (0.31) after six weeks). In Group 1, the significant improvement in muscle flexibility was noted (e.g., results for external rotation muscles: (Mean ± SD (SEM) 60.3 ± 0.4 (1.50) at baseline and 62.4 ± 10.3 (1.49) after six weeks) (p = 0.005). In Group 2, significant improvement was observed only for one task in the Active straight leg raise test (p = 0.005 and 0.02). During the measurement of external rotation muscles, a significant decrease in flexibility was observed (Mean ± SD (SEM) 60.1 ± 9.0 (1.60) at baseline and 58.0 ± 8.5 (1.51) after six weeks) (p = 0.001). Plantar short foot muscle exercises may improve muscle flexibility in the upper parts of the body within myofascial chains and influence the quality of fundamental movement patterns. Such exercises may be beneficial for all physically active people and can be performed as part of overall fitness programmes. Moreover, including such exercises in daily training routines of long-distance runners, as well as by athletes in other sport disciplines is also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Sulowska-Daszyk
- Institute of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-1-2683-1134; Fax: +48-1-2683-1300
| | - Anna Mika
- Institute of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Oleksy
- Physiotherapy and Sports Centre, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
- Oleksy Medical & Sports Sciences, 37-100 Łańcut, Poland
- Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Department, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Yokozuka M, Miki C, Kurogo H, Kobayashi T, Nagai M, Katsura R. Foot Characteristics and Falls among Community-dwelling Independent Elderly Women Who Can Walk Outdoors. Prog Rehabil Med 2020; 4:20190017. [PMID: 32789264 DOI: 10.2490/prm.20190017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We examined the toe flexor strength, foot morphology, and falls in community-dwelling elderly women who could walk outdoors independently without aids. Methods The presence or absence of falls in 1 year, the toe flexor strength, and foot morphology were recorded in 70 women. Hallux valgus was defined as a first phalangeal angle ≥16°. Falls were compared based on the presence or absence of hallux valgus using the chi-squared test. The toe flexor strength, arch height ratio (medial longitudinal arch), and spread ratio (lateral arch) were compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test according to the presence or absence of hallux valgus. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to compare toe flexor strength and foot morphology. Results No difference in the fall rate was noted between those with hallux valgus on at least one foot and those without hallux valgus. No difference in toe flexor strength was noted between feet with and without hallux valgus. Correlations were found between the hallux valgus angle and the arch height (r=-0.228, P<0.01) and spread ratios (r=0.494, P<0.001). Conclusions Among community-dwelling elderly women who can walk independently outdoors without aids, the presence or absence of hallux valgus does not affect the incidence of falls. The lack of correlation between toe flexor strength and foot morphology may support this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieko Yokozuka
- Preparing Section for New Faculty of Medical Science, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Chie Miki
- Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University, Sendai, Japan
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Tourillon R, Gojanovic B, Fourchet F. How to Evaluate and Improve Foot Strength in Athletes: An Update. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:46. [PMID: 33344969 PMCID: PMC7739583 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The foot is a complex system with multiple degrees of freedom that play an essential role in running or sprinting. The intrinsic foot muscles (IFM) are the main local stabilizers of the foot and are part of the active and neural subsystems that constitute the foot core. These muscles lengthen eccentrically during the stance phase of running before shortening at the propulsion phase, as the arch recoils in parallel to the plantar fascia. They play a key role in supporting the medial longitudinal arch, providing flexibility, stability and shock absorption to the foot, whilst partially controlling pronation. Much of the foot rigidity in late stance has been attributed to the windlass mechanism – the dorsiflexion of the toes building tension up in the plantar aponeurosis and stiffening the foot. In addition, recent studies have shown that the IFM provide a necessary active contribution in late stance, in order to develop sufficient impedance in the metatarsal-phalangeal joints. This in turn facilitates the propulsive forces at push-off. These factors support the critical role of the foot in providing rigidity and an efficient lever at push-off. During running or sprinting, athletes need to generate and maintain the highest (linear) running velocity during a single effort in a sprinting lane. Acceleration and sprinting performance requires forces to be transmitted efficiently to the ground. It may be of particular interest to strengthen foot muscles to maintain and improve an optimal capacity to generate and absorb these forces. The current evidence supports multiple exercises to achieve higher strength in the foot, such as the “short foot exercise,” doming, toes curl, towing exercises or the more dynamic hopping exercises, or even barefoot running. Their real impact on foot muscle strength remains unclear and data related to its assessment remains scarce, despite a recognized need for this, especially before and after a strengthening intervention. It would be optimal to be able to assess it. In this article, we aim to provide the track and field community with an updated review on the current modalities available for foot strength assessment and training. We present recommendations for the incorporation of foot muscles training for performance and injury prevention in track and field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Tourillon
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, IFM3R, Saint-Sébastien sur Loire, France.,Motion Analysis Lab, Physiotherapy and Sports Medicine Department, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, La Tour Hospital, Meyrin, Switzerland
| | - Boris Gojanovic
- Motion Analysis Lab, Physiotherapy and Sports Medicine Department, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, La Tour Hospital, Meyrin, Switzerland
| | - François Fourchet
- Motion Analysis Lab, Physiotherapy and Sports Medicine Department, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, La Tour Hospital, Meyrin, Switzerland
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17
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Franettovich Smith MM, Hides JA, Hodges PW, Collins NJ. Intrinsic foot muscle size can be measured reliably in weight bearing using ultrasound imaging. Gait Posture 2019; 68:369-374. [PMID: 30583193 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intrinsic foot muscles (IFMs) are important contributors to optimal foot function. While assessment of IFM morphology using ultrasound imaging in non-weight bearing has been established, this does not evaluate the foot in its primary functional position of weight bearing. RESEARCH QUESTION Is ultrasound imaging a reliable and clinically feasible method of measuring IFM morphology in weight bearing, do these measures differ to those from non-weight bearing and are they associated with participant characteristics? METHODS Ultrasound images were obtained by a single rater from twenty-four healthy participants on two occasions, one week apart. Images were taken in weight bearing (bilateral stance) and non-weight bearing (seated). Cross-sectional area and thickness of the abductor hallucis muscle, and dorsoplantar thickness of the muscles of the first interstitium were measured from acquired images. A second rater also acquired images at the first session. Participant characteristics included age, height, weight, sex, foot posture and foot mobility. RESULTS Measurements of IFM morphology demonstrated high reliability within and between test sessions, as well as between raters (ICCs > 0.8). Our findings suggest that changes of 10-18% could be considered to exceed measurement error. Larger IFM size was related to larger body size (taller, heavier), foot posture (longer foot, higher arch, wider midfoot) and male sex. SIGNIFICANCE This study is the first to describe a reliable and clinically feasible method of measuring IFM morphology in weight bearing. These measurements could be used in future studies to assess IFM morphology in patient populations and to evaluate the effect of intervention. Body size and foot posture explained between 20 and 41% of the variance in measurements and should be considered when comparing IFM morphology between individuals. The establishment of reliable measurements in weight bearing provides a crucial step towards the future evaluation of IFM function using ultrasound imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda M Franettovich Smith
- School of Physiotherapy, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, 4014, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
| | - Julie A Hides
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Australia.
| | - Paul W Hodges
- The University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
| | - Natalie J Collins
- The University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
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The Influence of Plantar Short Foot Muscle Exercises on the Lower Extremity Muscle Strength and Power in Proximal Segments of the Kinematic Chain in Long-Distance Runners. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6947273. [PMID: 30719446 PMCID: PMC6334361 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6947273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of plantar short foot muscles exercises on the performance of lower extremities in long-distance runners. 47 long-distance runners aged 21-45 years took part in this study. The participants were divided into two groups based on baseline measurement of Foot Posture Index: Group 1 (n=27) with neutral foot and Group 2 (n=20) with slight and increased pronation. The participants performed the exercises daily for 6 weeks. The knee flexors and extensors torque, work, and power on Isokinetic Dynamometer and Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) were checked at baseline and after 6 weeks of exercises. Higher values of peak torque of knee flexors were observed. This change was statistically significant at high load with angular velocity 90°/s (73.55 Nm at baseline and 89.05 Nm after 6 weeks) and 160°/s (69.40 Nm at baseline and 79.00 Nm after 6 weeks) in Group 2. In both groups higher values of maximum power were noted. Participants in Group 2 achieved lower values in each 35-metre run time and higher values of power. In Group 2 there was significant improvement of total time (35.26 s at baseline and 34.79 s after 6 weeks) compared to Group 1 (37.33 s at baseline and 37.56 s after 6 weeks). Exercises strengthening short foot muscles may improve energy transfer through body segments and increase strength and values of generated power. They should be included as a part of daily training programme of runners. This study was registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR). Registration number: ACTRN12615001200572.
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Tanaka T, Suga T, Imai Y, Ueno H, Misaki J, Miyake Y, Otsuka M, Nagano A, Isaka T. Characteristics of lower leg and foot muscle thicknesses in sprinters: Does greater foot muscles contribute to sprint performance? Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:442-450. [PMID: 30360695 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1534991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the differences in thicknesses of the lower leg and foot muscles between sprinters and non-sprinters and to examine the relationship between these muscle thicknesses and sprint performance in sprinters. Twenty-six well-trained sprinters and 26 body size-matched non-sprinters participated in this study. Total 9 muscle thicknesses of bilateral lower leg and foot muscles in participants were measured using ultrasonography. Regarding the lower leg muscles, thicknesses of the tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medial, and gastrocnemius lateral were measured. Regarding the foot muscles, thicknesses of the flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, peroneal longus and brevis, abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, and flexor hallucis brevis were measured. Most muscle thicknesses were significantly larger in sprinters than in non-sprinters. The differences in mean thicknesses of both legs between the two groups were greater in the foot muscles, where it ranged from 10.2% to 17.1%, than in the lower leg muscles, where it ranged from -0.9% to 9.4%. Among foot muscles, the thickness of only the abductor hallucis was positively correlated with the personal best 100-m sprint time in sprinters (r = 0.419, P = 0.033), indicating that a greater abductor hallucis may be a negative factor for superior sprint performance. These findings suggest that although the foot muscles in addition to the lower leg muscles are more developed in sprinters than in non-sprinters, these muscle sizes may not contribute to achieve superior sprint performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tanaka
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Science , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
| | - Tadashi Suga
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Science , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
| | - Yuya Imai
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Science , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
| | - Hiromasa Ueno
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Science , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
| | - Jun Misaki
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Science , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
| | - Yuto Miyake
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Science , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
| | - Mitsuo Otsuka
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Science , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
| | - Akinori Nagano
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Science , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- a Faculty of Sport and Health Science , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Japan
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Latey PJ, Burns J, Nightingale EJ, Clarke JL, Hiller CE. Reliability and correlates of cross-sectional area of abductor hallucis and the medial belly of the flexor hallucis brevis measured by ultrasound. J Foot Ankle Res 2018; 11:28. [PMID: 29977344 PMCID: PMC5992769 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-018-0259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Weakness of the intrinsic foot muscles is thought to produce deformity, disability and pain. Assessing intrinsic foot muscles in isolation is a challenge; however ultrasound might provide a solution. The aims of this study were to assess the reproducibility of assessing the size of abductor halluces (AbH) and the medial belly of flexor hallucis brevis (FHBM) muscles, and identify their relationship with toe strength, foot morphology and balance. Methods Twenty one participants aged 26–64 years were measured on two occasions for muscle cross-sectional area using a Siemens Acuson X300 Ultrasound System with 5-13 MHz linear array transducer. Great toe flexor strength was measured by pedobarography, the paper grip test and hand-held dynamometry. Foot morphology was assessed by foot length, truncated foot length, Foot Posture Index (FPI) and dorsal arch height. Balance was measured by the maximal step test. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC3,1) were used to evaluate intra-rater reliability. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were performed to assess associations between muscle size and strength, morphology and balance measures. To account for the influence of physical body size, partial correlations were also performed controlling for truncated foot length. Results Intra-rater reliability was excellent for AbH (ICC3,1 = 0.97) and FHBM (ICC3,1 = 0.96). Significant associations were found between cross-sectional area of AbH and great toe flexion force measured standing by pedobarography (r = .623, p = .003),), arch height measured sitting (r = .597, p = .004) and standing (r = .590, p = .005), foot length (r = .582, p = 006), truncated foot length (r = .580, p = .006), balance (r = .443, p = .044), weight (r = .662, p = .001), height (r = .559, p = .008), and BMI (r = .502, p = .020). Significant associations were found between cross-sectional area of FHBM and FPI (r = .544, p = .011), truncated foot length (r = .483, p = .027) and foot length (r = .451, p = .040). Significant partial associations were found between AbH and great toe flexion force in standing by pedobarography (r = .562, p = .012) and FHBM and the FPI (r = .631, p = .003). Conclusions Measuring the cross-sectional area of AbH and FHBM with ultrasound is reproducible. Measures of strength, morphology and balance appear to relate more to the size of AbH than FHBM. After controlling for physical body size, cross-sectional area of AbH remained a significant correlate of great toe flexor strength and might be a useful biomarker to measure early therapeutic response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J Latey
- 1Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Joshua Burns
- 1Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia.,2Paediatric Gait Analysis Service of New South Wales, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Randwick and Westmead), Sydney, NSW Australia
| | | | - Jillian L Clarke
- 2Paediatric Gait Analysis Service of New South Wales, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Randwick and Westmead), Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Claire E Hiller
- 1Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
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